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1、翻譯原文 THE INSTALLATION OF A 300 TO 600 GPMSEMICONDUCTOR HIGH-PURITY WATER SYSTEM 26 ULTRAPURE WATER? SEPTEMBER 1999--UP160726 The life of a high-purily water treatment project may be compared to rolling a boulder down a dome-shaped hill(1). The project gets rolling with a fairly small nudge. Once

2、 it is rolling, however,it takes a great deal of effort (time and money) to change the direction or go back up the hill. The project to esign, build, install, and commission the “E” high-purity water system at VLSI Technology’s San Antonio, Texas, manufacturing site followed this model. Now that we

3、 are at the bottom of the hill with a functional system, we will take a look back to see the major decisions and players that made the new system successful. Every custom water system carries a “flavor” from the owner. VLSI Technology Inc. makes custom and semi-custom integrated circuits (ICs) prima

4、rily for the digital communications and graphics industries. VLSI currently has one wafer fabrication plant for production quantities of ICs. This plant in San Antonio has approximately 60,000 square feet of Class 1/Class 100 cleanroom space making a variety of products with minimum line sizes of 0

5、.8 micron (μm) to 0.2 μm on 150-millimeter (mm) (6 inch) wafers. The plant is currently converting to 200-mm (8 inch) wafers. VLSI had 1998 revenue from continuing operations of $548 million and employs about 2,200 people worldwide of which 600 to 700 work in San Antonio. The Start of the Projec

6、t. In the summer of 1997, VLSI initiated a project to expand the manufacturing cleanroom by roughly 15,000 square feet. This new space holds chemical mechanical polishing units ([CMP], a process required for line widths of 0.35 μm and smaller) and other fab equipment. The “E” high-purity water syst

7、em was built to supply water to the fab to support the extra demand from the CMP process and the conversion to 200-mm wafers. VLSI-San Antonio had four existing water systems operating in parallel with a combined capacity of 600 gallons per minute (gpm). We identified the need for a high-purity wate

8、r system supplying 300 gpm, but recognized that previous estimating efforts had fallen short by 10% to 25% of eventual demand. We also saw that the water quality from the existing systems was adequate for current technologies, but was starting to cause problems for the manufacturing organization — u

9、sually when the systems were not working in “normal” mode. System Overview The existing water systems (Trains A through D). Industrial Design Corp. designed the existing systems (A through D). The “A” system was a turnkey project by Aqua-Media built in 1987. The other systems were manufactured b

10、y Ionics Pure Solutions (Tempe, Ariz.) in 1991, 1995, and 1996. Dynamic Systems purchased and installed these systems as mechanical contractors. The “A” though “D” systems all had very similar schematics with these characteristics: multimedia and activated carbon beds for pretreatment; polypropylene

11、 microfilters; antiscalant injection; single-pass reverse osmosis (RO); twostage tower vacuum degasifiers; in-situ regeneration mixed beds; low pressure 185-nanometer (nm) and 254-nm ultraviolet (UV) lamps; polypropylene UF prefilters; and polysulfone ultrafilters as the final filters. VLSI also ha

12、d developed a paradigm in terms of control, redundancy, parallel operation, and system sterilization. This he life of a high-purity water treatment project may be compared to roll- ISSN:0747-8291. COPYRIGHT (C) Tall Oaks Publishing, Inc. Reproduction in whole, or in part, including by electronic me

13、ans, without permission of publisher is prohibited. Those registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) may photocopy this article for a flat fee of $1.50 per copy. paradigm included the following characteristics: 1. High-purity water systems operate in parallel, except for unusual maintena

14、nce or emergency conditions. 2. The systems are designed for a maximum flowrate, and do not have the ability to be expanded. 3. All unit operations in the fab must have redundant equipment on separate utility systems. For example, the sulfuric strip process needs to have one wet station served by “

15、B” and one served by “D.” 4. Pumps, primary mixed beds, and other high maintenance operations have redundant equipment installed side by side. 5. Polishing mixed beds and vacuum degasifiers are not redundant. 6. Various resin vendors can be used in different systems depending on who offers the best

16、quality, service, and price at the time of purchase. 7. Sterilization is by ozone on an annual basis unless bacteria counts indicate a problem. 8. VLSI relies on off-site laboratories for water analysis beyond the on-line instruments. 9. All systems are to have local control by an independent progr

17、ammable logic controller (PLC) reporting up to a facilities building management system. Programming is considered to be of very high importance and is only entrusted to known good programmers. Even though almost 10 years had passed between the commissioning of “A” and “D”, the changes to the systems

18、 were very slight. Taller mixed beds, better instrumentation, and hollow fiber ultrafilters were used in the newer systems, but not in the older. In keeping with its operational philosophies, VLSI employs a highly experienced, lean operational staff. The deionization (DI) water facility is typically

19、 being operated by two dedicated operators, with support from general facilities technicians when the DI operators are By John Weems VLSI Technology, a unit of Philips Semiconductor and Ken Pandya AWTS Inc. ULTRAPURE WATER? SEPTEMBER 1999--UP160726 27 TABLE A not available. So, there is an extrem

20、e focus on keeping man-hours for routine operations to a minimum. The new water system (Train E) currently uses surplus, pretreated water from RO Trains A through D. As already noted, the existing pretreatment system consists of multimedia filters, carbon filters, scale inhibitor feed systems, and

21、RO systems. All major components for the “E” system were designed and manufactured by U.S. Filter (also referred to as the new equipment supplier). This system uses many state-of-the-art technologies: membrane degasifier; medium pressure, primary UV sterilizers; primary mixedbed units with Halar? li

22、ning (external regeneration); medium-pressure polishing UV sterilizers; polishing mixed-bedunits with Halar? lining (external regeneration); ultrafiltration (UF) booster pumps, electropolished stainless steel construction; polishing 0.2-μm (absolute) cartridge filters with polyvinylidene fluoride (P

23、VDF) lined housing; polishing capillary UF system; polyvinylidene fluoride high-purity water distribution loop with a medium pressure UV sterilizer on the return pipe; regeneration supply DI water storage tank with medium pressure UV sterilizers on the effluent; hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hy

24、droxide (NaOH) feed systems with chemical ay tanks; and clear polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin transport piping. Additionally, there is an external regeneration system that includes a separation column, cation regeneration column, and anion regeneration column. This system has been designed to regene

25、rate either 75 cubic feet (ft3) of high-purity water grade mixed-bed resin (Train E) or 50 ft3 of high-purity water grade mixed-bed resin (Trains A through D). Performance Requirement of New System The new equipment supplier was required guarantee not only the routine performance (refer to Table A)

26、 but also the maximum allowable time (8 hours) for the regeneration of either 50 ft3, or 75ft3 of mixed bed resins. Finally, the equipment supplier was required to demonstrate that one operator could operate the system. These performance criteria have been met. Technologies Evaluated During the ea

27、rly stages of project development, the VLSI high-purity water team decided to evaluate the following process technologies. l Double-pass RO versus single pass; l Electrodeionization (EDI) versus primary mixed beds; l Resin regeneration: in-situ regeneration versus external regeneration; l Dissolved

28、oxygen removal: two-stage vacuum degasifier versus membrane degasifier; l Medium-pressure UV sterilizers versus traditional UV sterilizers; l Mixed-bed vessel lining materials: rubber lining versus Halar? lining; l DI water storage tank design: PVDF lined versus fiber-reinforced plastic; andl UF boo

29、ster pumps: Non-metallic pumps versus electropolished pumps. Criteria. The high-purity water team agreed to evaluate these technologies on predetermined criteria, such as costimpact, impact on final product water quality, space requirements, schedules, and reliability of operation. In evaluating n

30、ew technologies for the “E” system, we developed several crite28 ULTRAPURE WATER? SEPTEMBER 1999--UP160726 ria for acceptance. They were as follows: 1. Do not change the job of any unit process in the system. We would improve how that function is carried out, but not drastically alter the water che

31、mistry at any given point. This was done to maintain crossover capability since all five systems would be tied together at key points. This also decreased the probability of poor product water due to interaction between unit operations. 2. The operator’s time was given a very high priority in syst

32、em operations. 3. Whenever possible, metal was not to come in contact with the water. 4. Any new technology needed to be demonstrated in at least one other semiconductor facility with similar design rules for integrated circuit manufacturing. Technologies Selected n the final analyses, the high-pur

33、ity water team recommended to proceed with an external regeneration system, a membrane degasifier, Halar?-lined mixed-bed columns, and medium-pressure UV sterilizes (185 nm), FRP DI water storage tank, and electropolished UF booster pumps. Double pass RO and EDI. The use of double pass RO and EDI w

34、as rejected because it violated the first criterion set forth in the above section. It did meet the others, but since this system was for an expansion of a fully qualified factory, we decided against it. Other factors included: l With VLSI’s operational paradigms, this technology has a potential pro

35、blem with boron levels being higher than specified. l Chemical tanks and pH neutralization systems are already in place, so there was no cost savings for eliminating them. l To serve in lieu of the primary mixed beds, the existing RO process would have to become a double-pass system. This would add

36、cost to the existing plant to modify it. l The project oversight team decided to delay the RO makeup train until there is a need for more RO capacity. In-situ regeneration versus external regeneration. External regeneration was selected due to price and quality issues. It enables us to do the foll

37、owing: keep the regeneration chemicals away from the main process stream; eliminate the metal internals on the mixed-bed exchange vessels; simplify the piping schemes at the mixed beds; control the regeneation process much more tightly leading to better quality (i.e., lower sodium leakage); remove r

38、esin fines; and control the reconditioning of resin. The system will also enable on-site regeneration of polishers for a future new manufacturing building. The system was designed to regenerate complete batches of resin with only trivial cross contamination from one batch to the next. That is, the

39、re was no “heel” of resin left in the separator column after resin transfer to the anion and cation vesels. Two-stage tower vacuum degasifier versus membrane degasifier. Selection of membrane degasifier in lieu of traditional two-stage vacuum degasifier towers was one of the boldest decisions. Ther

40、e were very few installations such as this at the time in the United States, and even the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) bidding on this job did not offer much help. In the final analysis, the high-purity water team members were quite comfortable with membrane degasifier technology. This ap

41、plication had a lower installed price for the following reasons: lower cost due to a smaller footprint, smaller vacuum pumps, and no need for repressurization after the unit. This technology also offered these quality advantages: 1. Better modularity (so that we can work on one array with the others

42、 still in operation); 2. Better ability to achieve very low dissolved oxygen levels; 3. Simpler controls; and 4. More flexibility to meet future requirements. Rubber lining versus Halar? lining of ion-exchange units. This was a split decision due to cost versus quality. We used rubber on the rege

43、neration vessels and Halar? on the primary and polishing ion-exchange units. The quality issues in favor of Halar? are as follows: a smoother and harder surface should last longer with fewer repairs; lower levels of metal and organic leaching; and no seams to catch resin. Low-pressure versus medium

44、-pressure UV lamps. The medium-pressure UVs had the following advantages: the potential for more total organic carbon (TOC) reduction due to the larger number of high energy photons given off in the sub-254-nm wavelength region; and reduced ongoing operations expense for the replacement of bulbs.

45、FRP versus PVDF-lined DI water storage tank. Fiber-reinforced plastic with a vinyl ester resin coating was selected. Initially there were concerns that the FRP material for DI water storage tank material would require unacceptable rinse time to bring down TOC values. However, some unusual procedure

46、s, such as cleaning the tank interior with steam, helped with rinse down time. Total organic carbon levels were quite acceptable: less than 2 ppb within 2 weeks and less than 1 ppb within 2 months. This alternate material represented cost savings of more than $100,000, which offset the higher cost o

47、f Halar? lining elsewhere in the system. Non-metallic pumps versus electropolished pumps. Choosing electropolished stainless steel pump material in lieu of non-metallic materials was another big concern, given VLSI’s historical problem with transition metals. However, the reliability of non-metall

48、ic pumps and lack of site-specific experience were the factors deciding against these designs. The same argument was used in favor of using electropolished stainless steel check valves in lieu of non-metallic check valves. However, VLSI’s operators are still concerned about possible metal contaminat

49、ion. These items will be inspected regularly. Selection of Suppliers The selection of the water treatment OEMs was a major exercise. VLSI wanted to receive bids only from qualified OEMs who had experience, staff, and unique technologies to offer. Thus, a short list was created. This list included

50、 Ionics Pure Solution, Glegg Water Conditioning, and U.S. Filter. With the exception of Ionics Pure Solutions, the other suppliers were not familiar with VLSI and vice-versa. The authors of this article took on the task to personally visit the manufacturing operations of Glegg, and U.S. Filter. Visi

51、ting Ionics was not deemed necessary since VLSI knew this company, its ULTRAPURE WATER? SEPTEMBER 1999--UP160726 29 people, and products quite well from past association. Each company was evaluated on the basis of their in-house design and engineering staff experience, computer-aided design (CAD) c

52、apabilities (including Pro E drawings capabilities), quality assurance/quality control program, manufacturing process, purchasing capabilities, and materials handling process. The next effort took VLSI facilities operators to visit similar high-purity water installations by each supplier. This visi

53、t provided further insight on how their equipment, with emphasis on the external regeneration system, works. Some design deficiencies were also brought to the high-purity water team’s attention. The high-purity water team addressed those issues in the engineering specifications. It should be noted

54、 that the project oversight team made a decision to make the selection of the OEM as early as possible in the project. This was done to include the expertise of the OEM in the design process. Provisions were made in the bid documents to have a negotiated rate for change orders, whether positive or n

55、egative. The markup rate for change orders included engineering costs, labor costs, accounting costs, and profit margin for the OEM. This would ensure that the OEM and owner could make changes to the original design and know the costs incurred for that change. Special Requirements Reduction in met

56、als contamination. In 1996, VLSI began experiencing transition metals contamination of the highpurity water systems due to corrosion of stainless steel equipment in contact with the water. After some work, we found a reasonable analytical method that could predict the behavior of wafers exposed to

57、the water. This method has a method detection limit of about 20 parts per trillion (ppt) and is stressed to distinguish between “good” and “bad” water. We found that any stainless part, especially after the final mixed bed, was a potential source of contamination. The metals levels could only be c

58、ontrolled if the stainless steel surface area in contact with the water was greatly reduced, and the electropolishing process beefed up substantially. Specifically, the chromium- to-iron ratio and the oxide thickness have now been specified, where before they had not. We are also requiring that all

59、of the metal pieces in contact acid waste drain pipe system backed up during certain portions of the regeneration process. The reasons were thought to be inadequate pipe size to allow simultaneous flow of water and nitrogen (used to move ion-exchange resin) in opposite directions. The cure for this

60、was surprisingly simple: a strategically placed valve to isolate the two streams. The second issue was a kinetic impairment of the ion-exchange resin caused by the acid used during regeneration. This is not completely corrected yet. Apparently the acid day tank was leaching a contaminant that hurt

61、the cation resin’s ability to purify water. As the resin rinses down, the ability to purify the water improves, but each regeneration brings the problem back again. Project Management and Control The project oversight team. The facilities group instituted several changes from the previous project

62、management process to improve on the final product. First, a team was formed with representatives from facilities operations, facilities engineering, Spectra Consulting Engineers (the design engineering firm), Dynamic Systems, Purity Water Co. (afirm that provides operations support for high-purity

63、water systems), and Advanced Water Technology Services (who provided engineering support as an owners representative). This was the project oversight team. Up to this time, VLSI had never used an independent owner’s representative throughout a project to build a new water system. Nor had we dedicate

64、d this much time and money to reason out and document project programming decisions. We sought to get the ball rolling down the right side of the hill from the very beginning. We wanted to control the process design, project cost, and schedule. We desired to minimize risks and provide a new system t

65、hat would meet or exceed the demands placed on it for the next 10 years. Team members were given tasks to investigate new technologies, draft schematics and plans for the new system, pre-qualify potential bidders, communicate decisions to VLSI management, and the wafer fabrication organization, the

66、enduser. The project oversight team as a whole made decisions. These decisions were almost always unanimous — even if it took a great deal of debate to get that unanimity. As time went on the team included representawith the water start out as machined pieces before the electropolishing. In general, PVDF or other high purity plastic is to be preferred over even the best electropolish. Use of non-PVDF plastics. Because of economic reasons VLSI elected to use PVC for RO product water and regenera