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1、The United Kingdom 1. 英國的全稱 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2. 大不列顛島的組成 England, Scotland & Wales 3. 什么叫“英聯(lián)邦” The Commonwealth of Nations, usually known as the Commonwealth, is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, most of which are former British

2、 colonies, or dependencies of these colonies (the exceptions being the United Kingdom itself and Mozambique). 4. 倫敦的地位 London is the largest city located in the south of the country. It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business center and headquarters of the vast

3、 majority of Britain’s big companies. It is not only the financial center of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world. 5. 有哪些國家入侵過英國？ 英格蘭： Invasion by Romans In 43 AD, Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, and England and Wales became a part of

4、the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years. Invasion by Anglo-Saxons As the Roman armies and Roman protection were withdrawn from Britain, and Britain was again divided into small kingdoms, and again it came under threat from Germanic peoples: the Angles, and the Saxon. The Anglo-Saxons succeeded in i

5、nvading Britain, and either absorb the Celtic people, or pushed them to the western and northern edges of Britain. Invasion by Vikings From the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the Vikings, threatened Britain shores. Invasion by Normans In 1066, England was invaded by the Normans u

6、nder William of Normandy, from northern France, who were descendants of Vikings. The Battle of Hastings defeated an English army under King Harold, marks the last time that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded in invading. 蘇格蘭： Scotland was not conquered by the Romans, though they d

7、id try to, and for a while occupied as far as the edge of the northern highland zone. Nor was most of Scotland conquered by the Anglo-Saxons. British Celts occupied the area around what is now Glasgow. Around the 6th century AD, people from Northern Ireland invaded the south-west. They were calle

8、d the Scots, and it is they that gave the modern country of Scotland its name. The original Scottish Celts, called the Picts, were left the highland zone. 6. 1689年通過《權(quán)利法案》，議會得到權(quán)力 7. 蘇格蘭首府Edinburgh，最大的城市Glasgow 8. 威爾士首府Cardiff，民族英雄Llywelyn ap Gruffudd和Owain Glyndwr 9. 北愛爾蘭貧窮的原因： Economic Pr

9、oblems Political Problems Conflicts between Protestants and Roman Catholics Conflicts between Unionists /Royalists and nationalists/Republicans 10. 北愛爾蘭的首府Belfast 11. The Giant’s Causeway 被列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)，英國第七大奇跡 12. Sinn Fein Party Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland which sup

10、ports the IRA to fight for the union of Ireland. The leaders of Sinn Fein prefer union with Ireland by a twin campaign, both military and political which they call the policy of “the Bullet and the Ballot Box”. It believes that without the participation of Sinn Fein the political of Northern Ireland

11、 cannot be thoroughly solved. 13. IRA The Irish Republican Army (IRA) was an Irish republican revolutionary military organization descended from the Irish Volunteers. Its aim is to overthrow the British rule in Ireland and unify Northern Ireland with the Southern one, forming an independent Republ

12、ic of Ireland. 14. 愛爾蘭宗教沖突 Conflicts between Protestants and Catholics The majority of Irish people were descendants of the original Celtic people who inhabited the British Isles before the Roman Invasion, thus they were ethnically distinct from the majority of British people. In addition, most

13、Irish people were Catholics, while most British people became Protestants. In the 17th century, the English government, trying to increase its control of Ireland, encourages people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to Northern Ireland. These people saw themselves different from the re

14、st of the Irish people, and thought of themselves as British, and wished to remain a part of the British state. The Protestants, being the majority, controlled the local democratically-elected parliament, and used that power to support their own economic and social dominance in the province. The

15、 Catholics found it hard to get jobs, or to benefit from social programs. Schools and sporting events were segregated. 15. 英國皇室起源 The power of the monarchy was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of “the divine right of kings”. It was held that the sovereign derived his authority from Go

16、d, not from his subjects. 16. “君權(quán)神授” The sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects. 17. 大憲章Magana Carta A charter of liberty and political rights is signed by the King John. Magana Carta placed some limits on the king’s ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regard

17、ed as Britain’s key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown. 18. 英國的政體（君主立憲制+代議民主制） 女王 議會 內(nèi)閣 l The Queen is the official Head of State. Britain has a constitutional monarchy where the Queen only rules symbolically. l Parliament represents the people. l Government runs the country

18、 and is also elected by the people ; The leader of the Government is the Prime Minister. 19. 英國憲法的構(gòu)成 20. 議會的職能 21. 君主的職責(zé) l Head of the State l Head of the Armed Forces l Head of the Church of England l Her government duties l Meeting Prime Ministers l Visits 22. 上下議院的職能 The House

19、of Lords: “Double check” new laws to make sure they are fair and will work. The House of Commons: Discussing policies and making laws. 23. 英國大選 5 年舉行一次。什么情況可以提前選舉？ l When the government loses a “vote of no confidence” in the House of Commons, that is, an MP puts forward a statem

20、ent for the MPs to vote on saying that “This house no longer has confidence in the government”. l If the Prime Minister decides that the government is currently popular, he can call for an early election hoping to win another five years. 24. Party Electoral Broadcasts (PEB) l Broadcasts made by t

21、he parties and transmitted on TV or radio. l By agreement with the broadcasters, each party is allowed a certain number period to “sell” their policies to the public. 25. 英國兩大政黨及其政治主張 The Conservative Party Protect the individual’s right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose, and

22、so favoring economic policies which businessmen prefer, such as low taxes. The Labour Party They believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms, and the part of the role of government is to act as “redistributive agent”. Also they see the government as the right body to prov

23、ide a range of public services available to all, such as health, education and public transportation. 26. 英國文學(xué)之父——Geoffrey Chaucer 27. 英國小說之父——Daniel Defoe 28. 英國最擅長運用諷刺的作家—— 29. “后現(xiàn)代主義 二戰(zhàn)之后，20世紀60年代至70年代出現(xiàn)的一種文學(xué)新流派，其主要特點是試圖擺脫一切傳統(tǒng)模式的束縛，否定權(quán)威，否定中心，提倡多元化。 30. 綜合學(xué)校（Comprehensive School）結(jié)束了文

24、法學(xué)校和職業(yè)學(xué)校對立的局面 31. “私立學(xué)?！保↖ndependent School or Public School） Independent School are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools that receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government assistance. Independent schools are not part of natio

25、nal education system, but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty’s Inspector of Schools. These schools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich. 32. League Tables A comparative table which ranks schools according to public

26、 examination, truancy rates, destination of school leavers, and so on. 33. 進入文法學(xué)校需要通過 “the 11-plus” 考試 34. “A-levels” 35. 在英國可以獲得哪些學(xué)位？ 36. 英國的外交政策是由Prime Minister, Cabinet & the Foreign and Commonwealth Office 制定的。 37. UNSC—United Nations Security Council 聯(lián)合國安理會 The United Nations Se

27、curity Council (UNSC) is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers, outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions,

28、and the authorization of military action. Britain is one of the 5 permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (Russia, China, the US, France and the UK). 38. EU—European Union Founded in 1958 with 6 member countries, France, West Germany, Italy, and Benelux AIMS: To reduce and re

29、move restrictions between the member countries: by the removal of internal trade barriers, by enabling the free flow of capital and a common currency, by allowing citizens of all member countries to live and work in any other member country To Develop Common Policies on: tra

30、nsport, agriculture, external trade, taxation 39. NATO—North Atlantic Treaty Organization It is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on April 4, 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, 28 independent member countries 40. 媒

31、體的功能 l Entertainment l Providing information about political and social issues l Weather reports l Advertisement l Educational purposes l Forum for people to express their views or seek advice l Helping to engender a national culture 41. 英國最早的全國性報紙 The Observer ，最早的日報 The Times 。 42.

32、 英國報紙的分類 ? Types of the Newspapers 1)? Classification based on CONTENT A)? the Quality Press (the broadsheets) ：serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance; reviews and feature articles about high culture B)?? the Popular Papers ( the tabloids or gutter press)：sm

33、aller format with color photos and catchy headlines, dealing in scandals and gossip, crimes, sports, sex (scantily clad young women, e.g. Page 3 Girl) and sensational stories 2)? Classification based on DELIVERY RANGE 43. 英國電視有哪5個頻道？ l The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 1936 l Independen

34、t Television (ITV) 1955 l Sky TV 1989 l British Satellite Broadcasting 44. 足球的起源 At first what British people kicked the head of Dane(丹麥人), in order to vent their anger out. 45. 英國最有名的網(wǎng)球賽事: Wimbledon 46. 板球Cricket是英國最有早統(tǒng)一規(guī)則的賽事 47. 高爾夫球golf是由蘇格蘭人發(fā)明的 48. 賽馬Horse Racing是真正的皇家運動 49. 節(jié)禮日boxi

35、ng day在哪一天？ The celebration of Boxing Day, which takes place on December 26 - the feast of St. Stephen, is a part of the holiday season unique to Great Britain. 50. 復(fù)活節(jié)Easter是為了紀念耶穌被釘在十字架上和他的復(fù)活 Easter is a major celebration marking the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ. 51. 女王生日慶典儀式 “ Trooping the Colour”