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1、SB2 A (unit1——unit10) 專題四：語法 高考解讀 【高考導(dǎo)航】 2020;2020高考命題趨向分析 1． 對(duì)于非謂語動(dòng)詞的考查一直是歷年高考的重點(diǎn)主要考查分詞做表語，定語，賓語補(bǔ)足語與狀語?？忌枳⒅卣莆宅F(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞在做表語，定語，賓語補(bǔ)足語與狀語時(shí)的區(qū)別。另外分詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)以及動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也將是考查的重點(diǎn) 2． 倒裝句式是高中階段重要的語法項(xiàng)目，考生需掌握部分倒裝與完全倒裝的區(qū)別并加強(qiáng)記憶。其中對(duì)于虛擬條件句及so +形容詞/副詞+be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞that +從句的倒裝是高考考查的重點(diǎn) 3． 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)的排序是考生的難點(diǎn)，需牢記如：限

2、定描繪大長(zhǎng)高，形狀年齡和新老，顏色國(guó)籍出材料，作用類別往后靠 【真題品析】 1 (2020;2020 上海春招)______the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement A The president will attend B The president to attend C The president attended D The president’s attending 【答案】 D 考查動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 【點(diǎn)撥】 動(dòng)名詞可以有自己的邏輯主語, 從而構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的

3、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu).動(dòng)名詞所帶的邏輯主語通常是形容詞性物主代詞,賓格代詞,名詞所有格或普通格,如果邏輯主語是無生命物,則只用普通格(賓格).動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí),通常使用名詞的所有格或形容詞性物主代詞 2．(08 上海卷) So much of? interest ___ that most visitors simply run out of time before seeing it all. A. offers Beijing B.??Beijing offers/ C. does Beijing offer D.

4、Beijing does offer 【答案】 C 考查倒裝句型的用法 【點(diǎn)撥】當(dāng)so/such…that結(jié)構(gòu)中的so/such位于句首時(shí)，句子謂語要部分倒裝所以本題答案為C項(xiàng)，又如：So frightened was she in the earthquake that she didn’t dare to move. 3．(2020;2020北京)This _____ girl is Linda’s cousin. A. pretty little Spanish?? ? B. Spanish little pretty C. Span

5、ish pretty little?? ? D. little pretty Spanish 【答案】 A 考查形容詞的排序 【點(diǎn)撥】pretty是描繪性形容詞，little是表示大小的形容詞，Spanish是表示國(guó)籍的形容詞，所以，它們的排序是pretty little Spanish。 注：限定詞的排序：前位限定詞 (指量限定詞all, both, half等；倍數(shù)詞double, twice等；分?jǐn)?shù)詞one-third, two-fifths等) +中位限定詞 (冠詞，指示代詞，形容詞性物主代詞，名詞所有格)+后位限定詞 (序數(shù)詞及l(fā)ast, next等；基數(shù)詞及fe

6、w, several等 知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò) 1． 非謂語動(dòng)詞---分詞 2． 名詞 3． 倒裝句式 4． 形容詞，副詞 5． 代詞 精講點(diǎn)撥 一、非謂語動(dòng)詞—分詞 【基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)】 1．現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語，定語，狀語的用法 2．過去分詞做后置定語，前置定語，狀語的用法 【拓展延伸】 一：分詞做表語。 現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一般表主動(dòng)或表明的是主語的性質(zhì)與特征，主語與表語位置不可互換 1 The music they are playing sounds exciting. 他們演奏的音樂是如此令人興奮 2 The task of this class is practisi

7、ng the idioms. 這節(jié)課的任務(wù)是練習(xí)這些短語 3 Seeing is believing. 眼見為實(shí) 4 My work is looking after the children. 我的工作是照看這些孩子 過去分詞做表語，一般表被動(dòng)或表明主語所處的狀態(tài) 多數(shù)情況下，如果主語是人，表語使用過去分詞，即“人+ be\look 等 +動(dòng)詞ed形式”； 如果主語是事或物，表語使用現(xiàn)在分詞，即“物+ be\look 等+動(dòng)詞 ing形式”。如： All of us were so disappointed at his absence. Though the trip was

8、 tiring, we felt very happy. 事實(shí)上，當(dāng)表示主語處于某種狀態(tài)中，即“感到/覺得、、、、、、”，表語要使用過去分詞時(shí)，所以有時(shí)主語是物時(shí)也要使用過去分詞；而要表示主語“具有令人/使別人感到、、、、、、的特征/性質(zhì)”，表語使用現(xiàn)在分詞，包括有時(shí)主語是物時(shí)也要使用現(xiàn)在分詞如： He is terrifying他很嚇人。（指他的長(zhǎng)相或舉動(dòng)令人害怕) He is terrified. 他很害怕。 Please describe a dog that is frightened. 請(qǐng)描述一只驚恐的狗（狗受到了驚嚇）。 Please describe a dog tha

9、t is frightening.請(qǐng)描述一只令人害怕的狗。 類似常用的過去分詞有：interested, excited, surprised, puzzled, amused, confused, embarrassed, satisfied； 類似常用的現(xiàn)在分詞有：interesting, exciting, surprising, puzzling, amusing, confusing, embarrassing, satisfying。 二：分詞做定語 共同點(diǎn)：?jiǎn)蝹€(gè)分詞做定語放在所修飾名詞前(a swimming pool)；分詞短語（就是不僅僅由一個(gè)分詞構(gòu)成的用來修飾名詞的

10、短語the book written by Luxun）做后置定語，即放名詞后 用過去分詞還是現(xiàn)在分詞做定語的判斷關(guān)鍵：名詞與該動(dòng)作的關(guān)系 1. 現(xiàn)在分詞(Ving)做定語： 從功能上看，現(xiàn)在分詞做定語表示 1）主動(dòng)（及物）；2）進(jìn)行（不及物）。 做定語：相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句 (主動(dòng)) Do you know the boy standing at the door? à Do you know the boy who is standing at the door? A developing country needs aids. àA country that/which is

11、 developing needs aids. They lived in a house facing the south àThey lived in a house that faced the south. The man wearing a red tie is our head. àThe man who wears a red tie(戴紅領(lǐng)帶) is our head. The workers working in the factory are well-paid. àThe workers who are working in the factory are well

12、-paid. 在這家工廠工作的工人報(bào)酬很好 2．過去分詞(p.p)做定語 從功能上看，過去分詞做定語表示1）被動(dòng)（及物）；2）完成（不及物） 做定語：相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句（被動(dòng)），有時(shí)侯也表示完成的 The broken window was repaired this morning. The sold hamburgers are not to my taste. The arrived guests will be led in.（此過去分詞表示完成） The book written by Wang sells well. The shoes (that were) ma

13、de in a small factory are of bad quality.小廠產(chǎn)的鞋子質(zhì)量差 反之，一個(gè)定語從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化為分詞做定語的結(jié)構(gòu) The man I introduced to you yesterday had just returned from Japan. The man introduced to you by me yesterday had just…昨天我給你介紹的那人剛從日本回來 He is a man who is loved by all. à He is a man loved by all. 他是個(gè)大家所熱愛的人 The leaves th

14、at have fallen are collected by the cleaners. àThe fallen leaves are collected… That letter I received last week was from Li. à The letter received last week was from Li. 三； 分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語 現(xiàn)在分詞形式主要用于以下兩類動(dòng)詞后構(gòu)成賓語補(bǔ)助語 ⑴表示感覺和狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如see, hear, feel, smell, watch, find, notice等例如: I heard Mr. Smith singing

15、in the next door. 我聽到史密斯先生在隔壁唱歌。 I felt someone patting on the shoulder. 我感到有人拍了拍我 的肩膀 ⑵表示“指使”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。例如: We won’t have you doing that. 我們不允許你這么做 I’m sorry to have kept you waiting long. 對(duì)不起，讓你久等了 過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語常出現(xiàn)在以下動(dòng)詞之后. 1: 感官動(dòng)詞如: see, hear, feel , watch., not

16、ice, think, find Eg. He felt himself cheated. 2: 表示使役動(dòng)詞: have, keep, make, get, leave Eg. Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open. Don’t leave such an important thing undone. have sth done 常有兩種含義： 1）?? 表示讓某事被別人做 I had my computer repaired. 2）?? 表示“受…的影響，蒙受….的損失” He had his leg broken in th

17、e match yesterday The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year 3: 表示希望意義的詞 : want , wish, like, expect等 此時(shí)賓語補(bǔ)足語與間接賓語的關(guān)系絕大多數(shù)是被動(dòng)或完成的. e.g. We like the problem settled. I would like my house painted white. 四：分詞做狀語 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語 ⑴ 作時(shí)間狀語 Walking along the stre

18、et, I met Mary. (=While I was walking along the street, …) Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. ⑵作原因狀語 Being tired, I stopped to take a rest. (=Because I was tired, …) Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. 由于不知道她的地址，我們無法和她聯(lián)系。 ⑶ 作條件狀語 Turning to the left, you will

19、 find the school. (=If you turn the left, …) If you work hard, you'll succeed. =Working hard, you'll succeed. ⑷ 作讓步狀語 Working hard as he did, he was still unable to support the whole family. Knowing where I live, he never comes to see me. =Though he knows where I live, he never comes to see me

20、. ⑸ 作伴隨狀語 I stood there, waiting for her. (=…, and waited for her.) Following Mike, they started to climb. The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. 那些孩子們跑出房間，愉快地笑著、說著 ⑹. V-ing 形式的完成式 如果V-ing 表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子謂語之前，則要用V-ing 的完成式，即是： Having +P.P(過去分詞)…, 主語+謂語 1) After she had f

21、inished her work, she went home. Having finish her work, she went home. 2) As we have invited him here to speak, we’d better go to his lecture. Having invited him here to speak, we’d better go to his lecture. ⑺ V-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 帶有邏輯主語的V-ing稱為V-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu).當(dāng)V-ing的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時(shí),要在V-ing之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格,這便構(gòu)成

22、了V-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)..其中物主代詞(名詞所有格)是邏輯上的主語, V-ing是邏輯上的謂語. V-ing復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語,賓語,表語等,分別相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句. 其復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)可以為:物主代詞(如:his ,my ), 名詞所有格(如:Tom’s)+ V-ing ,人稱代賓格(如:him, me), 名詞普通格(如:Tom). Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 她來幫忙鼓舞了我們 (=That she came to help encouraged all of us) 過去分詞作狀語 過去分詞作狀語同現(xiàn)在分詞

23、作狀語一樣,其邏輯主語就是句子的主語,所不同的是現(xiàn)在分詞與主句主語存在著主謂關(guān)系,而過去分詞與主句主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系 過去分詞或過去分詞短語在句中作狀語時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句,可表原因,時(shí)間,條件,讓步,方式或伴隨. (1)作原因狀語,多放在主句之前,相當(dāng)于because, since, as引導(dǎo)的從句. Tired from the day’s hard work, he fell asleep soon. =(Because he was tired from the day’s hard work, he…) 由于一天的勞累工作,他很快就睡著了 Deeply moved by

24、what he said, I promised to give him some help. (2)作時(shí)間狀語,相當(dāng)于when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語,有時(shí)在分詞前直接加when, while, until等詞可使其表達(dá)的時(shí)間意義更明確.如: When heated, water can be changed into steam. 水加熱后可以變成水蒸氣. Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful. (3)作條件狀語,相當(dāng)于if, unless引導(dǎo)的從句. Given another chance, he can do it better.

25、=(If he is given another chance,...) 如果再給他一次機(jī)會(huì),他會(huì)做的更好 United we stand, divided we fall.團(tuán)結(jié)則存,分裂則亡 (4)作讓步狀語. Much tired, he still kept on working. (=Though he was much tired, he...)盡管很累,他仍繼續(xù)工作. (5)作方式或伴隨狀語. Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 因陷入沉思,他幾乎撞到前面的汽車上. He turn

26、ed away disappointed. 他失望地走開了 The teacher stood there, surrounded by many students. 老師站在那兒,周圍圍著許多學(xué)生 注意: (1).過分作狀語,有時(shí)前面帶有連詞,是狀語從句的省略形式,其中省去了從句的主語和be動(dòng)詞,通常主語與主句的主語相同 when (it is)heated, water will boil. She won't go to the party, unless (she is)invited. (2).過去分詞與句子的主語在邏輯上是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,改為時(shí)間,條件,原因,讓步,方式狀

27、語從句時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)(表示伴隨情況多改為and +并列謂語).而現(xiàn)在分詞與其邏輯主語則是主謂關(guān)系. (3)過去分詞作定語不僅表示被動(dòng),還表示已經(jīng)完成,但過分作狀語,動(dòng)作不一定是已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,有可能是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的,也有可能是未來的.(尤其在時(shí)間,條件狀語從句中). (4)過去分詞作狀語,相當(dāng)于對(duì)應(yīng)狀語從句,不可再用but, so, and, or否則重復(fù) 改錯(cuò): Laughed at by everyone, but he had my sympathy. 應(yīng)去掉but Known to all, so he was recognized very easil

28、y. 應(yīng)去掉so (5)過去分詞的邏輯主語要與句子的主語保持一致,否則用從句或獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu). 【典型例題】 1. The salesman scolded the girl caught _____ and let her off. A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C. to steal D. stealing 【答案】 D 考查動(dòng)詞非謂語形式在句中作賓補(bǔ)的用法 【點(diǎn)撥】本題考查動(dòng)詞非謂語形式在句中作賓補(bǔ)的用法正確掌握并靈活運(yùn)用非謂語形式是解此類題的關(guān)鍵，另外，解這一題目也要用還原法，即catch the girl steali

29、ng，若沒有把catch the girl stealing 還原，也是很難找出本題的答案的，因此，解題時(shí)，不但要有扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，還要掌握解題技巧本題旨在考查catch sb. doing sth.（發(fā)現(xiàn)某人做某事）這一短語，故先排除A、C兩項(xiàng)，由于girl與catch之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此需要用catch的過去分詞形式作后置定語，stealing所作的只能是定語中的補(bǔ)足語，故本題最佳答案為D 2. In the study, I found my son ______ at a desk, with his attention ______ on a book. A. sitting;

30、fixing B. sit; fixed C. sitting; to be fixed D. seated; fixed 【答案】 D 考查不定式與分詞作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別以及短語fix one’s attention的用法 【點(diǎn)撥】此題考查不定式與分詞作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別以及短語fix one’s attention的用法。解答此題時(shí)，應(yīng)特別留意不定式與分詞作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別；第二應(yīng)注意倘若邏輯賓語提前，則with+復(fù)合賓語中賓補(bǔ)應(yīng)用過去分詞表示被動(dòng)因?yàn)閺?qiáng)調(diào)found的動(dòng)作與sit同時(shí)進(jìn)行，而省去to的不定式sit作賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作的完成，但sitting和seated皆可。第二空中，attention原

31、為fix的邏輯賓語，所以應(yīng)選fixed作賓語補(bǔ)足語。故此題正確答案為：D 3. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _____the answers ready will be of great help.(2020;2020 北京) A To have had B Having had C Have D Having 【答案】D . 考查動(dòng)名詞作主語 【點(diǎn)撥】本題用動(dòng)名詞作主語,表示一般性的情況.注意,本題不可選B, 因?yàn)闆]有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在某個(gè)時(shí)間之前完成 4.The discovery of new ev

32、idence led to ____.(2020;2020 上海) A the thief having caught B catch the thief C the thief being caught D the thief to be caught 【答案】 C. 考查動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語 【點(diǎn)撥】動(dòng)名詞可以作介詞的賓語，尤其要注意一些含介詞to 的短語, 要與不定式分清,像 lead to /devote to /be used to /object to /look forward to 等 5. And there, almost _____ in the big

33、chair, sat her little brother, who never had to be told to keep quiet. A. having lost B. losing C. to be lost D. lost 【答案】D 考查過去分詞做狀語 【點(diǎn)撥】 lost in the big chair為過去分詞短語在句中作伴隨狀語。此句的正常語序?yàn)椋篐er little brother sat there... 6 （2020;2020上海卷）______ into use in April 2000, the

34、hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put 【答案】 A 考查過去分詞做狀語 【點(diǎn)撥】 本題中過去分詞短語put into use in April 2000做時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于狀語從句when the hotline was put into use in April 2000。 7 _____ and out of

35、 breath, we reached the top of the mountain and stopped _____ the beautiful scenery. 　A. Tiring; to admire B. Being tired; admiring C. Tired; to admire D. Tired; admiring 【答案】 C 考查分詞做狀語表示伴隨狀況 【點(diǎn)撥】tired and out of breath為“形容詞和介詞短語”在句中作狀語。stop to do

36、 sth. 停下來去做另外一件事 同步練習(xí)題 1． I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good ______. A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed 2．______ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring. A. To walk. B. Walking C. Wa

37、lked D. Having walked 3． _____ in the queen for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized be had left the cheque in the car. A. Waiting B. To wait C. Having Waited D. To have waited 4． – Can those ____ at the back of the classroom hear me? A. seat

38、 B. sit C. seated D. sat 5．. _____ the project as planned, we’ll have to work two more hours a day. A. Completing B. Complete C . Completed D. To complete 6． To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English ______ as much as we can.

39、 A. speak. B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak 7. Lucy’s new job paid twice as much as she had made ______ in the restaurant. A. working B. work C. to work D. worked 8. Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases ____ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being known

40、B. having been known C. to be known D. known 9. ______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin. A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed 10.Price of daily goods _____ through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought

41、 B. bought C. been bought D. buying 11._____ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 12. ______ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover fr

42、om the operation. A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given 13. The pupil sat there, ________ what to do. A. does knowing B. didn’t knowing C. not known D. not knowing 14. Because of my ____ Russian. I can’t make myself _____. A. broken; understood

43、 B. broken; understand C. break; understood D. breaking; understanding 15. The farmer ________ to the ground last night. A. had his house burning down B. had his house burnt down C. had his house to be burnt down D. had his house being burnt down 參考答案 1—5 BB

44、CCD 6--10 CADCB 11-----15AADAB 二、名詞 【基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)】 　名詞可以分為專有名詞和普通名詞，專有名詞是某個(gè)（些）人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等普通名詞又可分為下面四類： 　 1）個(gè)體名詞：表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：gun。 　 2）集體名詞：表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family。 　 3）物質(zhì)名詞：表示無法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如：air。 　 4）抽象名詞：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 個(gè)體名詞和

45、集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計(jì)算，稱為可數(shù)名詞，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞歸納一下，名詞的分類可以下圖表示： 專有名詞 不可數(shù)名詞 普通名詞 物質(zhì)名詞 抽象名詞 集體名詞 可數(shù)名詞 個(gè)體名詞 【拓展延伸】 1. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化 情況 構(gòu)成方法 讀音 例詞 ⑴一般情況 加 -s 清輔音后讀/s/ map-maps 濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars 以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾 加 -es 讀 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches 以ce, se, ze,等結(jié)尾 加 -s 讀 /iz/ lice

46、nse-licenses 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾 變y 為i再加es 讀 /z/ baby---babies ⑵ 其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化 ① 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。例如：　 　 　two Marys　　　　 the Henrys 　　　　 monkey---monkeys　 holiday---holidays　　 ② 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)： 　　 a. 加s，如： photo---photos　　 piano---pianos 　　　　　　　　 radio---radios　　 zoo---zoos； 　　 b. 加es，

47、如：potato--potatoes　 tomato--tomatoes 　　 c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes?！? ③ 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)： 　　 a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs　 roof---roofs 　　　　　　　　 safe---safes　 gulf---gulfs； 　　 b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves　　 　　　 knife---knives　leaf---leaves　 wolf---wolves 　　　 wife---wives　 life---lives　

48、 thief---thieves； c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchiefs。 2名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化 ⑴ child---children　 foot---feet　 tooth---teeth mouse---mice　　　 man---men　 woman---women　 注意：由一個(gè)詞加 man 或 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其

49、復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。 （2） 單復(fù)同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters （3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)例如： people　police　cattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說a person，a policeman，a head of cattl

50、e, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國(guó)民總稱時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用，如The Chinese are industries and brave.　中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的 （4） 以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如： a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)。 b. news 為不可數(shù)名詞。 c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。 　　　The United Nations was o

51、rganized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國(guó)是1945年組建起來的。 d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。例如： \"The Arabian Nights\" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事書。 （5） 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses （眼鏡）　trousers,　clothes等，若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair（對(duì)，雙）;　suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。 （6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表

52、示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚?！? 3 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示 1）物質(zhì)名詞 a. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)為可數(shù)。 比較：Cake is a kind of food.　蛋糕是一種食物 （不可數(shù)） These cakes are sweet.　這些蛋糕很好吃 （可數(shù)） b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，可數(shù)例如： This factory produces steel.?。ú豢蓴?shù)） We need various steels.?。蓴?shù)） c. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如： Our country is famous f

53、or tea. 我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名 Two teas, please. 請(qǐng)來兩杯茶。 2） 抽象名詞表示具體的事例時(shí)也可數(shù)例如： four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化 物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice　一則建議 　4 定語名詞的復(fù)數(shù) 名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外 1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語。例如： sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室 　　 talks table 談判桌

54、the foreign languages department 外語系 2） man, woman, gentleman等作定語時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定例如： 　　 men workers　　women teachers　　gentlemen officials 3） 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語時(shí)，s保留。例如： 　　 goods train （貨車） arms produce　武器生產(chǎn) 　　　　 customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush 衣刷 4） 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式例如： two-dozen eggs　兩打

55、雞蛋　 a ten-mile walk 十英里路 two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan.　一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃 5 不同國(guó)籍人的單復(fù)數(shù) 國(guó)籍 總稱（謂語用復(fù)數(shù)） 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 中國(guó)人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亞人 the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄國(guó)人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 意大利人 the Italians an Itali

56、an two Italians 希臘人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法國(guó)人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美國(guó)人 the Americans an American two Americans 印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德國(guó)人 the Germans a Germans two German

57、s 英國(guó)人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 6 名詞的格 　　英語中有些名詞可以加\"\'s\"來表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher\'s book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下： 1） 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加\"\'s\"，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加\"\'s\"，如the boy\'s bag 男孩的書包，men\'s room 男廁所 2） 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加\" \' \"，如：the workers\' strugg

58、le　工人的斗爭(zhēng) 3） 凡不能加\"\'s\"的名詞，都可以用\"名詞+of +名詞\"的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字 4） 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber\'s 理發(fā)店 5） 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有\(zhòng)'s，則表示\"分別有\(zhòng)"；只有一個(gè)\'s，則表示\'共有\(zhòng)' 例如： John\'s and Mary\'s rooms（兩間）　　John and Mary\'s room（一間） 6） 復(fù)合名詞或短語，'s 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。例如：a month o

59、r two's absence 【典型例題】 1．?He gained his _______by printing _______of famous writers A.wealth; work?? B.wealths; works?? C.weaths;work?? D.wealth ;works 【答案】 D 考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù) 【點(diǎn)撥】因?yàn)閣ealth 是不可數(shù)名詞故可排除B、C兩個(gè)選項(xiàng);work既可作不 可數(shù)名詞表“工作”意，又可作可數(shù)名詞表“作品”意，常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。根據(jù)題目意思，此處work應(yīng)作可數(shù)名詞用，于是又可排除A 2.Many people agree tha

60、t_______ knowledge of English is a must in ______ international trade today. A.a; ×???? B.the ; an???? C.the ;the???? D.×;the 【答案】 A 考查抽象名詞 【點(diǎn)撥】：knowledge 是抽象名詞，一般不與不定冠詞連用，但指具體“一門學(xué)問”或“一 門學(xué)問的掌握了解”可與不定冠詞連用，這可稱之為抽象名詞具體化。類例如：a strong character 堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的性格；a bright future 光明前途；a waste of time 浪費(fèi)時(shí)間；a pres

61、sure on sb.對(duì)某人的壓力；have a good time玩得痛快；He is a failure /a success as a leader 他當(dāng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不行/很出色抽象名詞不與冠詞連用是泛指一般概念、意義如：what fun! fine weather ;common knowledge 常識(shí)；Knowledge begins with practice. foreign trade.因此international trade前不用冠詞 3.Oh, John _____ you gave us ! A.How a great surprise??

62、 B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise 【答案】 C 考查抽象名詞具體化 【點(diǎn)撥】： “a/an＋形容詞＋抽象名詞”是抽象名詞具體化的常見形式。又如：an advanced culture 一種先進(jìn)文化；a great interest 極大的興趣；do him a good kindness幫了他一個(gè)大忙 4. She broke a _______ while she was washing up . A.glass

63、wine??????? B.wine glass????? C.wine’s glass?? D.glass of wine 【答案】 B 考查名詞做定語修飾名詞 【點(diǎn)撥】：根據(jù)broke一詞及四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，可確定空白處應(yīng)選“酒杯”故可排除A、D；C不是表達(dá)“酒杯”的正確形式，只有B才是正確答案。英語中用名詞作定語修飾名詞的情況很多，這些作定語用的名詞可表①分類意義②表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱呼③表目的、手段、原料、來源、所屬等意義 同步練習(xí)題 1．It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes

64、 _____ round shape into a teardrop shape. 　 A. of the drop???? B. the drop’s?? 　 C. drop of???? D. drops the 2．We’ll have a _____ holiday. What about going to the West Lake? 　 A. two days????? B. two-day　　 C. two-days??D. two day’s 3．The _______ is just around the corner and you won’t miss

65、it. 　 A. bicycle’s shop??????????? B. bicycle shop 　 C. bicycles shop???????????? D. bicycles’ shop 4．--- Whose umbrella is it? 　--- It’s _______. 　A. somebody else’s????????? B. somebody else 　C. somebody’s else’s??????? D. somebody’s else 5My morning_____includes jogging in the

66、park and reading newspapers over breakfast. A.drill??? B.action??? C.regulation?? D.routine 6 （2020;2020 山東27 ） I can't say which wine is best-it's a（n） _______ of personal taste. A.affair??? B.event??? C.matter?? ? D.variety 7． The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common_____in many parts of the city. A.look??? B.sign????? C.sight? D.appearance 8． -You are always full of _______.Can you tell me the secret？