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1、第十一講特殊句式和主謂一致第十一講特殊句式和主謂一致一、倒裝一、倒裝種類(lèi)種類(lèi)倒裝條件倒裝條件例句例句全部全部倒裝倒裝(1)表示方式或方位的副詞或表示方式或方位的副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)，如介詞短語(yǔ)，如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，off，out，on the wall，under the tree等置于句首，且等置于句首，且主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí)。主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí)。Hearing the dog barking fiercely，away fled the thief.溫馨提示溫馨提示上述情況上述情況中中，若主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞若主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞，則不用倒裝。則不用倒裝。Away t

2、hey went.(2)代詞代詞such放在句首，且在放在句首，且在句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。Such are the facts；no one can deny them.種類(lèi)種類(lèi)倒裝條件倒裝條件例句例句全部全部倒裝倒裝(3)為平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)或?yàn)槠胶饩渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)或使上下文銜接緊密，使上下文銜接緊密，常將作表語(yǔ)的形容詞、常將作表語(yǔ)的形容詞、副詞、分詞或介詞短副詞、分詞或介詞短語(yǔ)提到句首，引起全語(yǔ)提到句首，引起全部倒裝。部倒裝。Present at the meeting were Professor White and many other guests.Hanging on the wall i

3、s a beautiful picture.種類(lèi)種類(lèi)倒裝條件倒裝條件例句例句部分部分倒裝倒裝(1)only修飾副詞、介詞短修飾副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句，且放在句語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句，且放在句首時(shí)。首時(shí)。(2013高考江西卷高考江西卷)Only when he apologizes for his rudeness will I speak to him again.Only then did I know the importance of learning.(2)含有否定意義的副詞或含有否定意義的副詞或詞組詞組(never，seldom,little,hardly,by no means,not u

4、ntil等等)位于句首時(shí)。位于句首時(shí)。Never before has she seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert.種類(lèi)種類(lèi)倒裝條件倒裝條件例句例句部分部分倒裝倒裝(3)hardly.when,no sooner.than,not only.but(also).等引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，若等引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，若hardly,no sooner,not only位位于句首，前一個(gè)分句用部分于句首，前一個(gè)分句用部分倒裝，后一個(gè)分句不變。倒裝，后一個(gè)分句不變。Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the

5、bus started.Not only was the coat soft，but it was also warm.種類(lèi)種類(lèi)倒裝條件倒裝條件例句例句部分部分倒裝倒裝(4)so/neither/nor置于句首，置于句首，意為意為“也也”或或“也不也不”，表示前，表示前面所說(shuō)的情況也適用于另一面所說(shuō)的情況也適用于另一個(gè)人或事物時(shí)。個(gè)人或事物時(shí)。He is a doctor.So is his wife.Lily cant ride，neither/nor can Lucy.(5)so/such.that.句型中，句型中，當(dāng)當(dāng)suchn.或或soadj./adv.位于句首時(shí)位于句首時(shí),主句部分倒

6、主句部分倒裝裝,that從句不倒裝。從句不倒裝。So small was the market that I could hardly see it.So carelessly did the drive that he almost killed himself.種類(lèi)種類(lèi)倒裝條件倒裝條件例句例句部分部分倒裝倒裝(6)though/as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，意為句時(shí)，意為“盡管盡管”，通常，通常把句中狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞提把句中狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞提前；若表語(yǔ)是名詞，其前不前；若表語(yǔ)是名詞，其前不用冠詞。常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)：狀語(yǔ)用冠詞。常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)：狀語(yǔ)/表表語(yǔ)語(yǔ)/動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞though/as主謂主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

7、。結(jié)構(gòu)。Try as he would,he might fail again.Unsatisfied though he was with the payment,he took the job just to get some work experience.(7)當(dāng)當(dāng)if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件從句中引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件從句中含有含有had,were或或should等時(shí)等時(shí),如如將將if省略省略,則要將則要將had,were或或should等移到主語(yǔ)之前。等移到主語(yǔ)之前。Had I attended the meeting,I would have met Jim.A 2(2014高考大綱全國(guó)卷高考大綱

8、全國(guó)卷)_ the nurses want a pay increase，they want reduced hours as well.ANot do only BDo not onlyCOnly not do DNot only do解析：考查倒裝句。句意：護(hù)士們不僅要求提高工資解析：考查倒裝句。句意：護(hù)士們不僅要求提高工資，還要還要求縮短工作時(shí)間。求縮短工作時(shí)間。not only在句首引起句子時(shí)在句首引起句子時(shí)，該句用部分倒該句用部分倒裝裝，其結(jié)構(gòu)為其結(jié)構(gòu)為not only do/will/can etc.，因此因此D項(xiàng)正確。項(xiàng)正確。D3(2014高考湖南卷高考湖南卷)Only when

9、 you can find peace in your heart _good relationships with others.Awill you keep Byou will keepCyou kept Ddid you keep解析：考查倒裝句。句意：唯有找到內(nèi)心的寧?kù)o解析：考查倒裝句。句意：唯有找到內(nèi)心的寧?kù)o，方能維持方能維持人際關(guān)系的和諧。人際關(guān)系的和諧?！皁nly副詞副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)介詞短語(yǔ)/狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句”置于句置于句首時(shí)首時(shí)，句子句子(主句主句)要用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序。本題中要用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序。本題中，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句when you can find peace in yo

10、ur heart 被被only修飾修飾，且置于句且置于句首首，故主句用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。故主句用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。A二、強(qiáng)調(diào)句二、強(qiáng)調(diào)句強(qiáng)強(qiáng)調(diào)調(diào)句句(1)It is/was.that/who可以對(duì)可以對(duì)除謂語(yǔ)以外的成分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)除謂語(yǔ)以外的成分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào).當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為“人人”時(shí)，可時(shí)，可用用that或或who，其他情況下用，其他情況下用that。(2014高考湖南卷高考湖南卷)Its not doing the things we like，but liking the things we have to do that makes life happy.(2)一般疑問(wèn)句：一般疑問(wèn)句：Is/W

11、asit.that/who.？特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞is/wasitthat/who.？The patient looks much better.What is it that has made him what he is today？Was it on a lonely island that he was saved one month after the boat went down？強(qiáng)調(diào)強(qiáng)調(diào)句句謂謂語(yǔ)語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞(3)“not.until.”句型的強(qiáng)句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)句：調(diào)句：It is/was not until.that.(2013高考天津卷高考天津卷)It was not

12、 until near the end of the letter that she mentioned her own plan.do/does/did動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形(只只用于肯定句，并且只有現(xiàn)用于肯定句，并且只有現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí))I do hope you can take my plan into consideration.He did write to you last night.1(2014高考四川卷高考四川卷)Was it because Jack came late for school_ Mr.Smith got angry?Awhy BwhoCwhere Dt

13、hatD 2(2014高考福建卷高考福建卷)It was the culture，rather than the language，_made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.Awhere BwhyCthat DwhatC三、省略三、省略狀語(yǔ)從狀語(yǔ)從句句當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)一致或從主句的主語(yǔ)一致或從句的主語(yǔ)為句的主語(yǔ)為it且從句且從句中有中有be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可以動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可以省略狀語(yǔ)從句中的主省略狀語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞。動(dòng)詞。(2015蕪湖一中高三模蕪湖一中高三模擬擬)Every day

14、after I went home,if not tired from work,I will go out for a walk with my wife.(2013高考天津卷高考天津卷)Although small，the company has about 1,000 buyers in over 30 countries.賓賓語(yǔ)語(yǔ)從從句句“替代性替代性”省略：省略：not與與be afraid,hope,think,believe,suppose,expect等連用，代替等連用，代替否定的賓語(yǔ)從句，否定的賓語(yǔ)從句，so代替肯定代替肯定的賓語(yǔ)從句，但表示否定意義的賓語(yǔ)從句，但表示否定意義

15、時(shí)，時(shí)，hope與與be afraid只用只用I hope/am afraid not的形式，的形式，而而think,believe,suppose等有等有兩種形式，即：兩種形式，即：I think/believe/suppose not和和I dont think/believe/suppose so。Do you think it will rain？I hope not/so.Do they mind you smoking there？I dont think so/I think not.動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞不定不定式式(1)感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞(如如feel,see,hear,

16、notice,watch,observe,let,make,have等等)后后接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)省接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)省略略to，但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不能，但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不能省略省略(let除外除外)。I heard someone sing in the next room.My mother wouldnt let me go to see the film.(2)在在do nothing but do,cant help but do,why not do,would rather do.than do.，prefer to do.rather than do.等句型中省略等句型中省略t

17、o。I would prefer to swim rather than play football.不不定定式式符符號(hào)號(hào)to的的省省略略動(dòng)動(dòng)詞詞不不定定式式不不定定式式的的省省略略(1)使用不定式符號(hào)使用不定式符號(hào)to來(lái)代替不定來(lái)代替不定式后被省略的動(dòng)詞，常在式后被省略的動(dòng)詞，常在be afraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like，love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,want，wish等的等的后邊。后邊。I asked him to see the film,but he didnt want to.(2)在某些形容詞如在某些形容詞

18、如glad，happy，pleased,delighted等后面使用不定等后面使用不定式符號(hào)式符號(hào)to來(lái)代替省略的動(dòng)詞。來(lái)代替省略的動(dòng)詞。Will you join in the game？Id be glad to.(3)如果不定式中含有如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留通常保留be,have和和have been。Are you a sailor?No,but I used to be.DB 四、其他句式四、其他句式1祈使句的固定句式祈使句的固定句式(1)祈使句祈使句and簡(jiǎn)單句，可譯為簡(jiǎn)單句，可譯為“如果如果就就”。(2)祈使句祈使句or/otherwise簡(jiǎn)單

19、句，可譯為簡(jiǎn)單句，可譯為“否則否則”。(3)名詞詞組名詞詞組(多含有多含有more，another)and簡(jiǎn)單句，可譯為簡(jiǎn)單句，可譯為“如果再如果再就就”。(2014高考大綱全國(guó)卷高考大綱全國(guó)卷)Call me tomorrow and Ill let you know the lab result.明天給我打電話，我會(huì)讓你知道實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的。明天給我打電話，我會(huì)讓你知道實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的。2感嘆句的固定句式感嘆句的固定句式(1)Whata/an形容詞單數(shù)名詞主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)！形容詞單數(shù)名詞主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)！How形容詞形容詞a/an單詞名詞主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)！單詞名詞主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)！(2)What(形容詞形容詞)不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞/

20、復(fù)數(shù)名詞主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)！復(fù)數(shù)名詞主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)！(3)How形容詞形容詞/副詞主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)！副詞主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)！(4)How主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)！主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)！The shocking news made me realize what terrible problems we would face.這個(gè)驚人的消息使我意識(shí)到我們將面臨多么嚴(yán)重這個(gè)驚人的消息使我意識(shí)到我們將面臨多么嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題。的問(wèn)題。3反意疑問(wèn)句反意疑問(wèn)句(1)祈使句的反意疑問(wèn)句祈使句的反意疑問(wèn)句肯定的祈使句，簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句用肯定的祈使句，簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句用will you/wont you。否定的祈使句，簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句用否定的祈使句，簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句用will you。Lets.，shall

21、 we?Let us.，will you?(2)主從復(fù)合句的反意疑問(wèn)句，與主句的主謂語(yǔ)保持一致。但主從復(fù)合句的反意疑問(wèn)句，與主句的主謂語(yǔ)保持一致。但當(dāng)陳述部分是當(dāng)陳述部分是I/We think/believe/expect/suppose加從句時(shí)，疑加從句時(shí)，疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)和從句的人稱(chēng)時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。問(wèn)句應(yīng)和從句的人稱(chēng)時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent，is there?毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，你認(rèn)為他是無(wú)辜的。難道不是嗎？毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，你認(rèn)為他是無(wú)辜的。難道不是嗎？溫馨提示溫馨提示當(dāng)陳述部分為否定當(dāng)陳述部分為否定式，反意疑問(wèn)部分為

22、肯定式式，反意疑問(wèn)部分為肯定式時(shí)，其回答往往與漢語(yǔ)不一致，要特別注意！時(shí)，其回答往往與漢語(yǔ)不一致，要特別注意！Tom doesnt know it，does he?湯姆不知道這事，對(duì)吧？湯姆不知道這事，對(duì)吧？No，he doesnt./Yes，he does.對(duì)，他不知道。對(duì)，他不知道。/不，他知道。不，他知道。(2014高考重慶卷高考重慶卷)I spent two weeks in London last summer.Then you must have visited the British Museum during your stay，_ you?Amustnt BhaventCdi

23、dnt DhadntC解析：考查反意疑問(wèn)句。句意：解析：考查反意疑問(wèn)句。句意：去年夏天去年夏天，我在倫敦度我在倫敦度過(guò)了兩個(gè)星期。過(guò)了兩個(gè)星期。那么那么，在此期間你肯定參觀了英國(guó)博物在此期間你肯定參觀了英國(guó)博物館館，是不是？是不是？must have done結(jié)構(gòu)在句中表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的結(jié)構(gòu)在句中表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的推測(cè)推測(cè)，當(dāng)句末有反意疑問(wèn)的語(yǔ)氣時(shí)當(dāng)句末有反意疑問(wèn)的語(yǔ)氣時(shí)，可分為兩種情況：可分為兩種情況：(1)句中沒(méi)有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)句中沒(méi)有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)為反意疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)為“havent/hasnt.”；(2)句中有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)句中有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，反反意疑

24、問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)為意疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)為“didnt.？”。根據(jù)題干中的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。根據(jù)題干中的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)last summer以及以及during your stay可知可知，反意疑問(wèn)句的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)，反意疑問(wèn)句的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用第二種情況。用第二種情況。五五、主謂一致、主謂一致含含all，most，half，rest等的名等的名詞詞組作主語(yǔ)，所指的內(nèi)容是復(fù)詞詞組作主語(yǔ)，所指的內(nèi)容是復(fù)數(shù)意義時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；反數(shù)意義時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；反之，用單數(shù)。之，用單數(shù)。在主謂倒裝句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)在主謂倒裝句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致。應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致。用用and或或both.and連接并列連接并列主主語(yǔ)語(yǔ)，其內(nèi)

25、容是復(fù)數(shù)的，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其內(nèi)容是復(fù)數(shù)的，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。若用復(fù)數(shù)。若and連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)主語(yǔ)指同一人、同一物或同一概主語(yǔ)指同一人、同一物或同一概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。All of my classmates work hard.All of the water is up now.Between the two windows hangs a picture.The teacher and writer has already come to the meeting.Both my brother and my sister are workers.主語(yǔ)后面接連接

26、性短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主語(yǔ)后面接連接性短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與主語(yǔ)的數(shù)保持一致。此類(lèi)連接的數(shù)與主語(yǔ)的數(shù)保持一致。此類(lèi)連接性短語(yǔ)有性短語(yǔ)有as well as，as much as，along with，with，like,rather than，together with，but，except,besides，including，in addition to等。等。以以or，either.or，neither.nor，not only.but also.等連接的名詞或代詞等連接的名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與就近的作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與就近的名詞或代詞一致。名詞或代詞一致。Your sis

27、ter as well as your parents is very kind to me.She，like you and Betty，is very clever.Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.Are not only you but also he wrong？lots of，plenty of，a great/large number of等以及分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)表示等以及分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)表示“許多許多”，后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。謂

28、語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。(large)quantities of修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞作主修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)；語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)；a(large)quantity of作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于后面的名動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于后面的名詞。詞。the number of復(fù)數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)名詞，the amount of不可數(shù)名詞等構(gòu)成的短不可數(shù)名詞等構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。There are large quantities of food in the shop.A number of students

29、like English very much.The amount of money spent on the project is great.many a名詞單數(shù)，名詞單數(shù)，more than one名詞單數(shù)，名詞單數(shù)，“no/each/every/many a名詞單名詞單數(shù)數(shù)andno/each/every/many a名詞單數(shù)名詞單數(shù)”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。用單數(shù)。當(dāng)其他名詞性從句，不定式短語(yǔ)當(dāng)其他名詞性從句，不定式短語(yǔ)或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。詞通常用單數(shù)形式。Every man and every woman has

30、 a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.More than one question was raised.What he said leaves much for us to think about.1(2014高考湖南卷高考湖南卷)All we need _a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.Aare BwasCis DwereC 2(2013高考江蘇卷高考江蘇卷)Generally，students inner motivation with high expectations from others _ essential to their development.Ais BareCwas DwereA