肺結(jié)節(jié)的診斷策略ppt演示課件
.,1,肺結(jié)節(jié)的診斷策略,.,2,背景,肺癌是發(fā)病率和死亡率增長最快,對(duì)人群健康和生命威脅最大的惡性腫瘤之一。近50年來許多國家都報(bào)道肺癌的發(fā)病率和死亡率均明顯增高,男性肺癌發(fā)病率和死亡率均占所有惡性腫瘤的第一位,女性發(fā)病率占第二位,死亡率占第二位。 肺癌是可以預(yù)防的,也是可以控制的??煞譃槿?jí)預(yù)防: 一級(jí)預(yù)防是病因干預(yù):1.禁止和控制吸煙(長期大量吸煙者患肺癌的概率是不吸煙者的1020倍)。2.保護(hù)環(huán)境(城市居民肺癌的發(fā)病率比農(nóng)村高)。3.職業(yè)因素的預(yù)防(減少職業(yè)致癌物的暴露);等等 二級(jí)預(yù)防是肺癌的篩查和早期診斷,達(dá)到肺癌的早診早治;肺癌的早期往往表現(xiàn)為肺部結(jié)節(jié)。 三級(jí)預(yù)防為康復(fù)預(yù)防。,.,3,患者黃某,女,60歲。胸部CT 影像學(xué)所見:左肺上葉結(jié)節(jié)樣高密度影,邊界毛糙,大小約1.4*1.2cm。 2014 年底行手術(shù)切除。手術(shù)病理:腺癌Ib期。,.,4,患者趙某,女,40歲。胸部CT 影像學(xué)所見:右肺下葉后外基底段可見一片狀淡薄高密度影,直徑約2.1cm,邊界尚清。 20145年初行手術(shù)切除。手術(shù)病理:腺癌Ib期。,.,5,Ost D,GouldMK.Decision Making in Patients .with Pulmonary NodulesAm J Respir Crit Care 2012,Med Vol 185, (4), 363372,肺科臨床實(shí)踐中肺結(jié)節(jié)陰影是一個(gè)常見問題, 出現(xiàn)頻率由:原來的胸片發(fā)現(xiàn)的0.2%到現(xiàn)在肺癌低劑量CT篩查研究中的約4060%。,Lung nodules are acommon problem in pulmonary practice. Estimates of their frequency range from 0.2% in older studies with chest radiographs toapproximately 4060% in lung cancer screening trials using low-dose computed tomography (CT),.,6,肺結(jié)節(jié)定義:,肺結(jié)節(jié)(pulmonary nodule)為小的局灶性、類圓形、影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)密度增高的陰影,可單發(fā)或多發(fā),直徑 3cm,不伴肺不張、肺門腫大和胸腔積液。 孤立性肺結(jié)節(jié)(solitary pulmonary nodule ,SPN)經(jīng)典定義:單發(fā)、圓形或類圓形、邊界清楚、無肺不張、直徑 3cm的高密度陰影,周圍完全由充氣的肺組織包繞的肺部結(jié)節(jié)。 亞厘米級(jí)結(jié)節(jié)(subcentimeter nodules) :直徑8mm 結(jié)節(jié)。形態(tài)可呈球形或非球形。兩種形態(tài)均可見于惡性結(jié)節(jié)。 腫塊(masses):3cm 直徑的病灶被稱為腫塊而不再稱為結(jié)節(jié)。在明確診斷前原則上應(yīng)認(rèn)為惡性。 1 Ost D, Fein AM, Feinsilver SH. Clinical practice: the solitary pulmonary nodule. N Engl J Med 2003;348:25352542. 2 Gould MK, Fletcher J, Iannettoni MD, Lynch WR, Midthun DE, Naidich DP, Ost DE. Evaluation of patients with pulmonary nodules: when is it lung cancer? ACCP evidence-based clinical practiceguidelines (2nd edition). Chest 2007;132:108S130S. 3 Xu DM, van der Zaag-Loonen HJ, Oudkerk M, Wang Y. Smooth or attached solid indeterminate nodules detected at baseline CT screening in the nelsonstudy: cancer risk during 1 year of follow-up. Radiology 2009;250:264272.,.,7,孤立性肺結(jié)節(jié)(SPN),.,8,Ground-glass opacity(GGO). 磨玻璃影 (B) Mixed ground glass and solid nodule. 混合性結(jié)節(jié) (C) Solid lung nodule.實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié),.,9,非實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié):磨玻璃密度結(jié)節(jié)( GGN),毛玻璃成分為均勻的磨砂狀陰影,有時(shí)可見小空泡征,通常這樣的毛玻璃樣結(jié)節(jié)進(jìn)展很慢,或數(shù)年無變化,或僅表現(xiàn)為逐漸密實(shí)。 這種影像特征在病理上往往對(duì)應(yīng)為原位腺癌或不典型腺樣增生。,.,10,非實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié):部分實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)(part-solid GGN,又稱mGGN),部分毛玻璃樣結(jié)節(jié)可伴有空泡征、支氣管造影征或微結(jié)節(jié),其中實(shí)性成分往往為浸潤性腺癌。 5 mm 的實(shí)性成分以微浸潤腺癌多見,或?yàn)轭A(yù)后良好的伏壁生長型。,.,11,實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié) (solid nodule),實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié):致密均勻的小結(jié)節(jié),如伴有分葉、刷狀毛刺、胸膜牽扯征,則惡性可能性極大。由于病灶小,很難穿刺明確病理,且正電子發(fā)射體層攝影(PET)對(duì)于8 mm 的病灶,診斷的假陰性率明顯增高,因此隨訪中觀察有無進(jìn)展并結(jié)合影像學(xué)特征是臨床上決定是否開胸探查的主要依據(jù)。 值得注意的是,惡性實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)的病理類型多為浸潤性腺癌,以腺泡狀、乳頭狀和實(shí)性亞型為主。在小結(jié)節(jié)病灶中即使是實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)也極少見到鱗癌。,.,12,右下肺實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié),邊緣銳利且有分葉, 構(gòu)瘤,直徑8 mm。 隨訪過程中明顯增大,手術(shù)病理:錯(cuò)構(gòu)瘤。 提示:即使良性病變也有增大的 趨勢(shì)。,.,13,肺結(jié)節(jié)的評(píng)估方法,.,14,Patients clinical risk factors(患者臨床風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素),腫瘤風(fēng)險(xiǎn),低危,中危,高危,大小,年齡,家族史,吸煙史,戒煙史,慢阻肺,職業(yè)暴露,結(jié)節(jié)特征,.,15,SPN 大小與性質(zhì)的關(guān)系,Midthun等發(fā)現(xiàn):不同大小結(jié)節(jié)的惡性可能性比率為: 3 mm : 0.2% 47 mm : 0.9%, 820 mm : 18% 20 mm : 50% Midthun DE, Swensen SJ, Jett JR, Hartman TE. Evaluation of nodules detected by screening for lung cancer with low dose spiral computed tomography. Lung Cancer 2003;41(suppl 2):S40.,.,16,SPN大小與性質(zhì)的關(guān)系,Wahidi MM, Govert JA, Goudar RK, Gould MK, McCrory DC.Evidence for the treatment of patients with pulmonary nodules: when is it lung cancer? ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2ndedition). Chest 2007;132:94S107S.,7個(gè)CT肺癌篩查研究表明,不 同大小的肺結(jié)節(jié)的惡性率為: 5 mm結(jié)節(jié):01% 5- 10mm: 628% 1120mm : 3364% 20 mm : 6482%,In seven studies of nodules detected in lung cancer screening trials, the prevalence of malignancy: 01% in patients with nodules less than 5 mm in diameter, 628% for 5- to 10-mm nodules, 3364% for 11- to 20-mm nodules, 6482% for nodules measuring greater than 20 mm,.,17,SPN生長速度評(píng)價(jià),大部分惡性結(jié)節(jié)倍增時(shí)間30-400天 2年隨訪病灶穩(wěn)定,倍增時(shí)間至少730天傾向良性疾病 倍增時(shí)間小于7天,超過465天傾向良性 直徑小于1cm病灶較難評(píng)價(jià) Radiographics. 2000;20:59-66,.,18,不同肺結(jié)節(jié)的倍增時(shí)間,Hasegawa M, Sone S, Takashima S, et al. Growth rate of small lung cancers detected on mass CT screening. Br J Radiol 2000;73: 1252 1259.,Hasegawa et al在一個(gè)為期3年的結(jié)節(jié)篩查研究中的不同結(jié)節(jié)平均倍增時(shí)間(Mean volume doubling times) pGGN (純磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié) ) 813 days mGGN (混合性) 457 days SN (實(shí)性) 149 days,.,19,SPN 部位 良性結(jié)節(jié)分布無規(guī)律性 肺癌:右肺/左肺 1.5,上葉占70 IPF患者合并肺癌好發(fā)于下葉外周或發(fā)生纖維化部位 50腺癌位于外周,鱗癌多為中央型,SPN邊緣 光滑:21惡性結(jié)節(jié)邊界清,多見于轉(zhuǎn)移瘤 分葉:25良性結(jié)節(jié)有分葉,惡性組織生長非均質(zhì)性 不規(guī)則:傾向于惡性,可見于肉芽腫性疾病、類脂性肺炎等 毛刺:惡性多見,.,20,Solitary metastasis from bladder cancer(膀胱癌的孤立轉(zhuǎn)移) in a 45-year-old woman. Chest CT scan shows a smoothly marginated, 1-cm peripheral nodule.Metastatic disease was confirmed at resection. Solitary metastases account for 3%-5% of all resected solitary. 轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的數(shù)占所有手術(shù)切除的孤立結(jié)節(jié)的3-5%。,.,21,Non-small cell lung cancer(非小細(xì)胞肺癌) in a 63-year-old woman. Close-up chest CT scan of the right lung shows a lobulated(分葉) and spiculated(毛刺) nodule in the lower lobe.,.,22,SPN 內(nèi)部特征,.,23,良性鈣化,Granuloma (肉芽腫)in an asymptomatic 64-year-old man. Close-up chest CT scan of the left lung shows a soft-tissue nodule with central calcification in the upper lobe.,Chondrohamartoma (錯(cuò)構(gòu)瘤)in a 40-year-old man. Close-up chest CT scan of the right lung shows a lobulated nodule with central popcornlike calcification in the upper lobe.,.,24,惡性鈣化,Typical pulmonary carcinoid tumor(肺類癌瘤) in a 68-year-old woman. Chest CT scan shows a lobulated lesion with scattered punctate calcifications(散在點(diǎn)狀鈣化) in the left lower lobe.,Non-small cell lung cancer(非小細(xì)胞肺癌) in a 45-year-old woman. Close-up chest CT scan of the right lung reveals amorphous calcification(不規(guī)則鈣化) in the nodule, a pattern that is typical of malignancy.,.,25,脂肪密度,Hamartoma (錯(cuò)構(gòu)瘤)in an asymptomatic man. (a) Chest CT scan shows a heterogeneous, sharply marginated lesion with small focal areas of calcification and fat(不均勻的邊界清晰的病灶伴有多發(fā)小點(diǎn)狀的鈣化和脂肪密度). (b) Photograph of a resected specimen demonstrates a yellowish, glistening, lobular cut surface, a finding that is consistent with fat. (c) Photomicrograph (original magnification, x100; hematoxylineosin stain) helps confirm the presence of adipose tissue (arrow) and shows epithelial tissue containing an island of basophilic cartilage (arrowhead). This mixture of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue is diagnostic for hamartoma.,.,26,空洞,Aspergillus infection(曲霉菌感染) in a 48-year-old man with leukemia. Close-up chest CT scan of the right lung shows a thin-walled cavitary nodule.,Squamous cell lung cancer(鱗狀細(xì)胞癌) in a 60-year-old woman. Close-up posteroanterior radiograph of the right lung shows a smoothly marginated nodule in the lower lobe.,.,27,SPN與支氣管的關(guān)系,I型:支氣管被SPN截?cái)?II型:支氣管進(jìn)入SPN呈錐狀中斷 型:支氣管在SPN內(nèi)呈長段開放狀,并可進(jìn)一步分叉 型:支氣管緊貼SPN邊緣走行,管腔形態(tài)正常 V型:支氣管緊貼SPN邊緣走行,管腔受壓變扁 Clinical Radiology (2004) 59, 11211127,.,28,I型:支氣管被SPN截?cái)?結(jié)核球,鱗癌,.,29,II型:支氣管進(jìn)入SPN呈錐狀中斷,腺癌,.,30,型:支氣管在SPN內(nèi)呈長段開放狀,并可進(jìn)一步分叉,炎性假瘤,.,31,型:支氣管緊貼SPN邊緣走行,管腔形態(tài)正常,惡性腫瘤,.,32,V型:支氣管緊貼SPN邊緣走行,管腔受壓變扁,The nodule was a sclerosing haemangioma as proven by pathological examination.病理證實(shí)為硬化型血管瘤。,.,33,SPN與支氣管的關(guān)系,惡性結(jié)節(jié)最常見的腫瘤一支氣管關(guān)系是I型,其次為型,型僅見于惡性SPN,V型最少見; 良性結(jié)節(jié)最常見的是V型,其次為I型(結(jié)核球),未見到型。 型可見于惡性和良性SPN,但前者的支氣管形態(tài)僵硬,管腔保持通暢甚或輕度擴(kuò)張;后者支氣管形態(tài)柔軟,走向自然,管腔擴(kuò)張度不如惡性腫瘤,并常見支氣管有多個(gè)樹枝狀分又及支氣管呈斷續(xù)狀表現(xiàn)。,惡性結(jié)節(jié),良性結(jié)節(jié),.,34,SPN血管特征,惡性結(jié)節(jié)增強(qiáng)超過良性結(jié)節(jié) CT凈增值低于15HU傾向于良性 CT凈增值超過25HU,清除值5-31HU傾向惡性,.,35,SPN血管特征,Adenocarcinoma (腺癌)in 67-year-old man shows net enhancement of 25 H and washout of 5-31 H at dynamic helical CT and positive uptake at integrated PET/CT. Lung window of transverse thin-section (2.5-mm collimation) CT scan shows 16-mm nodule (arrow ) in left upper lobe has lobulated and speculated margin,.,36,處理?,.,37,根據(jù):兩個(gè)指南解讀,.,38,實(shí)性肺結(jié)節(jié)fleischner 學(xué)會(huì)指南,.,39,非實(shí)性肺結(jié)節(jié)fleischner 學(xué)會(huì)指南,.,40,孤立性結(jié)節(jié)推薦說明,孤立的部分實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié),特別是實(shí)性成分5 mm的病變,3個(gè)月后復(fù)查發(fā)現(xiàn)病變?cè)龃蠡驔]有變化時(shí),應(yīng)考慮其為惡性可能。 理由: (1) 大量研究證明,不管結(jié)節(jié)大小,部分實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)較純磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié)及實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)惡性可能性大!因而需要更加積極的診斷 (2) 雖然GGN病變內(nèi)實(shí)性成分的增多強(qiáng)烈提示病變?yōu)榻櫺韵侔?,但?nèi)部實(shí)性成分5 mm的病變例外,因?yàn)檫@些病變常常被證實(shí)是AIS(adenocarcinoma in situ原位腺癌)或MIA(minimally invasive adenocarcinoma微浸潤腺癌),提示保守處理。,.,41,Thanks for listening,
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.,1,肺結(jié)節(jié)的診斷策略,.,2,背景,肺癌是發(fā)病率和死亡率增長最快,對(duì)人群健康和生命威脅最大的惡性腫瘤之一。近50年來許多國家都報(bào)道肺癌的發(fā)病率和死亡率均明顯增高,男性肺癌發(fā)病率和死亡率均占所有惡性腫瘤的第一位,女性發(fā)病率占第二位,死亡率占第二位。 肺癌是可以預(yù)防的,也是可以控制的??煞譃槿?jí)預(yù)防: 一級(jí)預(yù)防是病因干預(yù):1.禁止和控制吸煙(長期大量吸煙者患肺癌的概率是不吸煙者的1020倍)。2.保護(hù)環(huán)境(城市居民肺癌的發(fā)病率比農(nóng)村高)。3.職業(yè)因素的預(yù)防(減少職業(yè)致癌物的暴露);等等 二級(jí)預(yù)防是肺癌的篩查和早期診斷,達(dá)到肺癌的早診早治;肺癌的早期往往表現(xiàn)為肺部結(jié)節(jié)。 三級(jí)預(yù)防為康復(fù)預(yù)防。,.,3,患者黃某,女,60歲。胸部CT 影像學(xué)所見:左肺上葉結(jié)節(jié)樣高密度影,邊界毛糙,大小約1.4*1.2cm。 2014 年底行手術(shù)切除。手術(shù)病理:腺癌Ib期。,.,4,患者趙某,女,40歲。胸部CT 影像學(xué)所見:右肺下葉后外基底段可見一片狀淡薄高密度影,直徑約2.1cm,邊界尚清。 20145年初行手術(shù)切除。手術(shù)病理:腺癌Ib期。,.,5,Ost D,GouldMK.Decision Making in Patients .with Pulmonary NodulesAm J Respir Crit Care 2012,Med Vol 185, (4), 363372,肺科臨床實(shí)踐中肺結(jié)節(jié)陰影是一個(gè)常見問題, 出現(xiàn)頻率由:原來的胸片發(fā)現(xiàn)的0.2%到現(xiàn)在肺癌低劑量CT篩查研究中的約4060%。,Lung nodules are acommon problem in pulmonary practice. Estimates of their frequency range from 0.2% in older studies with chest radiographs toapproximately 4060% in lung cancer screening trials using low-dose computed tomography (CT),.,6,肺結(jié)節(jié)定義:,肺結(jié)節(jié)(pulmonary nodule)為小的局灶性、類圓形、影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)密度增高的陰影,可單發(fā)或多發(fā),直徑 3cm,不伴肺不張、肺門腫大和胸腔積液。 孤立性肺結(jié)節(jié)(solitary pulmonary nodule ,SPN)經(jīng)典定義:單發(fā)、圓形或類圓形、邊界清楚、無肺不張、直徑 3cm的高密度陰影,周圍完全由充氣的肺組織包繞的肺部結(jié)節(jié)。 亞厘米級(jí)結(jié)節(jié)(subcentimeter nodules) :直徑8mm 結(jié)節(jié)。形態(tài)可呈球形或非球形。兩種形態(tài)均可見于惡性結(jié)節(jié)。 腫塊(masses):3cm 直徑的病灶被稱為腫塊而不再稱為結(jié)節(jié)。在明確診斷前原則上應(yīng)認(rèn)為惡性。 1 Ost D, Fein AM, Feinsilver SH. Clinical practice: the solitary pulmonary nodule. N Engl J Med 2003;348:25352542. 2 Gould MK, Fletcher J, Iannettoni MD, Lynch WR, Midthun DE, Naidich DP, Ost DE. Evaluation of patients with pulmonary nodules: when is it lung cancer? ACCP evidence-based clinical practiceguidelines (2nd edition). Chest 2007;132:108S130S. 3 Xu DM, van der Zaag-Loonen HJ, Oudkerk M, Wang Y. Smooth or attached solid indeterminate nodules detected at baseline CT screening in the nelsonstudy: cancer risk during 1 year of follow-up. Radiology 2009;250:264272.,.,7,孤立性肺結(jié)節(jié)(SPN),.,8,Ground-glass opacity(GGO). 磨玻璃影 (B) Mixed ground glass and solid nodule. 混合性結(jié)節(jié) (C) Solid lung nodule.實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié),.,9,非實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié):磨玻璃密度結(jié)節(jié)( GGN),毛玻璃成分為均勻的磨砂狀陰影,有時(shí)可見小空泡征,通常這樣的毛玻璃樣結(jié)節(jié)進(jìn)展很慢,或數(shù)年無變化,或僅表現(xiàn)為逐漸密實(shí)。 這種影像特征在病理上往往對(duì)應(yīng)為原位腺癌或不典型腺樣增生。,.,10,非實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié):部分實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)(part-solid GGN,又稱mGGN),部分毛玻璃樣結(jié)節(jié)可伴有空泡征、支氣管造影征或微結(jié)節(jié),其中實(shí)性成分往往為浸潤性腺癌。 5 mm 的實(shí)性成分以微浸潤腺癌多見,或?yàn)轭A(yù)后良好的伏壁生長型。,.,11,實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié) (solid nodule),實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié):致密均勻的小結(jié)節(jié),如伴有分葉、刷狀毛刺、胸膜牽扯征,則惡性可能性極大。由于病灶小,很難穿刺明確病理,且正電子發(fā)射體層攝影(PET)對(duì)于8 mm 的病灶,診斷的假陰性率明顯增高,因此隨訪中觀察有無進(jìn)展并結(jié)合影像學(xué)特征是臨床上決定是否開胸探查的主要依據(jù)。 值得注意的是,惡性實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)的病理類型多為浸潤性腺癌,以腺泡狀、乳頭狀和實(shí)性亞型為主。在小結(jié)節(jié)病灶中即使是實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)也極少見到鱗癌。,.,12,右下肺實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié),邊緣銳利且有分葉, 構(gòu)瘤,直徑8 mm。 隨訪過程中明顯增大,手術(shù)病理:錯(cuò)構(gòu)瘤。 提示:即使良性病變也有增大的 趨勢(shì)。,.,13,肺結(jié)節(jié)的評(píng)估方法,.,14,Patients clinical risk factors(患者臨床風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素),腫瘤風(fēng)險(xiǎn),低危,中危,高危,大小,年齡,家族史,吸煙史,戒煙史,慢阻肺,職業(yè)暴露,結(jié)節(jié)特征,.,15,SPN 大小與性質(zhì)的關(guān)系,Midthun等發(fā)現(xiàn):不同大小結(jié)節(jié)的惡性可能性比率為: 3 mm : 0.2% 47 mm : 0.9%, 820 mm : 18% 20 mm : 50% Midthun DE, Swensen SJ, Jett JR, Hartman TE. Evaluation of nodules detected by screening for lung cancer with low dose spiral computed tomography. Lung Cancer 2003;41(suppl 2):S40.,.,16,SPN大小與性質(zhì)的關(guān)系,Wahidi MM, Govert JA, Goudar RK, Gould MK, McCrory DC.Evidence for the treatment of patients with pulmonary nodules: when is it lung cancer? ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2ndedition). Chest 2007;132:94S107S.,7個(gè)CT肺癌篩查研究表明,不 同大小的肺結(jié)節(jié)的惡性率為: 5 mm結(jié)節(jié):01% 5- 10mm: 628% 1120mm : 3364% 20 mm : 6482%,In seven studies of nodules detected in lung cancer screening trials, the prevalence of malignancy: 01% in patients with nodules less than 5 mm in diameter, 628% for 5- to 10-mm nodules, 3364% for 11- to 20-mm nodules, 6482% for nodules measuring greater than 20 mm,.,17,SPN生長速度評(píng)價(jià),大部分惡性結(jié)節(jié)倍增時(shí)間30-400天 2年隨訪病灶穩(wěn)定,倍增時(shí)間至少730天傾向良性疾病 倍增時(shí)間小于7天,超過465天傾向良性 直徑小于1cm病灶較難評(píng)價(jià) Radiographics. 2000;20:59-66,.,18,不同肺結(jié)節(jié)的倍增時(shí)間,Hasegawa M, Sone S, Takashima S, et al. Growth rate of small lung cancers detected on mass CT screening. Br J Radiol 2000;73: 1252 1259.,Hasegawa et al在一個(gè)為期3年的結(jié)節(jié)篩查研究中的不同結(jié)節(jié)平均倍增時(shí)間(Mean volume doubling times) pGGN (純磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié) ) 813 days mGGN (混合性) 457 days SN (實(shí)性) 149 days,.,19,SPN 部位 良性結(jié)節(jié)分布無規(guī)律性 肺癌:右肺/左肺 1.5,上葉占70 IPF患者合并肺癌好發(fā)于下葉外周或發(fā)生纖維化部位 50腺癌位于外周,鱗癌多為中央型,SPN邊緣 光滑:21惡性結(jié)節(jié)邊界清,多見于轉(zhuǎn)移瘤 分葉:25良性結(jié)節(jié)有分葉,惡性組織生長非均質(zhì)性 不規(guī)則:傾向于惡性,可見于肉芽腫性疾病、類脂性肺炎等 毛刺:惡性多見,.,20,Solitary metastasis from bladder cancer(膀胱癌的孤立轉(zhuǎn)移) in a 45-year-old woman. Chest CT scan shows a smoothly marginated, 1-cm peripheral nodule.Metastatic disease was confirmed at resection. Solitary metastases account for 3%-5% of all resected solitary. 轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的數(shù)占所有手術(shù)切除的孤立結(jié)節(jié)的3-5%。,.,21,Non-small cell lung cancer(非小細(xì)胞肺癌) in a 63-year-old woman. Close-up chest CT scan of the right lung shows a lobulated(分葉) and spiculated(毛刺) nodule in the lower lobe.,.,22,SPN 內(nèi)部特征,.,23,良性鈣化,Granuloma (肉芽腫)in an asymptomatic 64-year-old man. Close-up chest CT scan of the left lung shows a soft-tissue nodule with central calcification in the upper lobe.,Chondrohamartoma (錯(cuò)構(gòu)瘤)in a 40-year-old man. Close-up chest CT scan of the right lung shows a lobulated nodule with central popcornlike calcification in the upper lobe.,.,24,惡性鈣化,Typical pulmonary carcinoid tumor(肺類癌瘤) in a 68-year-old woman. Chest CT scan shows a lobulated lesion with scattered punctate calcifications(散在點(diǎn)狀鈣化) in the left lower lobe.,Non-small cell lung cancer(非小細(xì)胞肺癌) in a 45-year-old woman. Close-up chest CT scan of the right lung reveals amorphous calcification(不規(guī)則鈣化) in the nodule, a pattern that is typical of malignancy.,.,25,脂肪密度,Hamartoma (錯(cuò)構(gòu)瘤)in an asymptomatic man. (a) Chest CT scan shows a heterogeneous, sharply marginated lesion with small focal areas of calcification and fat(不均勻的邊界清晰的病灶伴有多發(fā)小點(diǎn)狀的鈣化和脂肪密度). (b) Photograph of a resected specimen demonstrates a yellowish, glistening, lobular cut surface, a finding that is consistent with fat. (c) Photomicrograph (original magnification, x100; hematoxylineosin stain) helps confirm the presence of adipose tissue (arrow) and shows epithelial tissue containing an island of basophilic cartilage (arrowhead). This mixture of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue is diagnostic for hamartoma.,.,26,空洞,Aspergillus infection(曲霉菌感染) in a 48-year-old man with leukemia. Close-up chest CT scan of the right lung shows a thin-walled cavitary nodule.,Squamous cell lung cancer(鱗狀細(xì)胞癌) in a 60-year-old woman. Close-up posteroanterior radiograph of the right lung shows a smoothly marginated nodule in the lower lobe.,.,27,SPN與支氣管的關(guān)系,I型:支氣管被SPN截?cái)?II型:支氣管進(jìn)入SPN呈錐狀中斷 型:支氣管在SPN內(nèi)呈長段開放狀,并可進(jìn)一步分叉 型:支氣管緊貼SPN邊緣走行,管腔形態(tài)正常 V型:支氣管緊貼SPN邊緣走行,管腔受壓變扁 Clinical Radiology (2004) 59, 11211127,.,28,I型:支氣管被SPN截?cái)?結(jié)核球,鱗癌,.,29,II型:支氣管進(jìn)入SPN呈錐狀中斷,腺癌,.,30,型:支氣管在SPN內(nèi)呈長段開放狀,并可進(jìn)一步分叉,炎性假瘤,.,31,型:支氣管緊貼SPN邊緣走行,管腔形態(tài)正常,惡性腫瘤,.,32,V型:支氣管緊貼SPN邊緣走行,管腔受壓變扁,The nodule was a sclerosing haemangioma as proven by pathological examination.病理證實(shí)為硬化型血管瘤。,.,33,SPN與支氣管的關(guān)系,惡性結(jié)節(jié)最常見的腫瘤一支氣管關(guān)系是I型,其次為型,型僅見于惡性SPN,V型最少見; 良性結(jié)節(jié)最常見的是V型,其次為I型(結(jié)核球),未見到型。 型可見于惡性和良性SPN,但前者的支氣管形態(tài)僵硬,管腔保持通暢甚或輕度擴(kuò)張;后者支氣管形態(tài)柔軟,走向自然,管腔擴(kuò)張度不如惡性腫瘤,并常見支氣管有多個(gè)樹枝狀分又及支氣管呈斷續(xù)狀表現(xiàn)。,惡性結(jié)節(jié),良性結(jié)節(jié),.,34,SPN血管特征,惡性結(jié)節(jié)增強(qiáng)超過良性結(jié)節(jié) CT凈增值低于15HU傾向于良性 CT凈增值超過25HU,清除值5-31HU傾向惡性,.,35,SPN血管特征,Adenocarcinoma (腺癌)in 67-year-old man shows net enhancement of 25 H and washout of 5-31 H at dynamic helical CT and positive uptake at integrated PET/CT. Lung window of transverse thin-section (2.5-mm collimation) CT scan shows 16-mm nodule (arrow ) in left upper lobe has lobulated and speculated margin,.,36,處理?,.,37,根據(jù):兩個(gè)指南解讀,.,38,實(shí)性肺結(jié)節(jié)fleischner 學(xué)會(huì)指南,.,39,非實(shí)性肺結(jié)節(jié)fleischner 學(xué)會(huì)指南,.,40,孤立性結(jié)節(jié)推薦說明,孤立的部分實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié),特別是實(shí)性成分5 mm的病變,3個(gè)月后復(fù)查發(fā)現(xiàn)病變?cè)龃蠡驔]有變化時(shí),應(yīng)考慮其為惡性可能。 理由: (1) 大量研究證明,不管結(jié)節(jié)大小,部分實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)較純磨玻璃結(jié)節(jié)及實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)惡性可能性大!因而需要更加積極的診斷 (2) 雖然GGN病變內(nèi)實(shí)性成分的增多強(qiáng)烈提示病變?yōu)榻櫺韵侔?,但?nèi)部實(shí)性成分5 mm的病變例外,因?yàn)檫@些病變常常被證實(shí)是AIS(adenocarcinoma in situ原位腺癌)或MIA(minimally invasive adenocarcinoma微浸潤腺癌),提示保守處理。,.,41,Thanks for listening,
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