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河 北 建 筑 工 程 學 院
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)
題
目
QTZ125塔式起重機結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(63m吊臂)
學 科 專 業(yè) 機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化
班 級 機094
姓 名 范永田
指 導 教 師 張永清
輔 導 教 師
摘要
QTZ125型塔式起重機布置合理,外形美觀,使用方便,維修簡單,工作平穩(wěn),就位快捷方便、高效。該塔機為上回轉(zhuǎn),水平臂架,小車變幅,液壓自升式多用途塔機,起重力矩為1250KN2m,最大起重量為10T,獨立架設(shè)最大起升高度可達200m,最大變幅為63m。
? 變幅機構(gòu)是為了滿足物料裝卸工作位置要求,充分利用自身的起吊能力(幅度減少能提高起重量),實現(xiàn)改變幅度的工作機構(gòu),并用來擴大塔式起重機的工作范圍,提高生產(chǎn)率。
QTZ125塔式起重機是通過移動牽引起重小車實現(xiàn)變幅的。工作時吊臂安裝在水平位置,小車由變幅牽引機構(gòu)驅(qū)動,沿著吊臂軌道(弦桿)移動。小車變幅的優(yōu)點是:變幅時物料做水平移動,安裝就位方便;速度快、功率??;幅度有效利用率大。其缺點為:吊臂承受較大的彎距,結(jié)構(gòu)笨重,用鋼量大。繩索牽引式變幅機構(gòu)的小車依靠鋼絲繩牽引沿吊臂軌道運行,其驅(qū)動力不受附著力的限制,故能在略呈傾斜的軌道上行走,又由于驅(qū)動裝置在小車外部,從而使小車自重大為減少,所以適用于大幅度起重量較大的起重機。在塔式起重機中大都采用繩索牽引式變幅機構(gòu),這樣既可以減輕吊臂載荷,又可以使工作可靠,而且因為驅(qū)動裝置放在吊臂根部,平衡重也可以減少。
關(guān)鍵詞:QTZ125塔機、變幅機構(gòu)、繩牽引小車式
ABSTRACT
QTZ125 tower crane has reasonable layout, beautiful appearance, it is convenient to use, it is simple to repair, it works stable convenient and efficient. The rotary mode is turning on,ir has horizontal jib, trolley, hydraulic jack-up multi-purpose cranes, its lifting moment is 1250KN 2 m and the maximum lifting weight is 10T the maximum lifting height and amplitude is 200m and 63m.
Luffing mechanism make full use of its lifting capacity of (reduction can improve the weight) to meet the requirement of the material handling work location to change the working mechanism of amplitude and to expand the scope of tower crane work, improve productivity.
QTZ125 tower crane changes amplitude through a mobile traction lifting trolley. When the crane works the jib is installed in a horizontal position, the car alongs the crane rail (chord) move which drived by amplitude traction mechanism.The advantages are: when the trolley works the material move horizontally, it is convenient to install; it has fast speed, it saves power and the effective utilization rate is great. Its shortcomings are: the jib beers a big bending moment, heavy structure and a large quantity of steel. Rope traction luffing car moves along the boom in orbit rely on wire rope traction, its driving force is not affected by adhesion, it can be walking in slightly inclined orbit and because the driver in the car outside, so that the weight of the car is reduced greatly so it is suitable for large amplitude heavy crane. Most of the tower use crane rope traction luffing mechanism which not only can reduce the crane load but also can make reliable work and because the drive device on the jib root the balance weight can also reduced.
Keywords: QTZ125 tower crane, luffing mechanism, rope trolley type
目錄
第一章 前言··················································································1
1.1塔式起重機概述············································································1
1.2塔式起重機的發(fā)展趨勢····································································3
第二章 總體設(shè)計············································································4
2.1 概述························································································4
2.2 總體設(shè)計方案的確定······································································5
2.2.1金屬結(jié)構(gòu)·················································································5
2.2.2工作機構(gòu)················································································25
2.3 總體設(shè)計原則············································································29
2.3.1 整機工作級別··········································································32
2.3.2 機構(gòu)工作級別··········································································32
2.3.3 主要技術(shù)性能參數(shù)····································································32
2.4平衡臂與平衡重的計算···································································33
2.5起重特性曲線·············································································35
2.6塔機風力計算·············································································37
2.6.1工作工況Ⅰ············································································38
2.6.2工作工況Ⅱ·············································································42
2.6.3工作工況Ⅲ·············································································44
2.6.4非工作工況Ⅳ···········································································46
2.7整機的抗傾翻穩(wěn)定性·····································································48
2.7.1工作工況Ⅰ·············································································49
2.7.2工作工況Ⅱ·············································································50
2.7.3非工作工況Ⅲ···········································································51
2.7.4工作工況Ⅳ·············································································51
第三章 塔身的設(shè)計計算·································································52
3.1塔身的總體模型···········································································52
3.2 塔身的受力分析及驗算··································································53
3.2.1.塔身的受力分析·······································································53
3.2.2 塔身內(nèi)力計算及組合··································································56
3.2.3 塔身整體穩(wěn)定性和強度驗算··························································59
第四章 變幅機構(gòu)的設(shè)計和計算························································71
4.1變幅機構(gòu)的形式··········································································71
4.2 確定卷筒尺寸············································································71
4.2.1 卷筒名義直徑··········································································71
4.2.2 多層繞卷筒相關(guān)參數(shù)計算····························································72
4.3選擇電動機、減速器、制動器、聯(lián)軸器····················································72
4.3.1選擇電動機·············································································72
4.3.2 選擇減速器············································································73
4.3.3 變幅機構(gòu)制動器的選擇·······························································74
4.3.4變幅機構(gòu)聯(lián)軸器的選擇································································75
4.4. 驗算變幅速度···········································································77
4.5驗算起、制動時間驗算····································································77
4.6電動機發(fā)熱校驗···········································································79
4.7 校驗卷筒強度············································································80
第五章 變幅小車的設(shè)計·······························································81
5.1 變幅小車的形式··········································································81
5.2 變幅小車的設(shè)計··········································································82
5.2.1 繩索牽引式小車構(gòu)造及其驅(qū)動方式················································82
5.2.2運行小車牽引力計算···································································83
5.2.3 牽引繩最大張力·······································································86
5.2.4 選擇牽引繩············································································87
5.2.5 牽引卷筒計算··········································································87
第六章 畢業(yè)設(shè)計小結(jié)····································································90
致謝····························································································91
參考書目·······················································································93
河北建筑工程學院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計計算書
指導教師: 張永清
設(shè)計題目:設(shè)計題目:QTZ125塔式起重機結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(63m吊臂) 設(shè)計人:范永田
設(shè)計項目
計算與說明
結(jié)果
塔式起重機概述
塔式起重機的發(fā)展趨勢
概述
總體設(shè)計方案的確定
變幅機構(gòu)
的形式
卷筒尺寸的
確定
選擇電動機
選擇減速器
選擇制動器
選擇聯(lián)軸器
驗算變幅速
度
起動時間驗
算
發(fā)熱校核
校核卷筒強度
變幅小車的設(shè)計
第一章 前言
1.1 塔式起重機概述
隨著建筑行業(yè)的興起,城鎮(zhèn)人口的增多,高層建筑已經(jīng)成為了一個趨勢,來滿足人們的住房需求。然而,在建筑行業(yè)中,能同時完成垂直升降和水平移動的起重機械很多,但綜合其機動靈活性,起升高度,實用性等因素應(yīng)用最廣泛的是塔式起重機。
塔式起重機(tower crane)簡稱塔機,亦稱塔吊,起源于西歐,是現(xiàn)代工業(yè)與民用高層建筑的主要施工機械之一。在高層建筑中其幅度利用率高達80﹪,與其它類型的起重機相比,塔式起重機的優(yōu)勢明顯,它有多種類別、形式、性能、大小等,它的突出特點是工作效率高、適用范圍廣、回轉(zhuǎn)半徑大、操作方便可靠等。故塔式起重機在建筑安裝工程中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。但是塔機的技術(shù)有待于提高。塔機的研究正向著組合式發(fā)展。所謂的組合式,就是以塔身結(jié)構(gòu)為核心,按結(jié)構(gòu)和功能特點,將塔身分解成若干部分,并依據(jù)系列化和通用化要求,遵循模數(shù)制原理再將各部分劃分成若干模塊。根據(jù)參數(shù)要求,選用適當模塊分別組成具有不同技術(shù)性能特征的塔機,以滿足施工的具體需求。推行組合式的塔機有助于加快塔機產(chǎn)品開發(fā)進度,節(jié)省產(chǎn)品開發(fā)費用,并能更好的為客戶服務(wù)。
據(jù)相關(guān)文獻記載,有關(guān)塔機的第一項專利早在1900年獲得批準,近代塔式起重機出現(xiàn)于1912-1914年。第一臺比較完整的近代塔式起重機出現(xiàn)于1923年。1930年德國已經(jīng)開始將塔式起重機批量生產(chǎn)并投入使用,并用于建筑施工。1941年,有關(guān)塔機的德國工業(yè)標準DIN8770公布。該標準規(guī)定以吊載(t)和幅度(m)的乘積(tm)一起以重力矩表示塔機的起重能力。
我國對塔機的研究生產(chǎn)已有近50年的歷史,經(jīng)歷了一個從繪制仿制到自行設(shè)計的發(fā)展過程。在不斷的摸索中,我國逐步掌握了塔機生產(chǎn)的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。20世紀80年代改革開放以后,我國引進了許多先進技術(shù),這極大的促進了我國塔機設(shè)計制造技術(shù)的進步,一些主要機種已達到或接近國外同類產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量水平。我國的塔式起重機從科研到加工生產(chǎn)方面取得了可喜的進步,但是在和國外先進塔式起重機的使用壽命,成本等方面還存在著一定的差距。我相信在今后的發(fā)展中差距會進一步縮小。
隨著高層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)件的預(yù)制裝配化、工廠化等新工藝、新技術(shù)應(yīng)用的不斷擴大。拿來與創(chuàng)新,我們要學習國外先進技術(shù),并能夠創(chuàng)造出自己的品牌。在新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)上我們要學習國外塔機的一些特點:
⑴ 更多的廠家注重開發(fā)經(jīng)濟型城市塔機并擴展成系列。
⑵國外塔機新產(chǎn)品中,有一些新穎的輕、中型折疊式快速安裝塔機頗引人注目。
⑶根據(jù)一些國家城建當局的有關(guān)規(guī)定,為防止塔機臂架在狹窄的空間運行發(fā)生矛盾,避免吊臂相互碰撞以及碰到鄰近的建筑物,在城市高層建筑密集地區(qū)施工必須采用動臂式自升塔式起重機。
⑷在經(jīng)過較長時間研制之后,履帶式水平臂架塔機作為一種新產(chǎn)品正式問世。
⑸變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)在國外塔機新產(chǎn)品上得到推廣應(yīng)用。
⑹高新技術(shù)開始在塔機上應(yīng)用。
⑺無論上回轉(zhuǎn)或下回轉(zhuǎn)式塔機,都十分重視駕駛室的平面設(shè)計和空間處理。
本次設(shè)計的課題為QTZ125自升勢塔式起重機的設(shè)計,根據(jù)其分類特點采用上回轉(zhuǎn)式。
QTZ125型自升式塔式起重機,其吊臂長63米,最大起重量10噸,額定起重力矩125噸米。是一種結(jié)構(gòu)合理、性能比較優(yōu)異的產(chǎn)品,比較目前國內(nèi)外同規(guī)格同類型的塔機具有更多的優(yōu)點,能滿足高層建筑施工的需要,可用于建筑材料和構(gòu)件的調(diào)運和安裝,并能在市內(nèi)狹窄地區(qū)和丘陵地帶建筑施工。整機結(jié)構(gòu)大,可滿足中大型施工隊的要求。
本機以基本高度(獨立式)47.3米。用戶需高層附著施工,只需提出另行訂貨要求,即可增加某些部件實現(xiàn)本機的最大設(shè)計高度200米,也就是附著高層施工可建高樓65層以上。
1.2塔式起重機的發(fā)展趨勢
根據(jù)國內(nèi)外一些技術(shù)資料的介紹,塔式起重機的發(fā)展趨勢具體歸納為以下幾個方面。
1、吊臂長度加長
在20世紀60年代初,吊臂長度超過40m的較少,70年代吊臂長度已能做到70m??焖俨鹧b下回轉(zhuǎn)塔式起重機的吊臂長度可達到35m。自升式塔式起重機吊臂是可以接長的,標準臂長一般為30~40m,可以接長到50~60m。重型塔式起重機吊臂則更長。隨著塔式起重機設(shè)計水平的提高,可以解決由臂長加大帶來的一些技術(shù)問題,而低合金高強度鋼材及鋁合金的廣泛采用也為加長吊臂提供了非常有利的條件。
2、工作速度提高,且能調(diào)速
由于調(diào)速技術(shù)的進步,混輪組倍率的可變、雙速、三速電動機及直流電動機調(diào)速的應(yīng)用,使塔式起重機工作速度逐漸提高。20世紀50年代生產(chǎn)的塔式起重機工作速度較低,起升速度一般只有20~30m/min,回轉(zhuǎn)速度為0.6~1r/min,變幅速度為30~40m/min,大車行走速度為10~40m/min,而近幾年來塔式起重機工作速度已有提高。起升機構(gòu)普遍做到具有3~4種工作速度,重物起升速度超過100m/min者已經(jīng)很多,構(gòu)件安裝就位速度可在0~10m/min范圍內(nèi)進行選擇,回轉(zhuǎn)速度一般可在0~1r/min之間進行調(diào)節(jié),小車牽引和塔式起重機行走大多也有2~3種工作速度,小車牽引速度最快可達60m/min。
3、改善操縱條件
隨著塔式起重機向大型、大高度方向發(fā)展,操作人員的能見度越來越差。因此需要在吊臂端部或小車上安裝電視攝像機,在操作室利用電視進行操作。有的還采用了雙頻道的無線電遙控系統(tǒng),不僅可由地面的操作人員控制吊裝,還可以根據(jù)事先編排的程序自動進行吊裝。
4、更多地采用組裝式結(jié)構(gòu)
為了便于產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代,簡化設(shè)計制造、使用與管理,提高塔式起重機使用的經(jīng)濟效益,國外塔式起重機專業(yè)廠已做到產(chǎn)品系列化、部件模數(shù)化。以不同模數(shù)塔身、臂架標準節(jié)組合成變斷面塔身和臂架,這不僅能提高塔身、臂架的力學性能,減輕塔式起重機自重,而且可明顯減少使用單位塔架、臂架的儲備量,為降低成本、簡化管理創(chuàng)造了條件。
第二章 總體設(shè)計
2.1概述
塔式起重機是工業(yè)與民用建筑施工中,完成預(yù)制構(gòu)件及其他建筑材料與工具等吊裝工作的主要設(shè)備。在高層建筑施工中其幅度利用率比其他類型起重機高。塔式起重機的起升高度、工作幅度和起重力矩都很大,這就要對其受力、穩(wěn)定性等進行考慮與計算。塔機的主要性能參數(shù)包括:起重量、起升高度、幅度、各機構(gòu)工作速度、重量指標和起重力矩等。這些參數(shù)表明了起重機的工作性能和技術(shù)經(jīng)濟指標,它是設(shè)計塔式起重機的技術(shù)依據(jù),也是生產(chǎn)中選擇塔式起重機技術(shù)性能的依據(jù)。
總體設(shè)計是機械設(shè)計整個過程中最關(guān)鍵的環(huán)節(jié)之一。它是使設(shè)計產(chǎn)品滿足技術(shù)參數(shù)及形式的總構(gòu)想,決定了機械設(shè)計的成敗。在總體設(shè)計前,應(yīng)先進行深入細致的調(diào)查研究,收集國內(nèi)外同類機型的相關(guān)資料,了解國內(nèi)外塔機的使用情況,并進行分析比較,然后制定總的設(shè)計方案。設(shè)計原則應(yīng)當在保證所設(shè)計的機型達到國家有關(guān)標準的同時,力求結(jié)構(gòu)合理,技術(shù)先進,積極性好,工藝簡單,工作可靠。
2.2總體設(shè)計方案的確定
QTZ125型塔式起重機是上回轉(zhuǎn)、水平臂架、液壓自升式的結(jié)構(gòu)形式,由金屬結(jié)構(gòu)、工作機構(gòu)和驅(qū)動控制系統(tǒng)三部分組成。在進行總體設(shè)計時,要綜合考慮塔機的強度、剛度、穩(wěn)定性、各種工況下的外載荷以及塔機的經(jīng)濟性,從而選出合理的設(shè)計方案。
2.2.1 金屬結(jié)構(gòu)
塔式起重機金屬結(jié)構(gòu)部分由塔身,塔頭或塔帽,起重臂架,平衡臂架,回轉(zhuǎn)支撐架等主要部件組成。對于特殊的塔式起重機,由于構(gòu)造上的差異,個別部件也會有所增減。
金屬結(jié)構(gòu)是塔式起重機的骨架,承受塔機的自重載荷及工作時的各種外載荷,是塔式起重機的重要組成部分,其重量通常約占整機重量的一半以上,因此金屬結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計合理與否對減輕起重機自重,提高起重性能,節(jié)約鋼材以及提高起重機的可靠性等都有重要意義。
1.基礎(chǔ)
高層建筑施工用的附著式塔式起重機都采用小車變幅的水平臂架,幅度大部分在五十米以上,無須移動作業(yè)即可覆蓋整個施工范圍,因此多采用鋼筋混凝土基礎(chǔ)。
鋼筋混凝土基礎(chǔ)有多種形式可供選用。對于有底架的固定自升式塔式起重機,可視工程地質(zhì)條件,周圍環(huán)境以及施工現(xiàn)場情況選用X形整體基礎(chǔ),四個條塊分隔式基礎(chǔ)或者四個獨立塊體式基礎(chǔ)。對于無底架的自升式塔式起重機則采用整體式方塊基礎(chǔ)。
X形整體基礎(chǔ)的形狀及平面尺寸大致與塔式起重機X形底架相似。塔式起重機的X形底架通過預(yù)埋地腳螺栓固定在混凝土基礎(chǔ)上,此種形式多用于輕型自升式塔式起重機,如圖2-1所示。
長條形基礎(chǔ)由兩條或四條并列平行的鋼筋混凝土底梁組成,其功能猶如兩條鋼筋混凝土的鋼軌軌道基礎(chǔ),分別支承底架的四個支座和由底架支座傳來的上部荷載。如果塔機安裝在混凝土砌塊人行道上,或是安裝在原有混凝土地面上,均可采用這種鋼筋混凝土基礎(chǔ),如圖2-2所示。
固定式塔式起重機,可靠的地基基礎(chǔ)是保證塔機安全使用的必備條件。該基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)根據(jù)不同地質(zhì)情況,嚴格按照規(guī)定制作。除在堅硬巖石地段可采用錨樁地基(分塊基礎(chǔ))外,一般情況下均采用整體鋼筋混凝土基礎(chǔ)。對基礎(chǔ)的基本要求有:基礎(chǔ)的土質(zhì)應(yīng)堅固牢實,要求承載能力大于0.15Mpa;混凝土基礎(chǔ)的深度﹥1100毫米,總混凝土方量約16.3立方米,基礎(chǔ)重量約39噸;混凝土基礎(chǔ)的承受壓力不小于8MPa;混凝土基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)根據(jù)現(xiàn)場地質(zhì)情況加工作層或多層鋼筋網(wǎng),鋼筋間距約為250毫米;混凝土基礎(chǔ)表面應(yīng)校水平,不平度小于1/500;混凝土基礎(chǔ)表面設(shè)置排水溝。將底架拼裝組合,對準20顆預(yù)埋地腳螺栓,將其放置在混凝土基礎(chǔ)上,注意墊平墊實,并校平底架上平面,要求不平度小于或等于1/1000,擰緊20顆地腳螺栓。調(diào)水平度時用楔形調(diào)整塊及薄鐵板等。
2.底架結(jié)構(gòu)
底架由工字鋼焊接成整體框架結(jié)構(gòu)。在四角輻射狀安裝有四條可拆支腿,該支腿由工字鋼焊接成,運輸時拆除支腿,以減小運輸尺寸。底架上有20個預(yù)埋地腳螺栓,規(guī)格M48。底架外輪廓尺寸約為6000X6000,高350。
3.塔身結(jié)構(gòu)
塔身結(jié)構(gòu)也稱塔架,是塔機結(jié)構(gòu)的主體,有轉(zhuǎn)與不轉(zhuǎn)之別;并有內(nèi)塔與外塔之分。塔身結(jié)構(gòu)斷面分為圓形斷面、三角形斷面及方形斷面三類。現(xiàn)今國內(nèi)外生產(chǎn)的塔機均采用方形斷面塔身結(jié)構(gòu)。按塔身結(jié)構(gòu)主弦桿材料的不同,這類方形斷面塔架可分為:角鋼焊接格桁結(jié)構(gòu)塔身,主弦桿為角鋼輔以加強筋的矩形斷面格桁結(jié)構(gòu);角鋼拼焊方鋼管格桁結(jié)構(gòu)塔身及無縫鋼管焊接格桁結(jié)構(gòu)塔身。
常用的斷面尺寸有:1.3m×1.3m,1.4m×1.4m,1.5m×1.5m,1.6m×1.6m,1.7m×1.7m,1.8m×1.8m,2.0m×2.0m。根據(jù)承載能力的不同,同一種截面尺寸,其主弦桿又有兩種不同截面之分。主弦桿截面較大的標準節(jié)用于下部塔身,主弦桿截面較小的標準節(jié)則用于上部塔身。
⑴塔身標準節(jié)
塔身標準節(jié)的長度有2.5m,3m,3.33m,4.5m,5m,6m,
10m等多種規(guī)格,常用的尺寸是2.5m和3m。本次設(shè)計采用格桁架結(jié)構(gòu)塔身,其中塔身截面尺寸采用1.8m×1.8m,標準節(jié)的長度為2.5m。如圖2-6所示:
塔身標準節(jié)用無縫鋼管焊接而成,節(jié)高2500mm。在標準節(jié)下部管口處車有定位止口,而另一端則焊有定位凸臺,靠相應(yīng)的接合面定位。上下端各用8個M54的40Cr螺栓聯(lián)結(jié)。各標準節(jié)均設(shè)有供人上下的爬梯,每三個標準節(jié)設(shè)置一個休息臺。
塔身標準節(jié)的聯(lián)接方式有:蓋板螺栓聯(lián)接,套柱螺栓聯(lián)接,承插銷軸聯(lián)接和瓦套法蘭聯(lián)接。本次設(shè)計的QTZ125塔機采用套柱螺栓聯(lián)接,其特點是:套柱采用企口定位,螺栓受拉,用低合金結(jié)構(gòu)鋼制作。適用于方鋼管和角鋼主弦桿塔身標準節(jié)的聯(lián)接,加工工藝要求比較復雜,但安裝速度比較快。
⑵塔身結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計要領(lǐng)
1)多層建筑施工用快速安裝塔機可根據(jù)起升高度和運輸條件分別采用整體式塔身、伸縮式塔身或折疊式塔身。
輕、中型自升塔機和內(nèi)爬式塔機宜采用整體式塔身標準節(jié)。附著式自升式塔機和起升高度大的軌道式以及獨立式自升塔機宜采用拼裝式塔身標準節(jié)。
拼裝式塔機塔身標準節(jié)的加工精度要求比較高,制作難度較大,零件多和拼裝麻煩。但拼裝式塔身標準節(jié)的優(yōu)越性更不容忽視:一是堆放儲存占地小,二是裝卸容易,三是運輸費用便宜,特別是長途陸運和運洋海運,由于利用集裝箱裝運,其抗銹蝕和節(jié)約運費的效果極為顯著。
QTZ125型塔式起重機為大型自升塔機,綜合以上特點,其塔身結(jié)構(gòu)選用整體式塔身標準節(jié)。
2) 為減輕塔身的自重,充分發(fā)揮鋼材的承載能力,并適應(yīng)發(fā)展組合制式塔機的需要,對于達到40m起升高度的塔機塔身宜采用兩種不同規(guī)格的塔身標準節(jié),而起升高度達到60m的塔機塔身宜采用3種不同規(guī)格的塔身標準節(jié)。除伸縮式塔身結(jié)構(gòu)和中央頂升式自升塔機的內(nèi)塔外,塔身結(jié)構(gòu)上、下的外形尺寸均保持不變,但下部塔身結(jié)構(gòu)的主弦桿截面則須予以加大。
3)塔身的主弦桿可以是角鋼、角鋼拼焊方鋼管、無縫鋼管式實心圓鋼,取決于塔身的起重能力、供貨條件、經(jīng)濟效益以及開發(fā)系列產(chǎn)品的規(guī)劃和需要。
4)塔身節(jié)內(nèi)必須設(shè)置爬梯,以便司機及機工可以上下。在設(shè)計塔身標準節(jié),特別是在設(shè)計拼裝式塔身標準節(jié)時,要處理好爬梯與塔身的關(guān)系,以保證使用安全及安裝便利。
爬梯寬度不宜小于500mm,梯級間距應(yīng)上下相等,并應(yīng)不大于300mm。當爬梯高度大于5m時,應(yīng)從高2m處開始裝設(shè)直徑為650~800mm的安全護圈,相鄰兩護圈間距為500mm。安全護圈之間用3根均布的豎向系條相聯(lián)。安全護圈應(yīng)能承受來自任何方向的10kN的沖擊力而不折斷。當爬梯高度超過10m時,爬梯應(yīng)分段轉(zhuǎn)接,在轉(zhuǎn)接處加一休息平臺。
休息平臺應(yīng)能承受相當于3000N的移動集中載荷。休息平臺鋪板可用防滑花紋鋼板或穿孔板、拉網(wǎng)板制成。休息平