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1、專題三　考點通關(guān) 第1講　謂語動詞(時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致) 無論在語法填空還是短文改錯中，動詞的考查都是高考的必考點和重難點，在解答有關(guān)動詞類的試題時，考生必須要分清是謂語動詞還是非謂語動詞，一個句子無論主句還是從句，必須要有謂語，對于語法填空來說，如果句中沒有別的謂語動詞，或者雖已有謂語動詞，但需填的動詞與之是并列關(guān)系時，所給動詞就是謂語動詞，對于短文改錯來說，則主要是時態(tài)、語態(tài)的錯用或主謂不一致。無論是語法填空還是短文改錯，一旦我們判定為謂語動詞時，都要綜合考慮時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致的情況，因為這些都是緊密聯(lián)系在一起進(jìn)行考查的，都是高考的設(shè)題點。 考點感悟 語法填空 短文改

2、錯 語法填空對謂語動詞的考查主要涉及動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致三方面。 感1.(2019·江蘇高考)A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr Smith ________ (fall) in love with the people and culture there. 答案：fell　句意：史密斯先生抵達(dá)中國幾個月后，愛上了那里的人和文化。arrive用了過去完成時，表示“過去的過去”，所以此處用一般過去時。 2.(2019·浙江高考)When every pupil in the school wears the uniform,

3、 nobody ________ (have) to worry about fashion (時尚). 答案：has/will have　空格前面的從句為一般現(xiàn)在時，主句謂語動詞應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時或者一般將來時。而句子主語nobody是第三人稱單數(shù)，所以當(dāng)句子為一般現(xiàn)在時，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。 3.(2019·天津高考)Amy, as well as her brothers, ________ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week. 答案：was given　A as well as B作主語時，

4、謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由A，也就是本題中的Amy決定；由last week可知give表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，且Amy與give之間是被動關(guān)系，故用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。 4.(2018·浙江高考)While regularly eating out seems to ________ (become) common for many young people in recent years, it's not without a cost. 答案：have become　根據(jù)時間狀語in recent years可知，此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時。 seem to have done “似乎已經(jīng)做過”。

5、 5.(2017·天津高考)I ________ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road. 答案：was driving　此處為be doing ... when ... 結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)從句中的found可知，主句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時。 短文改錯對謂語動詞的考查重點是并列謂語動詞形式不一致、主謂不一致、上下文時態(tài)不一致、主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)誤用、過去式與過去分詞形式不正確這幾個方面。 感1.(2019·四川成都高三第三次診斷)I listed all of my achievements a

6、nd the voluntary work I have done. _________________________________________________________________ 答案：have→had　這里含有一個定語從句，先行詞是the voluntary work，表示發(fā)生在“過去的過去”，用過去完成時，所以have改為had。 2.(2019·江西橫峰中學(xué)五校競賽)All the international students was quite interested in my introduction. ________________________

7、__________________________________________ 答案：was→were　All the international students作主語，謂語應(yīng)該使用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故將was改為were。 3.(2019·長春質(zhì)檢)You are the most considerate person who know exactly what I need in our class. __________________________________________________________________ 答案：know→knows　定語從句中的謂語動詞

8、的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)和先行詞保持一致。 4.(2016·全國卷Ⅱ)A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop. __________________________________________________________________ 答案：telling→told　and后的動詞和saw是并列關(guān)系，故形式應(yīng)和saw一致。 5.(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very

9、serious problem. ___________________________________________________________________ 答案：去掉been　studies和show之間為主動關(guān)系。 6.(2018·全國卷Ⅲ)It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin. ____________________________________________________________________ 答案：begin→begun　根據(jù)語意語境可知，and并列句應(yīng)用過去完成

10、時，即had done的形式，begin的過去分詞應(yīng)為begun。 續(xù)表 語法填空 短文改錯 悟1.時態(tài)　對于時態(tài)問題我們可通過①時態(tài)定義，即各時態(tài)的基本用法；②標(biāo)志性狀語；③主從句時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)；④固定句式結(jié)構(gòu)；⑤語境暗示，這五個方面來解決。(參“考點素能一”) 2.語態(tài)　對于語態(tài)問題我們主要是根據(jù)與主語的邏輯關(guān)系來解決，語態(tài)考查是包含在時態(tài)之中的，不可分割。 3.主謂一致　對于主謂一致的問題，要根據(jù)主謂一致的三原則來解決。 悟1.時態(tài)　短文改錯中一定要注意：上下文時態(tài)、并列連詞所連接的時態(tài)及并列句中的謂語動詞的時態(tài)，都應(yīng)保持一致。此外，還要注意過去式與過去分詞的形式是否正

11、確。 2.語態(tài)　判斷主被動語態(tài)的關(guān)鍵在于判斷主語與謂語動詞的關(guān)系為主動還是被動關(guān)系。 3.主謂一致　熟悉主謂一致的語法知識為解題關(guān)鍵，平時一定要注意總結(jié)記憶。 考點素能 一 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 解答謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)的問題時，可通過以下幾種途徑來解決： 1．通過“時態(tài)定義”解決時態(tài)：雖然新課標(biāo)或考綱中列出了10種時態(tài)，但近三年全國卷主要考查一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時兩種時態(tài)。盡管如此，以下8種時態(tài)的基本用法和構(gòu)成還應(yīng)掌握。準(zhǔn)確理解?？紩r態(tài)的定義是做題的根本。 一般將來時 will do 過去將來時 would do 一般現(xiàn)在時 do/does 一般過去時

12、did 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 am/is/are doing 過去進(jìn)行時 was/were doing 現(xiàn)在完成時 have/has done 過去完成時 had done 2．通過“標(biāo)志性狀語”解決時態(tài)：高考中，很多題目本身就帶有明確的用某種時態(tài)的時間狀語，要學(xué)會利用這些狀語來解決時態(tài)問題。 (1)看到always, every time, now and then, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等表示頻率的時間狀語，要想到用一般現(xiàn)在時。 (2)看到y(tǒng)esterday, last week, two days ago, the other

13、 day, in 1998, just now, once upon a time等時間狀語，要想到用一般過去時。 (3)看到tomorrow, next year, in a week等時間狀語，要想到用一般將來時。 (4)看到the next day/morning, the next/following week/month/year等時間狀語，要想到用過去將來時。 (5)看到all the time, now, at 4 o'clock, at this moment, at present等時間狀語，要想到用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。 (6)看到at that time, at this

14、time yesterday, at five yesterday, the whole morning等時間狀語，要想到用過去進(jìn)行時。 (7)看到at this time tomorrow, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等時間狀語，要想到用將來進(jìn)行時。 (8)看到since, recently, lately, already, in/for/during the last/past few years, so far, up to now, during the past/last＋時間段等時間狀語，要想到用現(xiàn)在完成時。 (9)看到by that time,

15、by the end of＋過去時間，before 2000, by the time＋一般過去時的從句，要想到用過去完成時。 (10)看到by the time＋一般現(xiàn)在時的從句，by the end of＋將來時間的名詞，by＋將來時間名詞等時間狀語，要想到用將來完成時。 3．通過“動作先后”解決時態(tài)：此種方法主要用來解決兩種類型的試題：①并列連詞and, but, as well as, or, or else, both ... and ..., neither ... nor ..., either ... or ..., not only ... but also ..., r

16、ather than等及從屬連詞than可連接兩個平行的結(jié)構(gòu)。平行的另外一個結(jié)構(gòu)與所選謂語動詞的先后關(guān)系，決定著所選動詞的時態(tài)；②涉及主從句時態(tài)的題目，我們可通過考慮主句和從句的關(guān)系和動作發(fā)生的時間先后來確定時態(tài)。 例如： One day, when I was drawing diagrams on the balcony and he ________ (bathe) inside, the volcano erupted unexpectedly. 本句為and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)前面的was drawing便可得知此處應(yīng)填 was bathing。 Mr White ______

17、__ (teach) in our school for nearly forty years before he retired last month. 根據(jù)for nearly forty years可知應(yīng)用完成時，再根據(jù)before從句中的retired可知，從句中用的為過去時，主句動作發(fā)生在其前，故應(yīng)用過去完成時，即had taught。 4．通過“語境暗示”解決時態(tài)：實際上，高考對時態(tài)的考查更注重“情境立意”，即考生在具體的語境下運用各種時態(tài)的能力。正因為如此，有些試題的時間狀語和其他參照物都不明顯，此時考生要樹立全局觀念，根據(jù)提供的語境，挖掘隱含信息，從而找到解題的突破口。 例

18、如： While online shopping ________ (change) our life, not all of its effects have been positive. 根據(jù)語境結(jié)合后面的have been可知此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時，強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果或影響，又主語為online shopping，故應(yīng)填has changed。 5．通過“固定句式”解決時態(tài)：所謂固定就是需要考生記住，因此考生必須要熟記一些常見的固定句式結(jié)構(gòu)。 (1)看到no sooner ... than ...或hardly ... when ...，要想到主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時。

19、 (2)看到并列連詞when，要想到was/were doing sth. when ...；be about to do sth. when ...等句式。 (3)看到It/This/That is＋the＋序數(shù)詞＋time＋that從句，要想到從句用現(xiàn)在完成時。 (4)看到It/This/That was＋the＋序數(shù)詞＋time＋that從句，要想到從句用過去完成時。 (5)在時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，如果主句是一般將來時，從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。 (6)在由since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，如果主句是現(xiàn)在完成時，從句則用一般過去時。 (7)看到“祈使句＋and/or＋陳

20、述句”，要想到陳述句用一般將來時。 6．通過“邏輯關(guān)系”解決語態(tài)：對于語態(tài)問題的解題關(guān)鍵就在于理清主語與謂語的關(guān)系，如果為主動關(guān)系，則用主動語態(tài)，如果為被動關(guān)系，則用被動語態(tài)。需要注意的是，考生在做題時往往對時態(tài)問題比較關(guān)注，但卻容易忽略語態(tài)問題，因此我們可采用“先語態(tài)，后時態(tài)”的做題方式來避免此類問題的發(fā)生。被動語態(tài)在各種時態(tài)中的構(gòu)成形式如下所示： 7．注意“特殊動詞”：有些動詞(短語)的用法比較特殊，要格外注意。如belong to(屬于)不用進(jìn)行時和被動語態(tài)；date from或date back to(追溯到)常用一般現(xiàn)在時；系動詞如look, seem, feel, tast

21、e, sound, smell, prove, appear等不能用被動語態(tài)。對于這些特殊的詞匯，考生務(wù)必要記牢。 二 主謂一致 所謂主謂一致，就是說在英語中，句子的謂語動詞的形式應(yīng)與句子的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。主謂一致主要分為語法一致、意義一致及就近或就遠(yuǎn)一致，共三種。近幾年來高考中對它的考查主要集中于語法一致和意義一致，并且常將主謂一致與動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)結(jié)合起來進(jìn)行考查。 1．語法一致 (1)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)；可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)作主語時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 (2)在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中

22、的先行詞的數(shù)一致。 (3)單個動名詞、不定式、名詞性從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。但what引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示復(fù)數(shù)概念時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 2．意義一致 (1)集體名詞作主語時，若強調(diào)整體，則謂語動詞用單數(shù)；若強調(diào)個體，則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 常見的集體名詞有：family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。 (2)“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)/the majority ＋of ＋名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于of后名詞的數(shù)及其表示的意義；all, some, half, most, the rest

23、等作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語實際表達(dá)的意義。 3．就近/就遠(yuǎn)原則 (1)就近原則：由either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not ... but ..., not only ... but also ... 等連接的并列主語或者在there be句型中，謂語動詞常與最近的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。 (2)就遠(yuǎn)原則：主語后跟有with, together with, along with, as well as, but, except, rather than, including等引起的短語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)要與前面的主語保持一致。

24、過關(guān)檢測(限時：30分鐘) Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1．—Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for? —The new Star Wars. We ________ (wait) here for more than two hours. 答案：have been waiting 2．Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I ________ (leave) my book in the café. 答案：had left 3．Festivals and celebrations of a

25、ll kinds ________ (hold) everywhere since ancient times. 答案：have been held 4．Long ago Hongbao ________ (see) as a means of protecting children from evil spirits. 答案：was seen 5．—You look so tired and pale. Anything wrong? —I hate to complain, but a new road ________ (build) throughout the night.

26、 答案：was being built 6．It is reported that his new book ________ (publish) by that company next year. 答案：will be published 7．How close parents are to their children ________ (have) a strong influence on the development of the children's characters. 答案：has 8．It took a long time but eventually t

27、he dog ________ (stop) barking and the man was able to touch it. 答案：stopped 9．The famous musician, as well as his students, ________ (invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo. 答案：was invited 10．You rather than I ________ (be) going to go camping tomorrow. 答案：are

28、 Ⅱ.單句改錯 1．I wept and said I do want to do my best but I just couldn't concentrate. ________________________________________________________________ 答案：第一個do→did 2．More efforts, as reported, will make in the years ahead to accelerate the supply－side structural reform. _______________________

29、_________________________________________ 答案：make→be made 3．Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement has reached so far by the two sides. ________________________________________________________________ 答案：has后加been 4．—What time is it? —I have no idea. But just a minute, I check it f

30、or you. ________________________________________________________________ 答案：check前加will 5．The fact that so many people still smoke in public places suggest that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking. _________________________________________________________

31、_______ 答案：suggest→suggests 6．They felt that the British economy was been held back by excessive government controls. ________________________________________________________________ 答案：been→being 7．One－third of the country is covered with trees and the majority of the citizens is black people.

32、 ________________________________________________________________ 答案：第二個is→are 8．Our school along with many other brother middle schools are to take another joint test next month. ________________________________________________________________ 答案：are→is 9．The man returned the handbag after he

33、 made sure it was belonged to her. _________________________________________________________________ 答案：去掉was 10．A recent survey shows that the number of children who come from the countryside with their parents are nearly 320,000 in Beijing. _____________________________________________________

34、____________ 答案：are→is Ⅲ.語法填空 To be a charming (有魅力的) leader, it helps to have speaking skills that convey strength and experience. Contrary __1__ popular belief, a speaker's message may not matter as much as the style in which the speech __2__ (deliver). A new study finds it's a leader's tone of

35、 voice __3__ is actually important. Researchers from the University of California analyzed the vocal styles of four US politicians. They found that while all of them presented __4__ (complete) different messages, they __5__ (change) their voices in similar ways, depending on the audience. “Politic

36、ians use voice as a strong tool __6__ (convey) their charm，” Rosario Signorello, one of the researchers behind the work, said at a recent conference. When it comes to politics, it's not only about __7__ you say but how you say it. There's a good reason why some of the most successful politicians, f

37、or better or worse, are also known as outstanding __8__ (speak), able to persuade large and diverse crowds with __9__ (attraction) speeches. But it's not just about the words they choose; the same paragraph might sound boring in a flat speaker's voice but beautiful when __10__ (recite) by a Shakespe

38、arean actor. 1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________ 5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________ 9．________　10.________ 篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講述的是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的演說魅力的來源。 1．to　考查介詞。(be) contrary to “與……相反”，為固定搭配。 2．is delivered　考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。本文闡述一種研究成果，且全文用一般現(xiàn)在時作為基本時態(tài)，因此此處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時；又因speech和deliver “發(fā)表”之間是被動關(guān)系

39、，所以要用被動語態(tài)。 3．that　考查強調(diào)句式。一項新的研究表明，一個領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的語調(diào)才是真正重要的東西。本句為強調(diào)句的基本句型：It's＋被強調(diào)部分＋that＋其他部分，句中被強調(diào)的部分a leader's tone of voice為主語。 4．completely　考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。修飾形容詞應(yīng)用副詞completely。 5．changed　考查動詞的時態(tài)。根據(jù)上文的 “analyzed”“found”可知，此處表示發(fā)生在過去的事情，故應(yīng)用一般過去時。 6．to convey　考查非謂語動詞。政治家們把聲音作為一種有力的工具來表現(xiàn)他們的魅力。use sth. to do sth. “

40、用某物做某事”為固定用法，故空處填to convey。 7．what　考查賓語從句的連接詞。當(dāng)談及政治的時候，它不僅關(guān)乎所說的內(nèi)容，也關(guān)乎你表達(dá)它的方式。設(shè)空處在句中引導(dǎo)從句作about的賓語，且在從句中作say的賓語，故用what，意為“……的事物、東西”。 8．speakers　考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)語境可知，此處表示一些最成功的政治家也被稱為杰出的演講者。空格前有形容詞outstanding作定語，故空格處應(yīng)填名詞，且speaker “演講者”是可數(shù)名詞，其前無限定詞，故應(yīng)用其復(fù)數(shù)形式speakers。 9．a(chǎn)ttractive　考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換?？崭裉幵诰渲凶鞫ㄕZ修飾名詞speeches

41、，故應(yīng)用形容詞attractive “有吸引力的”。 10．recited　考查非謂語動詞。句子主語the same paragraph與recite之間是被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)用其過去分詞形式，構(gòu)成狀語從句的省略形式。 Ⅳ.短文改錯 (2019·合肥一中高三月考)In couple of weeks, we'll say goodbye to our school. Now this is really hard to put my feelings into words. The past three years has general been a wonderful journey wit

42、h you guys. To make the journey good and safer, our teachers had contributed their time and energy. We are grateful to what you, dear teachers, have done for us. No matter whether unwilling we are, we will depart soon. And it is not the end. It just means it's time to begin a new journey. Finally, o

43、n behalf of all the graduate here, let me to extend our sincere wishes to our school and to our teachers. Thank you! 答案： In couple of weeks, we'll say goodbye to our school. Now is really hard to put my feelings into words. The past three years has been a wonderful journey with you guys. To mak

44、e the journey and safer, our teachers contributed their time and energy. We are grateful what you, dear teachers, have done for us. No matter unwilling we are, we will depart soon. it is not the end. It just means it's time to begin a new journey. Finally, on behalf of all the here, let me extend our sincere wishes to our school and to our teachers. Thank you! - 11 -