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1、2022年高中英語 Unit 1 Friendship Grammar學(xué)案 新人教版必修1 在英語語言交際中，引述別人的話有兩種方式：直接引語和間接引語。直接引語是直接引述別人的原話，在書面語中經(jīng)常將其放在引號(hào)中。間接引語是用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，無需加引號(hào)，在多數(shù)情況下間接引語可以構(gòu)成賓語從句。接下來我們認(rèn)識(shí)一下直接引語與間接引語： 1. Mrs Smith said, “I am going to New York tomorrow.” （引號(hào)中的內(nèi)容為直接引語） 2. Mrs Smith said that she was going to Ne

2、w York the next day. （劃線部分為間接引語） 細(xì)心的同學(xué)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)句1中的直接引語在變成句2中的間接引語時(shí)某些成分已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化，如: I變成了she, am變成了was, tomorrow則變成了the next day。在日常交際中，當(dāng)我們需要在這兩種引語之間轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)，究竟有什么規(guī)律可循呢？ 首先，如果直接引語為陳述句、疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，就成為一個(gè)賓語從句，所以自然要符合賓語從句的語法要求。從句的一些共性特點(diǎn)是：一、陳述語序；二、恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞；三、時(shí)態(tài)要求。除此之外，直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語仍有一些具體的語法要求，以下結(jié)合實(shí)例逐一解析。

3、 一、人稱的變化 將直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，一定要注意人稱的變化，否則會(huì)使整個(gè)句子意思混亂。觀察下列幾組句子中人稱的變化，注意其變化規(guī)律。 1. She said, “My friends want to visit me.” → She said her friends wanted to visit her. 2. He said to Kate, “How is your work now?” → He asked Kate how her work was then. 3. Tom said, “You’d better carry an umbrella

4、 just in case, Mary.” → Tom said that Mary had better carry an umbrella just in case. 4. Mr Smith said, “Jack is a good worker.” → Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker. 【自我歸納】 人稱變化須牢記：從一隨主，從二隨賓，從三人稱不更新。 “從一隨主”是指如果直接引語中的主語是第一人稱時(shí)，從句中的人稱變化要隨主句中 ______的人稱變化，如第1組例句。 “從二隨賓”是指如果直接引語中的主語是第二

5、人稱時(shí)，從句中的人稱變化要與主句中的______一致，如第2組例句；如果主句沒有賓語，則需觀察主句主語的交際對(duì)象，如第3組例句，此句中Tom的說話對(duì)象為______, 故間接引語中的主語變化為Mary。 “從三人稱不更新”是指如果直接引語中的主語及賓語是第三人稱時(shí)，從句中的人稱一般______，如第4組例句。 二、時(shí)態(tài)的變化 直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)上要做相應(yīng)的變化。具體變化如下： 直接引語 間接引語 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過去時(shí) 一般將來時(shí) 過去將來時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí) 一般過去時(shí)

6、過去完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí) 【即學(xué)即練】 根據(jù)以上原則完成下列句子。 1. She said, “I have lost my bike.” → She said she ______ her bike. 2. She said, “We hope so.” → She said they ______ so. 3. He said, “She will go to see her friend.” → He said she ______ to see her friend. 注意：在以下幾種情況下，直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變化。 1.

7、直接引語是客觀事實(shí)、科學(xué)真理及名言警句時(shí)。如：The teacher said to us, “Light travels much faster than sound.” → The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound. 2. 直接引語是過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：Mother said, “John, what were you doing at 8 o’clock last night?” → Mother asked John what he was doing at 8 o’clock the

8、 night before. 3. 如果直接引語中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無過去式（如：ought to, had better, used to）或已經(jīng)是過去式（如：could, should, would, might）時(shí)，則不再變化。如： He said, “You should e here earlier tomorrow.” → He said I should go there earlier the next day. 4. 如一般過去時(shí)有表示具體時(shí)間的狀語，也可以不變。如：She said, “I was born in 1995.” → She said (that

9、) she was born in 1995. 三、狀語及其他成分的變化 直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語也要做相應(yīng)的變化。如: now → then；today → that day; tonight → that night；yesterday → the day before；tomorrow → the next day；last month → the month before等；地點(diǎn)狀語here → there；指示代詞this → that, these → those；動(dòng)詞e → go, bring → take等。 注意：以

10、上這些變化要視情況而定，不能死搬教條，如果轉(zhuǎn)述就在當(dāng)天當(dāng)?shù)貏t不需要進(jìn)行時(shí)間及地點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)換。 四、句型的變化 觀察下列幾組句子中直接引語和間接引語的轉(zhuǎn)換中句型的變化規(guī)律，并試著總結(jié)歸納。 1. She said, “Our train will leave in several minutes.” → She said that their train would leave in several minutes. 2. He said, “Can you dance, Ted?” → He asked Ted whether / if he could danc

11、e. 3. “You have tidied your room, haven’t you?” my mother asked. → My mother asked me whether I had tidied my room. 4. She asked me, “When will you start?” → She asked me when I would start. 【自我歸納】 1. 直接引語如果是陳述句，間接引語應(yīng)改為由______（可省略）引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。 2. 直接引語如果是反意疑問句或一般疑問句，間接引語應(yīng)改為由______引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。 3. 直接引語如

12、果是特殊疑問句，間接引語應(yīng)改為由原來的疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。 【即學(xué)即練】 閱讀下列幾組直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語的句子，判斷其正（T）誤（F）并改正其中的錯(cuò)誤。 1. “What did you do yesterday, Jenny?” said the mother. → The mother asked Jenny what she had done the day before. 2. The little kid said, “How can I get that toy?” → The little kid asked how could he get that toy.

13、 3. He said, “The Olympic Games are held every four years.” → He said that the Olympic Games were held every four years. Key: 一、 【自我歸納】 主語；賓語；Mary；不需要變化 二、 【即學(xué)即練】 1. had lost 2. hoped 3. would go 四、 【自我歸納】 1. that 2. whether / if 【即學(xué)即練】 1. T。 2. F。how could he改為how he could 3. F。were改為are