20-5t橋式起重機(jī)控制線(xiàn)路設(shè)計(jì)【說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD】,說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD,20-5t橋式起重機(jī)控制線(xiàn)路設(shè)計(jì)【說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD】,20,橋式起重機(jī),控制,節(jié)制,線(xiàn)路,路線(xiàn),設(shè)計(jì),說(shuō)明書(shū),仿單,cad 江陰職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū) 課 題： 20/5t橋式起重機(jī)控制線(xiàn)路設(shè)計(jì) 子課題: 同課題學(xué)生姓名: 專(zhuān) 業(yè) 機(jī)電一體化 學(xué)生姓名 蘇春明 班 組 學(xué) 號(hào) 20040204316 指導(dǎo)教師 許文靜 完成日期 摘要 20/5t橋式起重機(jī)是一種用來(lái)吊起或放下重物并使重物在水平距離內(nèi)水平移動(dòng)的 起重設(shè)備。主要由橋架.，大車(chē)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)，小車(chē)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)，起升機(jī)構(gòu)和電氣設(shè)備組成。起重機(jī)廣泛用于工礦企業(yè)，車(chē)站，港口，倉(cāng)庫(kù)和建筑工地等場(chǎng)合，是完成各種繁重吊運(yùn)任務(wù)，減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程機(jī)械化的重要設(shè)備之一。本課題所設(shè)計(jì)的控制電路分為電源電路，副鉤，小車(chē)。大車(chē)，電動(dòng)機(jī)的主電路，保護(hù)電路和主鉤電動(dòng)機(jī)電路。本文簡(jiǎn)要地介紹了起重機(jī)的性能、結(jié)構(gòu)、發(fā)展?fàn)顩r等，并參照《起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》(GB3811-83)及《起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》對(duì)起重機(jī)起升機(jī)構(gòu)及其零部件進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算，從方案論證到具體設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算，充分發(fā)揮了計(jì)算機(jī)在整體設(shè)計(jì)中的作用，從而提高了設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量、縮短了設(shè)計(jì)周期，提高了工作效率。 ABSTRACT ???? With fast developments of the modern technology, the expansion of industrial production and the growth of the automatic level, applications of the carnes in the modern manufacture has been more and more extensive, the effect has been bigger and bigger. Higher and higher requirement has been caused. Especially, with the broad application of computer technology and the appearance of the advanced design method of a lot of interdiscipline, which urge the technology of the carne into a brand-new seedtime. ????? This carne is a kind of 250/50/10t bridge carnes for hydropower station, builded in the workshop of Fengman hydropower station for the extend project. It is used to install, examine and repair of sets of water-turbine generator. This paper focuses on design of hoisting mechanism of the carne, including the main and assistant hoisting mechanism with electromotors, reducers, brake staffs, drum devices and pulley gears. The carne is required to be stables, high accuracy, safety, reliability and advanced technology. ????? This text briefly introduce the carne’s capability, structure, the actuality of development, and so on, referring to “Design criterion of carne” (GB3811-83) and design and calculate of the hoisting mechanism and its accessory in “Design handbook of carne”. From scheme demonstrating to designing and calculating, it takes full advantage of the computer in the whole design to raise the quality of the design, cut the cycle of the design, improve the work efficiency. 目錄 摘要…………………………………………………………………………………1 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………… 第一章20/5t橋式起重機(jī)常用電器，電機(jī)及選用……………………………………… 1.1 常用低壓電器…………………………………………………………………… 1.2 熔斷器……………………………………………………………………… 1.3 刀開(kāi)關(guān)……………………………………………………………………… 1.4 20/5t橋式起重機(jī)變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)主要輔件選用…………………………………… 1.5 20/5t橋式起重機(jī)變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)電動(dòng)機(jī)容量選用…………………………………… 1.6 20/5t橋式起重機(jī)變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)變頻器容量選用…………………………………… 1.7 電阻器和頻敏變阻器………………………………………………………… 1.8 電磁鐵……………………………………………………………………… 第二章 凸輪控制器，變頻器…………………………………………………… 2.1 凸輪控制器…………………………………………………………………… 2.2 變頻器……………………………………………………………………… 第三章20/5t橋式起重機(jī)電氣控制線(xiàn)路………………………………………………… 3.1 橋式起重機(jī)的電氣控制要求……………………………………………………… 3.2 副鉤凸輪控制器控制電路……………………………………………………… 3.3保護(hù)電路……………………………………………………………………… 結(jié)束語(yǔ)……………………………………………………………………… 參考文獻(xiàn)……………………………………………………………………… 1.1 常用低壓電器 1.1.1 低壓電器的分類(lèi) 電器是指用于接通和斷開(kāi)電路或?qū)﹄娐泛碗姎庠O(shè)備進(jìn)行保護(hù)，控制和調(diào)節(jié)的電工器件。在電力輸配電系統(tǒng)和電力拖動(dòng)自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)中，電器的應(yīng)用極為廣泛。 1.1.2 低壓配電電器和低壓控制電器 低壓配電電器用于低壓配電系統(tǒng)中，對(duì)電器及用電設(shè)備進(jìn)行保護(hù)和通斷，轉(zhuǎn)換電源和負(fù)載。工作可靠，在系統(tǒng)發(fā)生異常情況下動(dòng)作準(zhǔn)確，并有足夠的熱穩(wěn)定性和動(dòng)穩(wěn)定性。如：熔斷器，刀開(kāi)關(guān)，低壓斷路器等。 低壓控制電器用于低壓電力傳動(dòng)，自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)和用電設(shè)備中，使其達(dá)到預(yù)期的工作狀態(tài)。它體積小，重量輕，工作可靠。如：按鈕，行程開(kāi)關(guān)，接觸器，繼電器等。 低壓電器的額定電壓在工廠(chǎng)電氣控制中，采用三相四線(xiàn)制供電，動(dòng)力線(xiàn)路電壓為380V，照明線(xiàn)路電壓為220V。 1.2 熔斷器 低壓熔斷器是低壓供配電系統(tǒng)和控制系統(tǒng)中最常用的安全保護(hù)電器。主要用于短路保護(hù)，有時(shí)也可用于過(guò)載保護(hù)。其主體是用低熔點(diǎn)的金屬絲或金屬薄片制成的溶體，串聯(lián)在被保護(hù)電路中。在正常情況下，溶體相當(dāng)于一根導(dǎo)線(xiàn)，當(dāng)電路短路或過(guò)載時(shí)，電流很大，熔體因過(guò)熱而熔化，從而切斷電路，起到保護(hù)作用。 1.2.1熔斷器的技術(shù)參數(shù) 低壓熔斷器的主要技術(shù)參數(shù)有額定電壓，熔斷器額定電流，熔體額定電流。 . 熔斷器的額定電壓是熔斷器長(zhǎng)期正常工作能承受的最大電壓。 熔斷器額定電流是指熔斷器（絕緣底座）允許長(zhǎng)期通過(guò)的電流。查常用低壓熔斷器主要技術(shù)參數(shù)表可知：一個(gè)額定電流等級(jí)的熔斷器可以選配若干個(gè)額定電流等級(jí)的熔體。 熔體額定電流是指熔體長(zhǎng)期正常工作并不熔斷的電流，熔體額定電流不能大于熔斷器的額定電流。 1.2.2 熔斷器的選用 選用低壓熔斷器時(shí)一般考慮熔斷器的額定電壓，熔斷器的額定電流和熔體額定電流三項(xiàng)參數(shù)。 低壓熔斷器的額定電壓應(yīng)不小于電路的工作電壓。 低壓熔斷器的額定電流應(yīng)不小于所裝熔體的額定電流。 熔體額定電流選用： 1. 電爐和照明等電阻性負(fù)載熔體額定電流IBN不小于電路的工作電流IN，即IBN≥IN. 2. 配電電路 為防止越級(jí)動(dòng)作而擴(kuò)大停電范圍,后一級(jí) (近電源) 熔體的額定電流比前一級(jí)熔體的額定電流至少要大一個(gè)等級(jí),同時(shí),必需要校核熔斷器的極限分?jǐn)嗄芰? 3. 電動(dòng)機(jī) 1〉對(duì)于單臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī),熔體的額定電流應(yīng)不小于電動(dòng)機(jī)額定電流的1.5-2.5倍,即IBN≥（1.5-2.5）IN. 2〉對(duì)于多臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī),熔體的額定電流應(yīng)不小于最大一臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)額定電流INmax的1.5-2.5倍,加上同時(shí)使用的其它電動(dòng)機(jī)額定電流之和∑IN,,即IBN≥（1.5-2.5）INmax＋∑IN. 3〉輕載起動(dòng)或起動(dòng)時(shí)間短時(shí),系數(shù)可取小些;重載起動(dòng)或起重時(shí)間長(zhǎng)時(shí),系數(shù)可取大些. 4〉因電動(dòng)機(jī)的起動(dòng)電流很大,熔體的額定電流應(yīng)保證熔斷器不會(huì)因電動(dòng)機(jī)起動(dòng)而熔斷,熔斷器一般用于短路保護(hù). 1.3 刀開(kāi)關(guān) 刀開(kāi)關(guān)是低壓供配電系統(tǒng)和控制系統(tǒng)中最常用的配電電器.常用于電源隔離,也可用于不頻繁地接通和斷開(kāi)小電流配電電路或直接控制小容量電動(dòng)機(jī)的起動(dòng)和停止,是一種手動(dòng)操作電器. 1.3.1 刀開(kāi)關(guān)的技術(shù)參數(shù) 刀開(kāi)關(guān)的技術(shù)參數(shù)主要有額定電壓,額定電流和分?jǐn)嗄芰? ， 刀開(kāi)關(guān)的額定電壓是刀開(kāi)關(guān)長(zhǎng)期正常工作能承受的最大電壓. 刀開(kāi)關(guān)的額定電流是刀開(kāi)關(guān)在合閘位置上允許長(zhǎng)期通過(guò)的最大工作電流. 刀開(kāi)關(guān)的分?jǐn)嗄芰κ堑堕_(kāi)關(guān)在額定電壓下能可靠分?jǐn)嗟淖畲箅娏? 1.3.2 刀開(kāi)關(guān)的選用 刀開(kāi)關(guān)的選用一般考慮刀開(kāi)關(guān)的額定電壓,額定電流等. 刀開(kāi)關(guān)的額定電壓應(yīng)不小于電路實(shí)際工作的最高電壓. 刀開(kāi)關(guān)的額定電流 1〉當(dāng)用作隔離開(kāi)關(guān)或控制一般照明，電熱等電阻性負(fù)載時(shí)，其額定電流應(yīng)等于或稍高于負(fù)載的額定電流。 2〉當(dāng)用于電動(dòng)機(jī)直接起動(dòng)控制時(shí)，瓷底膠蓋閘刀開(kāi)關(guān)只能控制容量小于5.5KW的電動(dòng)機(jī)，其額定電流應(yīng)大于電動(dòng)機(jī)的額定電流。組合開(kāi)關(guān)的額定電流應(yīng)不小于電動(dòng)機(jī)額定電流的2-3倍。 1.4 20/5t橋式起重機(jī)變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)主要輔件選用 起重機(jī)變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)主要輔件包括斷路器，接觸器，交電流電抗器，制動(dòng)電阻器等。 為避開(kāi)變頻器投人時(shí)直流回路電容器的峰值，變頻器配制的斷路器容量為電動(dòng)機(jī)額定電流的1.3-1.4倍，整定值為斷路器額定值的3-4倍。 接觸器在變頻器主回路中僅在變頻器輔助器件或控制回路故障時(shí)起斷開(kāi)主回路的作用，一般不作回路開(kāi)斷器件用，故可按電動(dòng)機(jī)額定電流選用接觸器容量，無(wú)須按開(kāi)斷次數(shù)考核其壽命。 為抑制變頻器造成的高峰值電流，在變頻器的輸入端加接交流電抗器。同時(shí)，交流電抗器的進(jìn)入端還可以起到降低電動(dòng)機(jī)的噪聲，改善起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩，在電動(dòng)機(jī)輕載時(shí)改善功率因數(shù)的作用。 交流電抗器容量按電動(dòng)機(jī)容量配置，計(jì)算公式如下： L＝（2%-5%）U／2TfI 式中 L－電抗器容量（H） U－額定電壓（V） I－電動(dòng)機(jī)額定電流（A），電抗電流值為電動(dòng)機(jī)額定電流值的1.1-1.2倍。 f－最大周次數(shù)（HZ） （2%-5%）U的選擇根據(jù)速比要求定，速比愈大百分比愈大。 制動(dòng)電阻借助制動(dòng)單元消耗電動(dòng)機(jī)發(fā)電制動(dòng)狀態(tài)下從動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)換來(lái)的能量。計(jì)算公式如下： RBO＝UC／1.047（TB－0.2TM）n　.　　　　.　　　　.　　　 式中： UC－直流回路電壓（V） TB－制動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩（N..m ） TM－電動(dòng)機(jī)額定轉(zhuǎn)矩（N..m ） n－電動(dòng)機(jī)額定轉(zhuǎn)速（r／min） 在制動(dòng)晶體管和制動(dòng)電阻構(gòu)成的能耗回路中沉區(qū)最大電流受晶體管許用電流IC的阻制，因此在選擇制動(dòng)電阻時(shí)不可小于其最小制動(dòng)電阻值。 Rmin＝Uc／Ic（Ω） 式中： UC－直流回路電壓（V） Ic －制動(dòng)晶體管允許的最大電流（A） 因此：制動(dòng)電阻RB應(yīng)按RBO＞RB＞Rmin的關(guān)系選用。 1.5 20/5t橋式起重機(jī)變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)電動(dòng)機(jī)容量選用 起重機(jī)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量較大，為了加速電動(dòng)機(jī)需要有較大的起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩，故電動(dòng)機(jī)容量需要由負(fù)載功率Pj及加速功率P a兩部分組成。一般情況下電動(dòng)機(jī)容量P為： P≥（P a+Pj）／λas λas 式中： λas －電動(dòng)機(jī)平均起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩倍數(shù) 。 若使電動(dòng)機(jī)在額定轉(zhuǎn)速下接近滿(mǎn)載運(yùn)行，且能承受電網(wǎng)電壓的波動(dòng)，則要求電動(dòng)機(jī)的過(guò)載力矩倍數(shù)λM大于1.5倍?；蜻m當(dāng)增加加速時(shí)間，減小加速速率。 起重機(jī)起升機(jī)構(gòu)的負(fù)載特點(diǎn)是起動(dòng)時(shí)間短（1-3s），只占等速運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間的較小比例；轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量較小，占額定起升轉(zhuǎn)矩的（10%-20%），其電動(dòng)機(jī)容量為： P＝CPgv／（1000η）（KW） 式中： CP－起重機(jī)額定起升負(fù)載（Kg） v－額定起升速度（m／s） g－重力加速度（g＝9.81 m／s） η－機(jī)構(gòu)總效率 此外，為使電動(dòng)機(jī)能提升1.25倍試驗(yàn)載荷，能承受電壓波動(dòng)的影響，其最大轉(zhuǎn)矩值必需大于2。否則，必需讓電動(dòng)機(jī)放容，從而降低電動(dòng)機(jī)在額定運(yùn)行時(shí)的工作效率。 1.6 20/5t橋式起重機(jī)變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)變頻器容量選用 起升機(jī)構(gòu)的平均起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩一般說(shuō)來(lái)為額定力矩的1.3-1.6倍。考慮到電源電壓波動(dòng)因素及需要通過(guò)125%超載實(shí)驗(yàn)等因素，此時(shí)變頻器容量為： 1.5PCN≥K／ηMCOSφ×CPgv／1000η 式中 COSφ－電動(dòng)機(jī)的功率因素， COSφ＝0.75 P－起升額定負(fù)載所需功率（KW） ηM－電動(dòng)機(jī)效率，ηM＝0.85 PCN－變頻器容量（KVA） K－系數(shù)，K＝2 起升機(jī)構(gòu)變頻器容量依據(jù)負(fù)載功率計(jì)算，并考慮2倍的安全力矩。若用在電動(dòng)機(jī)額定功率選定的基礎(chǔ)上提高一檔的方法選擇變頻器的容量，在變頻器功率選定的基礎(chǔ)上，做電流驗(yàn)證，公式如下： ICN＞IM 式中 ICN－變頻器額定電流 IM－電動(dòng)機(jī)額定電流 1.7 電阻器和頻敏變阻器 電阻器是電動(dòng)機(jī)的起動(dòng)，制動(dòng)，和調(diào)速控制的重要附件。 電阻器選用的一般原則： 1〉 根據(jù)控制要求選擇電阻器系列 2〉 根據(jù)電動(dòng)機(jī)的電流選擇電阻器的型號(hào) 頻敏變阻器是一種利用鐵磁材料的損耗歲頻率變化來(lái)自動(dòng)改變等效阻值的低壓電器。 頻敏變阻器能使電動(dòng)機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)平滑起動(dòng)，主要用于繞線(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)子回路作為起動(dòng)電阻，實(shí)現(xiàn)電動(dòng)機(jī)的平穩(wěn)無(wú)級(jí)起動(dòng)。 頻敏變阻器選用的一般原則： 1〉 根據(jù)電動(dòng)機(jī)所拖動(dòng)的生產(chǎn)機(jī)械的起動(dòng)負(fù)載特性和操作頻繁程度，選擇頻敏變阻器。 2〉 按電動(dòng)機(jī)功率的大小選擇頻敏變阻器。 1.8 電磁鐵 電磁鐵是利用電磁吸力來(lái)吸鋼鐵零件，操縱，牽引機(jī)械裝置以完成預(yù)期的動(dòng)作的低壓電器。 電磁鐵選用的一般原則： 1〉 根據(jù)機(jī)械負(fù)載的要求選擇電磁鐵的種類(lèi)和機(jī)構(gòu)形式。 2〉 根據(jù)控制系統(tǒng)電壓選擇電磁鐵線(xiàn)圈電壓。 3〉 電磁鐵的功率應(yīng)不小于制動(dòng)或牽引功率。 2.1 凸輪控制器 凸輪控制器是一種利用凸輪來(lái)操作動(dòng)觸點(diǎn)動(dòng)作的控制電器。主要用于容量小于30KW的中小型繞線(xiàn)或轉(zhuǎn)子異步電動(dòng)機(jī)的控制電路中，控制電動(dòng)機(jī)的起動(dòng)，停止，調(diào)速，反轉(zhuǎn)和制動(dòng)，廣泛用于橋式起重機(jī)。 凸輪控制器主要由手柄，觸點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)，轉(zhuǎn)軸，凸輪和外殼組成。如圖： 2.2 變頻器在起重機(jī)中的應(yīng)用 變頻控制技術(shù)，PLC控制技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，為橋式起重機(jī)變頻控制應(yīng)用提供了有利的條件，PLC控制的橋式起重機(jī)變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)。 PLC控制的橋式起重機(jī)變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)框圖如圖所示： PLC控制的橋式起重機(jī)變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)框圖 PLC控制的橋式起重機(jī)變頻調(diào)速系起動(dòng)，制動(dòng)快速，起動(dòng)過(guò)程平穩(wěn)，運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)，可靠，操作簡(jiǎn)單靈活，生產(chǎn)效率高，系統(tǒng)維護(hù)方便，安全性高。 拖動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩 日立J300系列變頻器具有無(wú)速度傳感器矢量控制技術(shù)，當(dāng)變頻器有0.5Hz輸出時(shí)即有150%以上的高起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩，保證懸空起動(dòng)及低速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)的電機(jī)力矩，并可在10：1的速度范圍內(nèi)（6-60Hz/5-50Hz）以100%轉(zhuǎn)矩連續(xù)運(yùn)行。速度調(diào)速偏差小于±1%。并利用一個(gè)高速微處理器和裝備DSP來(lái)提高響應(yīng)速度，在提升設(shè)備中對(duì)防止“滑落”很有效果，轉(zhuǎn)矩響應(yīng)時(shí)間約0.1秒便可達(dá)到100%的轉(zhuǎn)矩。 能耗制動(dòng)單元 “橋抓”在操作抓斗下落時(shí)，變頻器將受到較高電勢(shì)的能量釋放過(guò)程，為保證變頻器不過(guò)壓跳閘不被擊壞，增設(shè)能耗制動(dòng)單元來(lái)保證變頻器的正常工作。進(jìn)行制動(dòng)時(shí)放電電阻與電機(jī)內(nèi)部的有功損耗部分結(jié)合成制動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩，大約為電機(jī)額定轉(zhuǎn)矩的20%。制動(dòng)電阻的計(jì)算如下； RBO=UC2/0.1047(TB-0.2Tm)n1 (1) 式中：UC——直流回路電壓； TB——制動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩； Tm——電動(dòng)機(jī)額定轉(zhuǎn)矩； n1——開(kāi)始減速時(shí)的速度； 由制動(dòng)單元和制動(dòng)電阻構(gòu)成的放電回路中，其最大電流受制動(dòng)單元的最大允許電流IC的限制。制動(dòng)電阻的最小允許值Rmin為： Rmin= UC/IC （2） 因此，制動(dòng)電阻應(yīng)滿(mǎn)足以下選擇范圍Rmin < RB < RBO 制動(dòng)電阻所需功率PBO（KW）計(jì)算如下： PBO=0.1047(TB-0.2Tm)（n1 n2）*10-3/2 功能參數(shù) 變頻器調(diào)式投用時(shí)，功能參數(shù)的設(shè)置，直接關(guān)系到變頻器與設(shè)備運(yùn)行工況是否配合恰當(dāng)?shù)闹匾h(huán)節(jié)。比如F2輸出額定頻率的設(shè)定，F(xiàn)6加速時(shí)間的設(shè)定，F(xiàn)7減速時(shí)間的設(shè)定，A0轉(zhuǎn)矩控制方式的設(shè)定等等。特別是電機(jī)參數(shù)的測(cè)定，均需通過(guò)“橋抓”使用過(guò)程中結(jié)合設(shè)備運(yùn)行情況不斷摸索修正。否則，由于某參數(shù)設(shè)置不合理，也可能使變頻器工作不正?；蛟斐呻姍C(jī)過(guò)熱等未能預(yù)想的異常情況發(fā)生而損壞電氣設(shè)備。 運(yùn)行環(huán)境 由于變頻器應(yīng)用與橋抓上，工作環(huán)境差。如粉塵多，振動(dòng)大，雨天空氣潮濕等。因此，運(yùn)行中應(yīng)注意變頻器的緊固與防潮以確保變頻器的安全運(yùn)行。 3.1 橋式起重機(jī)的電氣控制要求 橋式起重機(jī)經(jīng)常帶負(fù)載起動(dòng)，需要保證有較大的起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩和較小的起動(dòng)電流，因此，采用轉(zhuǎn)子串電阻起動(dòng)。它的負(fù)載為恒轉(zhuǎn)矩負(fù)載，一般重載時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)速可降低到額定轉(zhuǎn)速的50%-60%。工作方式為反復(fù)短時(shí)工作制，允許過(guò)載運(yùn)行。負(fù)載力矩為位能性反抗力矩，必需采用安全可靠的制動(dòng)方式。此外，必需具備必要的零位，短路，過(guò)載和終端保護(hù)。 3.2 凸輪控制器觸點(diǎn)分合情況，通常用觸點(diǎn)分合表表示。（注：“×”表示觸點(diǎn)閉合，“0”表示觸點(diǎn)分?jǐn)啵? 副鉤凸輪控制器的控制過(guò)程如圖： 副鉤上升 主接觸器KM得電，總電源接通。 AC1手輪轉(zhuǎn)至向上“1”位置，AC1主觸點(diǎn)V13—1W，U13—1W閉合；AC1連鎖觸點(diǎn)AC1—5閉合；AC1連鎖觸點(diǎn)AC1—6斷開(kāi)；M1全電阻電動(dòng)機(jī)正轉(zhuǎn)起動(dòng)，低速帶動(dòng)副鉤上升。此時(shí)，制動(dòng)電磁鐵YB1線(xiàn)圈得電，閘瓦與閘輪分開(kāi)。AC1手輪依次轉(zhuǎn)至向上“2”—“5”位置，5對(duì)常開(kāi)輔助觸點(diǎn)依次閉合，短接電阻1R5—1R1—M1轉(zhuǎn)速逐漸升高到預(yù)定轉(zhuǎn)速。 副鉤下降 AC1手輪轉(zhuǎn)至向下“1”位置，AC1主觸點(diǎn)V13—1U和U13—1U閉合。電源相序改變，M1反轉(zhuǎn)帶動(dòng)副鉤低速下降，AC1手輪依次轉(zhuǎn)至向下“2”—“5”位置，M1轉(zhuǎn)速逐漸升高。 制動(dòng) AC1手輪轉(zhuǎn)至“0”位置M1失電；YB1線(xiàn)圈失電；M1迅速制動(dòng)停車(chē)。 副鉤帶有重載時(shí)，考慮到重力的作用，在下降負(fù)載時(shí)，應(yīng)先把手輪逐級(jí)扳到“下降”的最后一檔，然后根據(jù)速度要求逐級(jí)退回升速以免下降過(guò)快。 3.3 保護(hù)電路AC1—5與AC1—6，AC2—5與AC2—6，AC3—5與AC3—6分別為M1，M2，M3的正反轉(zhuǎn)連鎖觸點(diǎn)，是電動(dòng)機(jī)的正反轉(zhuǎn)連鎖保護(hù)。行程開(kāi)關(guān)SQ1，SQ2是小車(chē)的橫向限位保護(hù)，SQ3，SQ4是大車(chē)的縱向限位保護(hù)，SQ6是副鉤提升的限位保護(hù)，當(dāng)運(yùn)動(dòng)部件的行程超過(guò)極限位置時(shí)，利用移動(dòng)部件上的檔鐵壓下行程開(kāi)關(guān)，使電動(dòng)機(jī)失電并制動(dòng)。AC1—7，AC3—7，AC2—7是零位連鎖觸點(diǎn)，保證所有凸輪控制處于“0”位時(shí)，主接觸器線(xiàn)圈才能得電，起重機(jī)才能工作。過(guò)電流繼電器KA0，KA1，KA2，KA3，KA4分別為總電源，M1，M2，M3和M4的過(guò)載和過(guò)電流保護(hù)。 結(jié)束語(yǔ) 我在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)期間，得到許文靜老師的精心指導(dǎo)，許老師治學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，學(xué)識(shí)淵博，視野雄廓，為我營(yíng)造了一種良好的精神氛圍。置身許老師的指導(dǎo)過(guò)程中，不僅我的思想觀(guān)念煥然一新，也改善了我的思考方式，而且還明白了許多待人接物與為人處世的道理。其嚴(yán)以律己，寬以待人的崇高風(fēng)范，樸實(shí)無(wú)華、平易近人的人格魅力，令我如沐春風(fēng)，倍感溫馨。一股暖意細(xì)水長(zhǎng)流，源自?xún)?nèi)心而又沐潤(rùn)全身，微言寸語(yǔ)豈能祥訴感激之情，只好銘記心中，唯有虔誠(chéng)的祝福導(dǎo)師合家歡樂(lè)，一生平安，萬(wàn)事如意。同時(shí)，也將祝福送給每一位幫助我的師長(zhǎng)。感謝各位老師在這半年的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中對(duì)我的幫助和鼓勵(lì)。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1] GB3811-83. 起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范[S]. 北京: 中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社，1984. [2] GB/T14405. 太原重型機(jī)器有限公司—通用橋式起重機(jī)[s]. 北京: 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1980. [3] 張質(zhì)文. 起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M]. 北京: 中國(guó)鐵道出版社，1998. [4] 起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編寫(xiě)組. 起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M]. 北京: 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1980. [5] Purdum.T. Machine Design[M]. Journal of Science & Engineering,1998. [6] 揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)葵. 起重機(jī)械[M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1982. [7] 祝慈壽.中國(guó)工業(yè)技術(shù)史[M].重慶:重慶出版社，1995. [8] 胡宗武，顧迪民.起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算[M].北京:北京科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，1989. [9] 陳道南，盛漢中.起重機(jī)課程設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社，1983. [10] 須雷. 起重機(jī)的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法[J]. 起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械，1996(8)：3～8. [11] 趙磊. 1200/125t橋式起重機(jī)的主起升機(jī)構(gòu)[J]. 起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械，2003(10): 37～39. [12] [日]坂本種芳，長(zhǎng)谷川政弘. 橋式起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算[M]. 北京：中國(guó)鐵道出版社， 1987. [13] GB/T14405. 太原重型機(jī)器有限公司—通用橋式起重機(jī)[S].北京: 機(jī)械工業(yè)出1980. [14] 濮良貴. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社，2001. [15] 上海交通大學(xué)起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)教研組. 起重機(jī)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的動(dòng)載荷和動(dòng)力系數(shù)[M].上海：上?？萍汲霭嫔?，1977. [16] 須雷. 現(xiàn)代起重機(jī)的特征和發(fā)展趨向[J]. 起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械，1997(10)：3～7. [17] 邱棟良. 國(guó)內(nèi)外起重機(jī)發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)[J].起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械，1997(8)：3～5. [18] 王昆，何小柏，任信遠(yuǎn). 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)課程設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社，1996. [19] 朱學(xué)敏. 起重機(jī)械[M]. 北京: 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2003. 謝辭 我在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)期間，得到指導(dǎo)老師沙印的精心指導(dǎo)，沙老師治學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，學(xué)識(shí)淵博，視野雄廓，為我營(yíng)造了一種良好的精神氛圍。置身沙老師的指導(dǎo)過(guò)程中，不僅我的思想觀(guān)念煥然一新，也改善了我的思考方式，而且還明白了許多待人接物與為人處世的道理。其嚴(yán)以律己，寬以待人的崇高風(fēng)范，樸實(shí)無(wú)華、平易近人的人格魅力，令我如沐春風(fēng)，倍感溫馨。一股暖意細(xì)水長(zhǎng)流，源自?xún)?nèi)心而又沐潤(rùn)全身，微言寸語(yǔ)豈能祥訴感激之情，只好銘記心中，唯有虔誠(chéng)的祝福導(dǎo)師合家歡樂(lè)，一生平安，萬(wàn)事如意。同時(shí)，也將祝福送給每一位幫助我的師長(zhǎng)。感謝各位老師在這半年的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中對(duì)我的幫助和鼓勵(lì)。 邵陽(yáng)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) The reasonable of the bridge type derrick chooses to use Peking rises heavy conveyance machine graduate school Xu lei Abstract : Rationally selecting cranes are essential to efficiently using them. This paper presents the principles and methods for selection of overhead travelling cranes , including the selection of basic parameters , construction types and operating conditions Key words : Overhead travelling crane 　Selection 　Principle 　Method Along with modern industrial and quick develop to extend with the production scale, the material transports the expenses is more and more high in the comparison in the production cost.Therefore how right choose to use the derrick reasonably, to increase rate of production, develop the valid function of the derrick well, satisfy the usage requests, lowering the usage cost, increasing economic performance, insure the movement the safety to all have the very important meaning. 1 The choice of the basic parameter The main function in derrick in token in basic parameter characteristic of the derrick with homework ability, is a basic basis that derrick exactitude choose to use.The basic parameter of the bridge type derrick includes to rise weight, rises to go up a Class and work speed with across an etc.. 1.1 Rise weight Allows to rises once when derrick is normal to work the biggest quantity that mourn call the sum settles to rise weight.Mourn the sum that hook the derrick settles to rise the weight does not include to mourn the hook with move pulley set of self-respect.Grasp the cape to account into with the quantity that electromagnetism sucker wait to take the thing the device the sum settles to rise weight inside.Press standard to rule, the bridge type derrick rises what weight series adopt is a R10 to have the initiative the few department, starting from the 312 ts, pressing 1125 ratios pass to increase to 4,5,613,8,10,1215,16,20,25,32,40,50 t.But the current local bridge type derrick product just is tradition according to the production of many years, win election from the above few row a the part constitutes to rises physically weight series.The most in common use series is 5 ts,10 ts,16 ts,20 ts,32 ts with 50 ts.Usually, be to rise weight over 10 t the hour establishes two rises to rise the organization, then the lord rises to rise the organization with vice- Rises to rise the organization, two rise the ratio of the weight roughly 1 ∶ 4.The lord rises to rise the organization rises the weight is big, rises to mourn heavy goods in order to; vice- rises to rise the organization rises the weight is small, but speed than quick, rises to hang lighter goods or make to lend support to the sex work in order to, to increase the work efficiency. General at the request of mays meet biggest to rises to mourn the heavy thing to make sure to rise with the derrick weight, consider at the same time the term or craft process that turn carry the work of.The derrick disallows to overload the usage, the so that is rises to mourn the thing to usually take place the situation of the variety, the derrick should consider the certain amount of .Under some circumstances, occasionally needs to mourn to carry excess article, can use two pedestal derricks be in conjunction with the homework.Fix in the craft process, rises to mourn the thing weight basic constant, derrick the circumstance that basic capacity load use next, can cancel the vice- rising rise the organization, toing simplify the construction of the derrick, declining low cost.The big tonnage bridge type derrick of the abroad too and is not all take what vice- rising rise the organization, but choose to pack according to the demand. 1.2 Rises to rise the high degree Rises to go up a the distance of lead for ising to points from ground to taking the thing equips the tallest rising rises the position.If take the thing equip to need the whereabouts goes to ground below homework, from ground to take the thing the device the lowest descending put the distance of lead of the position calls the bottom puts the depth.At this time the gross rises to go up a the degree is a ground to rises to go up above a the degree puts the depth it down below with the ground with.Rise the choice that rise press homework request highly but settle.The in general use bridge type rises The heavy machine will rise to go up generally the degree limits in the 20 ms including.Because over a boundary for then wanting in rises to rise the organization special steel wire in adoption rope involution method or enlarging a size, making rising heavy small car arranging appearing difficulty, and enlarging derrick size.Request to the car homework that pack the derrick, in made sure rose went up first degree, should still consider to go together with to belong to of hanged high degree that had with the vehicle, then guarantee derrick can pack the biggest and high product into the car.The ships that used for the derrick pack to unload and should consider the influence that tidewater rise falls. 1.3 Work Class The place that bridge type derrick install is similar to the term difference of the usage is very big, rose the exploitation degree of the heavy ability with worked the frequency is each not.Use the derrick reasonably for the sake of the economy, need to choose the fit work Class according to the work term of the derrick.The work Class of the bridge type derrick is divided into the A1 ～ A8 totally 8 classeseseseses, can according to the exploitation grade of the derrick with carry the the appearance of carries the the the carries the carries, namely according to the busy degree in usage of the derrick with load down the degree pass calculation is certain. The derrick counts circularly in the period in valid life span total work having certainly.A work circulation of the derrick homework is from prepares to rise to mourn the product start, arriving a whole homework for rises to mourn the product process.The work circulates to amount the exploitation degree of the token derrick.For easy to compute, will work the circulation amount to be divided into 10 exploitations grade within the scope of its possible, seeing the table 1. The load appearance enunciation derrick that carry the importance degree suffers to carry.Carrying the appearance of load has something to do with two factors: A function for is physically rising rising carrying load Qi and sum settling carrying load Qmax it ratio, another is physically rising rising carrying load Qi number of times Ni circulates with work the ratio that amount the N.The name carries the coefficient of load is divided into 4 classeseses, see the table 2, the derrick carries load coefficient KQ can press type calculation: Table 1 the exploitation grade of the derrick Make use of the grade Working the circulation amounts Usage circumstance U0 1.6 ×104 Don't usually use U1 3.2 ×104 U2 6.3 ×104 U3 1.25 ×105 U4 2.5 ×105 Usually light free usage U5 5 ×105 Usually break to use continuously U6 1 ×106 Not usually busy usage U7 2 ×106 Busy usage U8 4 ×106 U9 > 4 ×106 According to KQ that compute the income, the name that can check from the table a carries the coefficient of load . Table 2 derrick names carry the coefficient of load. Carry the appearance of load The name carries the load coefficient KQ Make use the feeling circumstance The Q1 — is light 01125 Seldom rises to hang the sum settle to carry the load , Rises to hang the light carrying the load generally Q2 — inside 0125 Sometimes rises to hang the sum settle to carry the load, Rises to mourn generally inside etc. Carry the load The Q3 — is heavy 015 Usually rises to hang the sum settle to carry the load, Rises to hang the more heavy carrying the load generally Q4 — with heavy 110 It is multifarious to rises to hang the sum settles to carry the load Made sure the exploitation grade of the derrick with carry the load appearance hereafter, can press table 3 the work Class of certain derricks. Table 3 derrick work Class Carry the load Appearance The name carries the load coefficient KQ Make use of the grade U0 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 The Q1 — is light 01125 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 Q2 — inside 0125 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 The Q3 — is heavy 015 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 Q4 — with heavy 110 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 The in common use work in derrick in type in bridge Class also can according to the table 4 choose Table 4 bridge type derrick work Classes choose to use the for instance Derrick use Work term Work Class The electricity stands, the car drives to rise with the manpower machine Light free in usage A1 The electricity stands to use the derrick Light free in usage A1 ～ A3 Maintain to use the derrick The usage is little, the usually light burthen uses A1 ～ A3 Car and warehouses use the derrick Usually break to use continuously A3 Car and warehouses use the derrick Busy usage A4 ～ A5 The heavy work car uses the derrick Heavy usage A6 Goods field、Anticipate field Use the derrick Grasp grap or electromagnetism sucker type, busy usages A6 The metallurgy factory cast, clips the derrick of pincers The usage is multifarious and load down the usage A7 The metallurgy factory takes off tablet, add to anticipate the derrick The usage is multifarious and heavy to carry the usage A8 1.4 The work is flat-out The work speed of the bridge type derrick includes to rise to rise the speed, the small car circulates the speed circulates the speed with big car.The flat-out choice in work is decided by various factors.Have something to do with rising weight first, inside, small rise the derrick of the weight choose to use the high speed to increase rate of production, big rise the derrick of the weight is proper to choose to use the low speed the since low driving the power, the steady that increase to circulate with safety.The work speed still is decided by the work Class to request with the usage, working the Class is high and usually use, request the high derrick in rate of production chooses to use the high speed; the work Class is low and used for the work organization eligibility that adjustment circulate uses the low speed; used for only the equipments install to is in addition to choosing to use the low speed with the derrick that maintain, can also according to demand, adopt double soon( quick, slow soon), tiny soon or adjust soon.The adoption changes the frequence adjust to can be made soon work speed at 1 ∶ a regulates arbitrarily.Work the speed return to have something to do with the service space size of the derrick, circulating the road grow, rises to go up a big and proper choose to use the high speed.When the derrick circulates the road shorter, the not proper adoption is super-speed, the in order to prevent dids not start to complete and then start the system moves.But along with modern industrial development, do large quantity turn the derrick that carry the work to adopt gradually the super-speed a derrick for, installing maintaining using large quantity adoption adjusts soon.To the derrick of the some special function, if used for the derrick of the work a fire homework, should have the fleetness descent device; big rises to rise the high derrick in addition to should appropriately increasing rises to rise speed, it is also heavy to carry to adopt the low speed and get empty to carry the adoption high speed, or adopt the measure acquire the higher descent the speed, with increase rate of production. 1.5 Across degree The level distance of the big car in derrick in type in bridge movement orbit center line calls to across degree.The derrick acrosses a width for being decided by the service space primarily, useding for the derrick in the factory premises across a width for being decided by the building.For making across a degree the parameter series turns, bridge type derrick of in common use across the degree is each to a the class, the concrete number sees the table 5.Rise weight a derrick for below to should each factory premises across a hoist for having the two kinds of acrossing a value, in the factory premises above beam to stay the circumstance of the safe passage up to use the small value down.Such as at there is an on same orbit above of derrick, also there is a derrick for below, the derrick acrosses a rises for by the an above heavy machine chooses ?When same across the inside has two layer derrick, the number inside the watch is applicable to the upper level derrick only, the bottom layer derrick acrosses a value in response to for integral times of the 015 ms.When across the degree not agree with to match the form inside a row number hour belong to the special design derrick generally. Table 5 bridge type derricks across a series The factory premises acrosses degree 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 The derrick acrosses degree Rise weight 3The 50 ts of ～ 7.5 10.5 13.5 16.5 19.5 22.5 25.5 28.5 31.5 — 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 — Rise weight 80-250 — — — 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 2 The choice of the structure form Fit bridge in choice, rise heavy small car, manipulate the way with take the thing equips the etc., can make bridge type derrick under every kind of particular gearing size with the homework method satisfied the usage the request betterly. 2.1 Bridge The bridge is a metals construction loading corpus.The bridge of the bridge type derrick contain single beam bridge with 2 typeses: a beam bridge, from a root or two main beams with locate to across an one for each of both sides carry the beam constitutes.While rising the weight a circumstance for below, work Class lowerly, acrossing aly smallerly, circulating the speed request to be not high, the derrick is not multifarious to use, the general eligibility uses single beam bridge.This kind of single beam derrick usually adopts the electricity moves the bottle gourd conduct and actions rises to rise the organization, for this reason construction tightly packed, self-respect and light, the price is too lower.Under the other circumstance the eligibility chooses a beam bridge, the stability likes, suffering the dint term like, circulating the function too better. For satisfying the structural request in building in particular factory premises, the form of the bridge can adopt the homologous variety.General circumstance next, main beam with carry the way that beam adopt level conjunction, manufacturing simple, adjust convenience, see figure 1 a.Sometimes the factory premises constructs the construction already certain, for satisfying to rise weight with rises to go up a request, while rising the extremely high circumstance in heavy small car, can adopt the main beam descend the cave form, seeing figure 1 b.Sometimes for the sake of high degree that lower the factory premises hoist beam, alleviate to the best the factory premises construct the construction weight, canning adopt the main beam with carry the beam do not wait the high conjunction method, seeing figure a 1 d. 2.2 Rise heavy small car Figure 1 main beam with conjunction method that carry the beam Rise heavy small vehicle-use come to realizes the rise and fall that rises mourn the thing with along bridge a work for of movement, its function directly affecting whole pedestal derrick function.On the general adoption in derrick in type in bridge in a beam the place type rises heavy small car, loading the ability is big, circulating steady, but the shape size is big.This kind of rises the heavy small car top arranges the electric motor and decelerate generally the machine, book constitutes of rising and rising organization.For lowering the building the high degree, the alleviation holds with dignity, simplifying the construction, canning adopt the electricity move bottle gourd the conduct and actions rises to rise the organization.The electricity moves whole machine of the bottle gourd bridge type derrick hold with dignity to lighter than the former 30% or so, the more suitable for factory premises construct to the high degree and a circumstance for pressing limit settling, now abroad already large quantity uses. The single beam derrick usually adopts the electricity moves the bottle gourd conduct and actions rises to rise to circulate the organization with the small car, and hang the lower part in single beam.This kind of construction is more agile, self-respect and lighter.But the bottle gourd descends to place and would affect to rise to go up degree. Sometimes construct the high degree in the factory premises low, but want again to increases to rise to rise possibly the high circumstance descend, the eligibility uses the low building high degree gives or get an electric shock to move the single beam in bottle gourd derrick.This kind of derrick moves the bottle gourd to the electricity to settle the flank in single beam, attaining the increment rises to rise the high purpose.This kind of derrick need to be taken extreme measure, moving to the hang type electricity the bottle gourd need the increment goes together with the heavy toing hold the balance, but also increased to hold with dignity; small car in another adoption side hang type, also can make use of the space effectively, but the small car construction sophisticates, will return to the main beam the affixture a twists the T . 2.3 Manipulate the way Adopting rises weight big, work Class high, circulate flat-out and quick derrick, very much the driver room manipulates the way, toing insure the movement the safety.The driver room usually all fixs in bridge a side of.If the derrick acrosses a very big, under the situation of rises to mourn the homework complicacy, can choose to use the driver room with rise form that heavy small car exercise together.Sometimes return the eligibility use the driver room can is ambulatory along the main beam as one's pleases of form, operate more convenient. Circulate the speed in the derrick slow, the route of travel is short, the work is not busy, and request the driver to hang, take off the circumstance of the hook directly; in the factory premises low and short or the ground equipments is high, can't install the circumstance of the driver room; have the harmful air in the factory premises upper part, can't can adopt under the situation of derrick ascending manipulating the ground manipulate.The ground manipulates the movement speed of the derrick generally not over 45 ms/ min.The ground manipulates the hand electricity door is fixed, the hand gives or get an electric shock the door moves with the small car, the hand gives or get an electric shock the door moves a few methods as one's pleases, can choose to use according to the demand.Because the adoption ground manipulates have the electric cable connect with each other, operating must follow behind the derrick exercises, therefore can also adopt the lead-in control from a distance to manipulate the way, including red and outside light or wirelesses control from a distance, making derrick manipulated more vivid convenient.This kind of manipulate the way to have got the extensive adoption abroad. 2.4 Taking the thing equips The choice takes the thing device fitly, producing to the safety with increases to produce the efficiency have the important meaning.Because the bridge type derrick packs the object category that unload the product numerous, have results to show a piece, spread a grain with the etc. of the liquid, their physics function with several why each of shape is characteristic.Pack to unload the work for the sake of orientation various product, take in common usely the thing equip to mourn the hook, grasp the cape , electromagnetism sucker, ring and tie to have, clip the pincers , vacuum sucker and anticipate the cape , prosperou