洗衣機(jī)波輪注塑模設(shè)計(jì)【一模兩腔】【說(shuō)明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS+仿真】,一模兩腔,說(shuō)明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS+仿真,洗衣機(jī)波輪注塑模設(shè)計(jì)【一模兩腔】【說(shuō)明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS+仿真】,洗衣機(jī),注塑,設(shè)計(jì),說(shuō)明書,仿單,cad,solidworks,仿真 REDUCTION OF SINK MARKS IN WIRE INSERT MOLDED PARTS A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Mechanical Engineering by Gauri Sudhir Phadke August 2008 Accepted by: Dr David Angstadt, Committee Chair Dr Laine Mears Dr Huang Yong ii ABSTRACT Integrating the huge wiring harness network with the plastic trim components found in the car is an attractive way to reduce the vehicle weight. When any foreign object is inserted in an injection molded part, the change in polymer cross section leads to sink marks which are aesthetic defects and are not acceptable for plastic trim components. In this thesis, a method to minimize or eliminate sink marks for wire insert molded component using injection molding process is presented. L9 Taguchi DOE experimental framework has been employed to study the effect of process parameters, part rib geometry, and the presence of wire itself on the sink mark formation. Sink depth is defined as the excess deflection in the surface profile which can be felt to hand. A descriptive simulation study is presented where process parameters namely, the mold temperature, the melt temperature, and the pack time are varied on different sets of rib geometry to observe the depth of a sink mark. The simulation results indicate that high mold temperature effectively minimizes the sink depth for all the rib geometries whereas the influence of melt temperature and pack time depends on the particular rib geometry. The results also testify that a proper combination of rib geometry and process parameters eliminates the sink mark. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. David C. Angstadt for his guidance, faith and support throughout the course of this project. Dr. Angstadts constant feedback and high expectations have driven me to keep making progress and complete this work. I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Mica Grujicic for allowing me access to Moldflow. A special thanks to my fellow graduate students Peiman Mosaddegh and Celina Renner for their selfless help during the course of this work. I would also like to thank my friends Nitendra Nath, Gayatri Keskar ,Sonia Ramnani, Shyam Panyam, Judhajit Roy and Ajit Kanda for their constant encouragement and help. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for all the love and care without which this work would be incomplete. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE . i ABSTRACT . ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iii LIST OF TABLES . vi LIST OF FIGURES . vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION . 1 Motivation . 1 Injection molding process . 2 Injection molding cycle. 3 Insert molding process . 5 II. INJECTION MOLDING . 7 Polymer material . 7 Injection molding machine . 10 Defects in injection molding . 11 Shrinkage and warpage . 13 Sink marks . 14 Injection molding parameters . 15 III. COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING . 18 Computer aided engineering . 18 Finite element analysis meshes . 21 Process definition for analysis . 24 v IV. SIMULATION METHODOLOGY. 25 Outline. 25 Material selection . 27 Geometry selection . 29 Design of Experiment . 32 Process definition for simulation . 35 Sink depth metrics. 38 V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . 41 Analysis of Taguchi DOE . 42 Effect of insert molded wire on sink mark depth . 44 Effect of parameters on sink mark depth . 47 Effect of geometry on sink mark depth. 50 VI. CONCLUSION . 53 REFERENCES . 55 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Orthogonal array and experimental lay out for L9 model . 35 2 Sample calculation table for sink depth for geometry A . 44 3 Sink mark depths for effect of insert molding a wire . 44 4 Sink mark depths for parameters for geometries A, B, C, D . 47 5 Sink mark depths for all geometries . 50 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Injection molding cycle. 4 2 Insert molded electro-mechanical connector . 5 3a Ethylene monomer . 8 3b Polyethylene chain a polymer with n ethylene monomers . 8 4 Sink mark formation . 15 5a Midplane Mesh . 22 5b Fusion Mesh . 22 5c 3D Mesh . 22 6 VW Beetle interior parts, Central console cockpit on the Alfa 166olding cycle in Bayblend . 28 7 Configuration A: Rectangular rib; wire being centered in the plane of the flat base plate . 31 8 Configuration B: Rectangular rib; wire completely within the rib . 31 9 Configuration C: Semicircular rib; wire being in the centre plane of the flat base plate . 32 10 Configuration D: Semicircular rib; wire is positioned such that it is enclosed in the rib section . 32 11 Configuration E: Semicircular solid rib . 32 12 Mesh for Geometry A . 37 13 Deflection plot for Geometry C trial 2 . 39 14 Deflection in Z direction path plot . 39 viii 15 Minitab plot for best line fit . 41 16 Effect of insert molded wire on sink mark. 45 17 Freeze time profile for Geometry E and C. 46 18 Effect of parameters on sink marks for all geometries . 49 19 Comparison of sink mark depth results for all geometries . 51 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Automobile manufacturers are increasingly looking to plastics for light weight solutions. A recent study shows that plastics account for up to 10% of the total weight of a car. Plastics are present throughout the body of the vehicle right from interiors to bumpers and doors. Along with the increase in plastic, there has been tremendous increase in use of electrical equipment in cars. This leads to the need for an extensive network of wires. These wires form the wiring harness of a car. Wiring harness weighs approximately 70 kg and is almost 2 km long in a typical automobile today 1. Hence, electric wiring harness along with plastics runs from one end of the car to other. It is interesting to note that the wire sizes selected in the wiring harness of a car are to maintain sturdiness of the wiring instead of the wires current carrying capacity. This results in the selection of thicker wire than what is needed for a particular application. Considering the presence of both plastic and wiring harness throughout the car body integrating them would be beneficial. If the wire is embedded by some method into the plastic component itself, the gauge selection criterion can be exploited as the sturdiness needed would be lent by the plastic component. This would result in the use of a smaller gauge wire which in turn would translate into weight savings. Further reduction in the weight of the wiring harness is possible by elimination of the use of protective tapes, ducts and clamping devices. Also, if the connectors are incorporated into the plastic components, the electrical connections would be built while the part is assembled; thus, saving time and devising a fool proof method to avoid wrong connections. One of 2 the easiest and most inexpensive methods for mass production of such components is injection molding with wire as the insert. Although, there are many advantages of using this process, the main factor preventing the use of this method of manufacturing is the accompanying surface defect, typically sink mark. The area of application of such a method would be in fascia of automobiles. One area of application could be the dash board. A dash board has a variety of wires running along it for applications such as the entertainment system, the lights, air conditioning units, etc. For instance, the car radio requires about 1.5 A to work. A 20 AWG gauge wire with a wire diameter of 0.8 mm can carry a current of 1.5 A for power transmission 2 and thus, meets the requirement of a car radio. Using an insert molded wire in the console to supply power to the radio would mean that the surface of the console would have to be defect free. Thus for the purpose of this study the wire dimension is selected to be 0.8mm. The goal of this research is to eliminate or minimize sink marks on the plastic component with insert molded 0.8mm diameter wire. Injection Molding Process Injection molding is the most common manufacturing technique used for cyclic mass production of plastic components. Injection molding, as the name suggests, consists of injecting molten polymer into a mold under pressure to get a finished part. It is a high speed, low running cost process requiring very little or in most cases no finishing process 3 with high tolerance control and repeatability. Both thermoplastics and thermosets can be injection molded to create complex parts. Injection molding cycle The injection molding cycle begins with the closing of the two mold halves to create the mold cavity. This is followed by the filling phase, packing phase and the cooling phase 3. Filling Phase: The barrel moves forward when the cycle begins. The start of the molding cycle is triggered by either manual control or by closing of the mold for automatic and semi-automatic molding cycle. The heating coils melt the polymer material in the screw. The screw moves forward and creates pressure and forces the molten plastic through the nozzle and into the mold cavity via the gate and runners. The phase continues until the mold cavity is completely filled. Figure 1 shows the various stages in injection molding cycle. Packing Phase: At the end of the filling phase when the mold cavity is almost filled completely the packing cycle begins. During this phase, the pressure inside the cavity is maintained until the gate freezes off. By maintaining pressure inside the mold, a small amount of molten polymer flows into the cavity to compensate for the volumetric shrinkage occurring inside due to cooling. 4 Cooling Phase: At the end of the packing phase the material is allowed to cool further in the mold itself until it is rigid enough to be removed. The cooling cycle is the longest of all three phases followed by the packing time. During this phase, heat is removed from the mold by the cooler system until the specified cooling time is completed. Figure 1 : Injection molding cycle 5 Insert Molding Process Insert molding consists of placing an insert in the mold cavity and injecting polymer around it. This process forms a single component consisting of the insert embedded in the plastic. The insert itself could be a metallic object as in this case a wire or another polymer. Some of the common applications of insert molding are electrical plugs, threaded fasteners, tail lamp components in cars and bolts in bumpers among others. The main advantage of insert molding a wire into the plastic component is that it leads to decreased assembly time and labor costs since the previously independent wiring harness and trim are now one single component. Having one part instead of two also makes the structure more sturdy and reliable. This combination can allow for the use of thinner wires leading to reduction in weight. Figure 2 Insert molded electro-mechanical connector 4 Maintainability and reparability are to be considered if such a method is to be used to integrate electric wiring harness and plastic components. If, at any time, the 6 wiring inside the component undergoes even a small failure, the whole part would have to be replaced. This is not an economic option from the customers point of view. 7 CHAPTER TWO INJECTION MOLDING One of the main advantages of injection molding is the ability of the process to make repeatable identical parts on a mass scale. This requires making defect free parts consistently. Important aspects of injection molding that go into making a good injection molded part are: 1. Part design 2. Mold design 3. Polymer material 4. Processing parameters 5. Molding machine A proper combination of the aforementioned aspects makes a good defect free plastic part. The next sections will discussion injection molding briefly with respect to these aspects. Polymer Material Polymer as the name suggests is made of chains of monomers held together by covalent bonds. Monomers are the periodically repeated structural units in the polymer chain. Figure 3 shows the ethylene monomer, n such monomers together make the Polyethylene polymer. Polymers are broadly classified as thermoset, thermoplastic, and elastomers. 8 Figure 3 a) Ethylene monomer b) Polyethylene chain a polymer with n ethylene monomers Thermoset Thermoset polymers are made of covalent bonds 5. The themoset plastic when heated, solidifies by chemical curing. This curing forms a network of crosslinked covalent bonds. These bonds are present within the polymer chain and between multiple polymer chains. The covalent bond between the polymer chains prevents thermoset from melting again once they are fomed. Thermoset once formed cannot be melted again to give a new shape which means they cannot be recycled. These polymers are much stiffer and stronger compared to thermoplastics. Some of the commonly found thermosets are, vulcanized rubber, Bakelite, epoxy resins melamine resins, etc. Thermoplastic Thermoplastic polymers have covalent bonds within a chain but the chains themselves are held together by van der Waals forces which are weaker than covalent bonds. Due to the presence of these weaker bonds connecting the chains, these polymers can be remelted and reformed unlike the Thermoset polymers. They are further divided into two categories depending on their polymer structures as amorphous and semi- crystalline polymers. 9 Amorphous polymers are those which have a random structure of polymer chains. They do not have a distinct melting point at which they go from being solid to liquid instead they have a glass transition temperature (Tg)at which the polymer bonds weaken and the polymer flows. Amorphous polymers shrink uniformly in both flow direction and transverse direction 3. Some common amorphous polymers are Polycarbonate (PC), Polystyrene (PS), Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Semi-crystalline polymers are those which have a fairly ordered molecular structure forming crystals with amorphous regions surrounding these patches of crystal structures. These polymers have a very well defined melting temperature (Tm) at which their semi-crystalline structure disappears. They usually show less shrinkage in the direction of flow as compared to transverse flow. Some common semi-crystalline polymers are High density polyethylene (HDPE), Polypropylene (PP). Elastomers Thermoplastics above their glass transition temperature are highly elastic in nature. They have a mixture of van der Waal forces and covalent bonds which give the elastomers their high elasticity. Due to their structure, they can be straightened out and show large elastic deformations. Some of the common elastomers are Natural rubber, Butyl rubber, Poly butadiene. 10 Injection molding machine A typical injection molding machine consists of the following components: Injection system: It consists of hopper, barrel with a reciprocating screw and a nozzle. The function of this unit is to take the polymer material, melt it, create pressure and inject it into the mold. The hopper holds the material in the form of pellets or granules and provides it to the barrel. The barrel houses a reciprocating screw and heating bands which plasticizes the polymer material. The screw compresses the material and conveys it to nozzle which is the link between the barrel and the mold. Mold system: The mold is the shaping unit of the process. It has the inverse geometry of the desired part needed. It consists of stationary and moving platens, base plates which when joined form the mold cavity, the sprue and runner system which route the molten polymer to the mold cavity, and cooling channels for cooling the mold to keep the mold surface temperature at a desired value. The mold basically acts as the heat removal system as the melt freezes to form the molded part. Hydraulic system: It consists of pumps, valves, hydraulic motors and the related tubing and reservoir. It provides the power to operate mold closing and opening, clamping force to keep the mold closed during the cycle, move the ejector pins and rotate and translate the screw. The clamping unit holds the two mold halves together to create a mold cavity. If the clamping pressure is too low, it results in the mold not closing properly leading to polymer leakage through the parting line 11 and creating flash whereas too high a clamping pressure results in to mold wear and damage. Control system: All the electronics used to control the processing parameters like temperatures, pressures, screw speed and position, mold closing opening, times collectively form the control system of the machine. It is essential for the running the automatic operations for the machine. Defects in injection molding In situations where the aforementioned parameters are not controlled properly, a variety of commonly observed defects are caused. Some of them are mentioned below 12: 1. Dimensional variation is the variation in the part dimensions from batch to batch or shot to shot production while the machine settings remain the same. Unreliable machine control, small molding window or unstable material usually lead to dimensional variations. 2. Sink marks are local depressions in a molded part surface. Voids are vacuum bubbles in the core. Combination of processing parameters leads to sink marks and voids. 3. Air traps are air trapped inside a molded part. Improper venting in the mold leads to these. 4. Weld and Meld lines are lines seen on the surface of a molded part. Weld lines are formed when separate melt flow fronts flowing in opposite direction meet. Meld 12 lines are formed when flow fronts parallel to each other meet. Holes, inserts multiple gates, wall thickness variation lead to multiple flow fronts leading to weld and meld lines. 5. Flash is the excessive material leaking out from locations where the mold separates such as the parting line. Low clamp pressure, gaps in mold closing, high melt temperatures and improper venting leads to excessive flashing. 6. Jetting is when polymer is injected into the mold at high velocity which leads to part being filled from extreme end of cavity instead of progressively starting at the gate. Jetting leads to weak parts with surface and internal defects. Improper mold design and injection profile along with melt temperature selection may lead to jetting. 7. Black specks or streaks, brittleness, burn marks and discoloration are dark spots that are formed due to material degradation or entrapped air. 8. Delamination is the peeling off of surface layer of a molded part. Incompatible blend of polymers, low melt temperatures, excessive moisture or mold release agents may lead to delamination. 9. Fish eyes are unmolten materials getting injected into mold cavity and appearing on the surface of the molded part. Low barrel temperatures, material contamination or low screw rotation speed and back pressure lead to fish eyes. 13 Shrinkage and Warpage All polymers undergo large volumetric changes as they go from their molten stage to a rigid solid state. In absence of any external pressure, the solid state volume is usually about 75 % of the liquid volume. In case of injection molding since the filling is done under pressure, the volumetric change is about 15%. This drastic change in the polymer volume results in changed dimensions as a part freezes leading to shrinkage and warpage. Shrinkage and warpage are the two most commonly seen defects which are almost unavoidable but with proper care can be controlled within acceptable limits. Part shrinkage is the reduction in the dimension of the part. Shrinkage occurs due to contraction of the molten polymer as it undergoes cooling and thermal energy is lost. As the thermal energy is given out from the polymer mass, the polymer chains begin to relax from their stretched states during the molten phase which leads to shrinking of the part. If the shrinkage is uniform, the part does not deform, just the end dimensions of the part are smaller than the mold dimensions. In such cases, where the percentage change of polymer is know, the problem of changed dimension can easily be resolved by creating a larger mold than the desired pa