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1、 Unit 4 History and traditions 帶你了解世界著名大學(xué)——都柏林圣三一學(xué)院的歷史與它的傳統(tǒng)文化。 Founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I, Trinity College in Dublin stands alongside Oxbridge among the seven ancient universities in Britain and Ireland. The academic complex is infused①with serenity, despite being located at the centre o

2、f the capital just across the street from the Irish Houses of Parliament. The campus, spanning 190,000 square metres, features a mix of old collegiate② architecture on the west side, and modern establishments on the east. It was ranked by Forbes as one of the 15 most beautiful college grounds in t

3、he world in 2010. Up your game at the library of Trinity College, the largest research library in Ireland. Being a legal deposit library, it is legally entitled③ to a copy of every book published in Britain and Ireland, accounting for its staggering volume of six million printed materials including

4、 an extensive collection of manuscripts, music scores and maps. The Old Library, a masterpiece of Irish architect Thomas Burgh within the library complex, houses the precious Book of Kells and has become one of the most frequented tourist attractions in the country. A 65－metre－long main chamber is

5、adorned④ with marble busts of philosophers and writers under a luxurious barrel－vaulted ceiling. 【注】　①infuse v. 使具有，注入(某特性)　②collegiate adj. 學(xué)院的?、踖ntitle v. 使享有權(quán)利；使符合資格?、躠dorn v. 裝飾；裝扮 【立德樹人】　歷史的美麗在于其經(jīng)久不衰的底蘊(yùn)和內(nèi)涵(The beauty of history lies in its enduring cultural essence and connotation)，作為學(xué)生的我們，在

6、未來的學(xué)習(xí)道路上也要取歷史之長(zhǎng)，繼往開來(carry forward the cause pioneered by our predecessors and forge ahead into the future)! UNIT 4　HISTORY AND TRADITIONS Section Ⅰ　Listening and Speaking 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí) 預(yù)習(xí)自檢 Ⅰ.重點(diǎn)詞匯 1．Confucius n. 孔子→Temple of Confucius 孔廟→Kong Family Mansion 孔府→Cemetery of Confucius 孔林 2．philosophy n.

7、哲學(xué) →philosopher n. 哲學(xué)家 3．individual adj. 單獨(dú)的；個(gè)別的　n. 個(gè)人→individually adv. 單獨(dú)地；個(gè)別地 4．Achilles'_heel (喻)(希臘神話)阿喀琉斯的腳跟，致命的弱點(diǎn) 5．pull_one's_leg 開玩笑；開某人的玩笑 6．fish_out_of_water 如魚離水，渾身不自在 Ⅱ.教材原句 1．Confucius is one of his ________________ (最喜歡的哲學(xué)家)． 答案：favourite philosophers 2．As one of Confucius' d

8、escendants，Xiao Kong's name is recorded in the ________________ (家譜)． 答案：family tree 3．Xiao Kong is doing research project on ______________ (孔子哲學(xué))． 答案：Confucius philosophy 4．Dacheng Hall is the ________________ (最高的建筑物) in Qufu. 答案：tallest building 5．There are no tall buildings ______________

9、__ (在他的家鄉(xiāng))． 答案：in his hometown 6．Both places have a famous person who ________________ (出生在那里)． 答案：was born there 重點(diǎn)知識(shí) 合作探究 1 Confucius n. 孔子(教材P38) 歸納 拓展 Temple of Confucius 孔廟； 夫子廟 Kong Family Mansion 孔府 Cemetery of Confucius 孔林 Confucius Institute 孔子學(xué)院(非營(yíng)利性公益機(jī)構(gòu)) Confucius culture 孔

10、子文化 Confucius philosophy 孔子哲學(xué) ①Confucius is considered the greatest of the ancient Chinese sages. 孔子被認(rèn)為是古代中國(guó)最偉大的圣人。 ②The_Confucius_Temple is located 400 meters to the southwest of Yonghegong Station. 孔廟位于永和宮站西南400米處。 單句寫作 ①孔子被認(rèn)為是著名的哲學(xué)家。 ________________ a great philosopher. ②孔子學(xué)院給外國(guó)人提供了學(xué)習(xí)

11、普通話的地方。 ________________ provide the place for foreigners to learn mandarin. 答案：①Confucius is known as?、贑onfucius institutes 2 As one of Confucius' descendants，Xiao Kong's name is recorded in the family tree.(教材P38) 作為孔子的后代之一，小孔的名字被記載在家譜上。 剖析 本句中as為介詞，意為“作為”。 歸納 拓展 as作為連詞引導(dǎo)從句的用法： (1)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀

12、語從句，意為“當(dāng)……時(shí)，隨著……”。 (2)引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，意為“以……方式”。 (3)引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，意為“由于”。 (4)引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句，多用于as ... as ...或not so/as ... as ...結(jié)構(gòu)，前一個(gè)as是副詞，后一個(gè)as是連詞，它所引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句多使用省略形式。 (5)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，從句必須用倒裝的形式，倒裝時(shí)將表語(單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作表語時(shí)要省略冠詞)、狀語、謂語動(dòng)詞提前。 另外：as也可用作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句，意為“正如，如同”。 ①As you're not feeling well，you may stay at home.

13、 由于你身體不好，你可以留在家里。 ②As_time_went_by,_she became more and more worried. 隨著時(shí)間的流逝，她越來越擔(dān)心。 ③You must do everything as_I_do. 你必須照我做的樣子去做所有事。 ④I don't speak English so/as_well_as he (does)． 我講英語沒有他講得那么好。 ⑤Child_as_he_was,_he knew what was the right thing to do. 盡管他是個(gè)孩子，他卻知道什么是該做的事情。 ⑥As_was_expect

14、ed,_he succeeded in passing the exam. 正如所預(yù)料的那樣，他成功通過了考試。 結(jié)合as的用法完成句子 ①我們最好快一點(diǎn)，因?yàn)樘煲诹恕? We had better hurry, ________________. ②盡管我很尊敬他，我不能同意他對(duì)情況的分析。 Much _____________， I can't agree with his analysis of the situation. ③據(jù)調(diào)查50%的病人沒有遵照指示服藥。 It is surveyed that 50 percent of the patients do no

15、t take drugs __________. ④隨著時(shí)間的流逝，我母親的頭發(fā)變灰白了。 ________________， my mother's hair has turned grey. 答案：①as it is getting dark　②as I respect him?、踑s (they are) directed?、蹵s time goes on 3 His hometown doesn't allow_other_buildings_to_be more noticeable than the historic buildings. (教材P38) 他的家鄉(xiāng)不允許

16、其他建筑比這座歷史建筑更引人注目。 歸納 拓展 (1)allow ... to do ... 允許……做…… (2)allow for sb./sth. 考慮到；估計(jì)到；把……計(jì)算在內(nèi) (3)allow of sth. 容許；使有可能 ①You never allow personal problems to affect your performance. 絕不要讓個(gè)人問題影響你的表現(xiàn)。 ②The children are not_allowed_to_watch violent TV programmes. 兒童不準(zhǔn)收看含暴力內(nèi)容的電視節(jié)目。 ③How much mu

17、st we allow_for the shrink? 要留多少縮水長(zhǎng)度？ ④The facts allow_of only one explanation. 這些事實(shí)只可能有一種解釋。 (1)單句語法填空 ①If you won't let me pay for a taxi, then at least allow me ________ (lend) you something. ②We must allow ________ the train being late. 答案：①to lend?、趂or (2)單句寫作 他的父母不會(huì)允許他在外面待得很晚。 His

18、parents won't ________________ late. 答案：allow him to stay out 4 individual adj. 單獨(dú)的；個(gè)別的　n. 個(gè)人(教材P39) 歸納 拓展 (1)individual resume 個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)介； 個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷 individual account 個(gè)人賬戶 individual character 獨(dú)特性；個(gè)性；個(gè)性人物 (2)individually adv. 單獨(dú)地；個(gè)別地 ①(2019·北京高考)Most people believe the best way to build a great te

19、am is to gather a group of the most talented individuals. 大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為組建一支優(yōu)秀的團(tuán)隊(duì)的最好方法是聚集一群最有才華的人。 ②The competition is open to both teams and individuals. 團(tuán)隊(duì)和個(gè)人均可參加比賽。 ③You can open one individual_account. 你可以開一個(gè)個(gè)人賬戶。 ④We'd better go in a group, not individually. 我們最好集體去，不要單個(gè)兒去。 單句寫作 ①每個(gè)人的學(xué)習(xí)方式都不一

20、樣。 ________________ learns differently. ②我們采訪了社區(qū)中的每個(gè)成員。 We interviewed each ________________ of the community. ③這家旅館有100個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)各不相同的房間。 The hotel has 100 ________________________. 答案：①Every individual?、趇ndividual member?、踚ndividually designed rooms 學(xué)習(xí)效果 隨堂演練 Ⅰ.單詞拼寫 1．This is the right ________

21、(后跟) height for you. 答案：heel 2．He was a ________ (子孫) of a Spanish soldier. 答案：descendant 3．Her ________ (哲學(xué)) of life is to take every opportunity that presents itself. 答案：philosophy 4．My father lies in the small ________ (公墓) a few miles up this road. 答案：cemetery 5．Every ________ (個(gè)人) has

22、 rights which must never be taken away. 答案：individual Ⅱ.閱讀理解 If Confucius were still alive today and could celebrate his September 28 birthday with a big cake, there would be a lot of candles. He'd need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them out. While many people in China will remember Con

23、fucius on his special day, few people in the United States will give him a passing thought. It's nothing personal. Most Americans don't even remember the birthdays of their own national heroes. But this doesn't mean that Americans don't care about Confucius. In many ways he has become a bridge tha

24、t foreigners must cross if they want to reach a deeper understanding of China. In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities. More recently, the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80 countries. These schools te

25、ach both Chinese language and culture. The main courses of Chinese culture usually included Chinese art, history and philosophy. Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantages of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks of Westerners philosophy. Students in the

26、 United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese. So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal power with the United States. Businessmen who hope to make money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers. So the old thinker's

27、 ideas are still alive and well. Today China attracts the West more than ever, and it will need more teachers to introduce Confucius and Chinese culture to the West. As for the old thinker, he will not soon be forgotten by people in the West, even if his birthday is. 篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說明文，闡述了西方人學(xué)習(xí)中國(guó)文化的現(xiàn)象

28、。 1．The opening paragraph is mainly intended to ________. A．provide some key facts about Confucius B．a(chǎn)ttract the readers' interest in the subject C．show great respect for the ancient thinker D．prove the popularity of modern birthday celebrations 答案：B　推理判斷題。第一段提到如果孔子仍然活著并能慶祝生日的話將會(huì)有很多的蠟燭，他需要一個(gè)風(fēng)扇

29、或很大的風(fēng)才能吹滅。這是為了引起讀者的興趣，讓讀者繼續(xù)讀下去。故選B。 2．We can learn from Paragraph 4 that American students ________. A．have a great interest in studying Chinese B．take an active part in Chinese competitions C．try to get high scores in Chinese exams D．fight for a chance to learn Chinese 答案：A　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“In t

30、he past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities.”和“racing to learn Chinese”可推知，美國(guó)學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)漢語有很大的興趣，故選A。 3．What is the best title for the passage? A．Forgotten Wisdom in America B．Huge Fans of the Chinese Language C．Chinese Culture for Westerners

31、D．Old Thinker with a Big Future 答案：C　標(biāo)題判斷題。本文主要向我們介紹了西方人學(xué)習(xí)中國(guó)文化的現(xiàn)象，故選C。 4．The passage is likely to appear in ________. A．a(chǎn) biography B．a(chǎn) history paper C．a(chǎn) newspaper D．a(chǎn) philosophy textbook 答案：C　推理判斷題。本文以通俗的語言闡明一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，結(jié)合其內(nèi)容和寫作風(fēng)格可推斷，更像是在報(bào)紙上看到的，而不是在傳記、歷史論文或哲學(xué)課本上看到的，故選C。 drawback n. 缺點(diǎn)；不利條

32、件 1．put ... out 熄滅 2.make up for 彌補(bǔ) 課后課時(shí)作業(yè) Ⅰ　完形填空 I have learnt a lot about Chinese life and culture while teaching in China and found them very interesting. First, family life is quite __1__ in China from that in the USA. In the USA, many young people __2__ home after they finish their e

33、ducation and start working. However, in China, it is __3__ for people to live with their parents until they get married. __4__， many of my Chinese friends told me that their __5__ lived with them and helped take care of them when they were children. It seems that Americans think independence is more

34、 important __6__ the Chinese think family relationships are more important. Bargaining (討價(jià)還價(jià)) is another __7__ that I have tried to learn. In the USA, prices are __8__ and you can't ask for a lower price. However in some small Chinese stores and tourist places, you are __9__ to bargain. My Chinese

35、friends taught me to ask for 40 percent or 50 percent __10__ the original price. If the salesperson doesn't agree to my price, I should __11__ to leave and he might let me come back and sell me the item. It is a skill that you have to __12__ if you live in China. Tipping hasn't been easier to __13

36、__. In the USA, many people in the service __14__ want to get __15__ money for serving customers. Tipping is not a part of Chinese culture. __16__ I tried to tip a taxi driver. He looked a little __17__ and refused to take the money. In dinners, perhaps what surprises an American visitor most is t

37、hat some of the Chinese hosts like to put food into the plates of their __18__. Actually, this is a __19__ of true friendship and politeness. My Chinese friends told me if I didn't want to eat it. I should just __20__ the food in the plate. 篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說明文，從一個(gè)在中國(guó)工作的外籍教師的視角介紹了中國(guó)和美國(guó)在文化方面的差異。 1．A.uniqu

38、e B．different C．private D．harmonious 答案：B　指中國(guó)家庭生活的方式和美國(guó)人是不同的(different)。 be different from “與……不同”。故選B。 2．A.come B．build C．leave D．a(chǎn)bandon 答案：C　在美國(guó)，年輕人完成學(xué)業(yè)開始工作以后就離開(leave)家獨(dú)立生活。故選C。 3．A.regular B．true C．common D．usual 答案：C　在中國(guó)年輕人和父母生活在一起直到結(jié)婚是很常見的(common)。 故選C。 4．A.Also B．Ho

39、wever C．Therefore D．Although 答案：A　本句與上句為遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，故用副詞also，意為“此外；而且”。故選A。 5．A.parents B．relatives C．babysitters D．grandparents 答案：D　此處表示他們不但和父母住在一起，而且小時(shí)候他們的祖父母(grandparents)還和他們生活在一起照顧他們。故選D。 6．A.while B．since C．when D．a(chǎn)s 答案：A　while這里作“然而”講，表示轉(zhuǎn)折或表兩種情況的對(duì)照。美國(guó)人認(rèn)為獨(dú)立很重要，而中國(guó)人認(rèn)為家庭關(guān)系更重要。故選A。

40、 7．A.way B．custom C．method D．habit 答案：B　討價(jià)還價(jià)也是中國(guó)的一個(gè)風(fēng)俗(custom)。故選B。 8．A.made B．a(chǎn)greed C．charged D．set 答案：D　set the price “設(shè)定價(jià)格”。此處表示在美國(guó)價(jià)格被設(shè)定以后就不能改變。故選D。 9．A.expected B．taught C．suggested D．required 答案：A　在中國(guó)別人會(huì)認(rèn)為你會(huì)討價(jià)還價(jià)的。sb. be expected to do sth. “預(yù)期某人會(huì)做某事”，符合語境。故選A。 10．A.up

41、 B．a(chǎn)way C．off D．on 答案：C　off表示從原有價(jià)格上減去/扣掉一部分。 故選C。 11．A.promise B．pretend C．decide D．hope 答案：B　根據(jù)常識(shí)可知，你假裝(pretend)離開，賣東西的人會(huì)把你叫住再把東西賣給你。故選B。 12．A.tolerate B．understand C．practise D．consider 答案：C　如果你在中國(guó)生活，這是一種你要練習(xí)(practise)的技能。故選C。 13．A.adjust to B．turn to C．refer to D．stick to

42、 答案：A　adjust to “適應(yīng)”；turn to “求助”；refer to “參考”；stick to “堅(jiān)持”。此處指在中國(guó)給小費(fèi)是不容易適應(yīng)的，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)人不習(xí)慣接受小費(fèi)。故選A。 14．A.area B．department C．branch D．industry 答案：D　此處指service industry “服務(wù)業(yè)”，故選D。 15．A.easy B．extra C．pocket D．prize 答案：B　在美國(guó)服務(wù)業(yè)工作的很多人都希望得到小費(fèi)，也就是額外的(extra)錢。故選B。 16．A.Often B．Once C．Som

43、etimes D．Before 答案：B　此處是作者舉例說明中國(guó)人不習(xí)慣接受小費(fèi)，所以此處表示我曾經(jīng)(once)給出租車司機(jī)小費(fèi)。故選B。 17．A.excited B．satisfied C．frightened D．confused 答案：D　因?yàn)椴涣?xí)慣接受小費(fèi)，所以司機(jī)看上去很困惑(confused)，拒絕接受。故選D。 18．A.own B．children C．neighbors D．guests 答案：D　指在中國(guó)主人會(huì)給客人(guests)的碗里添食物。故選D。 19．A.signal B．mark C．sign D．feature

44、 答案：C　signal “信號(hào)”；mark “痕跡”；sign “征兆，跡象”；feature “特點(diǎn)”；中國(guó)人認(rèn)為給別人添食物是禮貌的標(biāo)志。 故選C。 20．A.leave B．remain C．put D．taste 答案：A　如果你不想吃，就把食物留(leave)在盤里，也沒關(guān)系。故選A。 Ⅱ　閱讀理解 A Kong zi, also called Confucius (551BC－479BC), and Socrates (469BC－399BC) lived only a hundred years apart, and during their l

45、ifetimes there was no contact between China and Greece, but it is interesting to look at how the world that each of these great philosophers came from shaped their ideas, and how these ideas in turn, shaped their societies. Neither philosopher lived in times of peace, though there were more wars i

46、n Greece than in China. The Chinese states were very large and feudal， while the Greek city－states were small and urban. The urban environment in which Socrates lived allowed him to be more radical (激進(jìn)的) than Confucius. Unlike Confucius, Socrates was not asked by rulers how to govern effectively. Th

47、us, Socrates was able to be more idealistic， focusing on issues like freedom, and knowledge for its own sake. Confucius, on the other hand, advised those in government service, and many of his students went out to government service. Confucius suggested the Golden Rule as a principle for the con

48、duct of life: “Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you.” He assumed that all men were equal at birth, though some had more potential than others, and that it was knowledge that set men apart. Socrates focused on the individual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was

49、 to seek wisdom. He believed that some had more potential to develop their reason than others did. Like Confucius, he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior (下層的) classes. For Socrates, the family was of no importance， and the community of little concern. For Confucius, howeve

50、r the family was the center of the society, with family relations considered much more important than political relations. Both men are respected much more today than they were in their lifetimes. 篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說明文，主要對(duì)比了中西古代兩個(gè)著名的哲學(xué)家，孔子和蘇格拉底的差異和共同點(diǎn)以及他們?cè)谌祟悮v史上的影響。 1．What can we learn from the first par

51、agraph? A．Socrates and Confucius had much in common. B．Confucius had much influence on Socrates' ideas. C．The societies were influenced by the philosophers' ideas. D．There were cultural exchanges between China and Greece. 答案：C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句中的“how these ideas in turn, shaped their societies”可

52、推知，他們的觀念無疑對(duì)社會(huì)有著很大影響，故選C。 2．What made some people different from others according to Confucius? A．Family. B．Potential. C．Knowledge. D．Community. 答案：C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“that it was knowledge that set men apart”可知，知識(shí)使人產(chǎn)生差異。故選C。 3．Socrates shared with Confucius the idea that ________. A．a(chǎn)ll men w

53、ere equal when they were born B．the lower classes should be ruled by the upper class C．the purpose of man was to seek freedom and wisdom D．people should not ask others to do what they did not want to 答案：B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第三段最后一句“Like Confucius, he believed that the superior class should rule the in

54、ferior (下層的) classes.”可知，他們都認(rèn)為上層階級(jí)應(yīng)該統(tǒng)治下層階級(jí)。故選B。 4．This passage is organized in the pattern of ________. A．time and events B．definition and classification C．cause and effect D．comparison and contrast 答案：D　推理判斷題?？v觀全文可見，文章的每一段都是通過對(duì)比來說明他們生活背景，思想觀念等各個(gè)方面的。故選D。 1．feudal adj. 封建的 2．idealistic ad

55、j. 理想主義的；空想的 3．potential n. 潛力；潛能　adj. 潛在的；可能的 1．for one's own sake 為某事本身的緣故 2．set ... apart 區(qū)別；使分離 3．be of no importance 不重要的 B Hundreds of years ago, a Roman army came north from England to make war on Scotland. The Scots, a brave people, love their country. They fought hard to drive t

56、he enemy out of Scotland. But there were too many of the Romans. It looked as if the Romans would win. One night, the leader of the Scots marched his soldiers to the top of a hill. “We will rest here tonight, my men，” he said, “Tomorrow we will fight one more battle. We must win, or we will die.”

57、 They were all very tired. So they ate their supper quickly and fell asleep. There were four guards on duty, but they were very tired, too, and one by one, they fell asleep. The Romans were not asleep. Quickly they gathered at the foot of the hill. Slowly they went up the hill. Closer they c

58、ame to the sleeping Scots. They were almost at the top. A few minutes more the war would be over. Suddenly, one of them put his foot on a thistle (薊). He cried out and his sudden cry woke the Scots. In a minute they were on their feet and ready for a battle. The fighting was hard, but it did not las

59、t long. The Scots wiped out the Romans and saved Scotland. The thistle is not a beautiful plant. It has sharp needles all over it. Few people liked it. But the people of Scotland liked it so much that they made it their national flower. 篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇記敘文。講述了一種叫薊的植物成為蘇格蘭國(guó)花的由來。 5．Hundreds of years

60、ago, the Romans ________. A．came from the north through England to make war on Scotland B．came from the south through England to make war on Scotland C．came from the north of England to fight the Scots D．came to the north from the south of Britain to fight the Scots 答案：B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文章第一段第一句“Hundre

61、ds of years ago, a Roman army came north from England to make war on Scotland.”可知，幾百年前，一支羅馬軍隊(duì)自南向北穿過英格蘭對(duì)蘇格蘭發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，故選B。 6．The Scots were waken because ________. A．they were too tired to sleep well B．one of the guards pretended to sleep C．one of the Romans stepped on a thistle and let out a cry D．th

62、e Romans got too close and they discovered them 答案：C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“one of them put his foot on a thistle (薊). He cried out and his sudden cry woke the Scots”可知，一個(gè)羅馬士兵踩在了薊上。他喊出聲來，他突然的喊聲驚醒了蘇格蘭人。故選C。 7．The Scots made thistle their national flower because thistle ________. A．is lovely, though not be

63、autiful B．gives them happiness C．is a kind of useful plant D．helped the Scots to win the battle against the Romans 答案：D　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段可知，因?yàn)樗E的緣故蘇格蘭人最終打敗了羅馬人，所以他們把薊定為國(guó)花。故選D。 1．march v. 行進(jìn) 2.gather v. 聚集；集合 3．needle n. 針葉；針 1．be on one's feet 站立，站起來 2．wipe out 消滅；徹底摧毀 3．national flower 國(guó)花 - 14 -