基于有限元分析的汽車萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置設(shè)計(jì)【汽車的十字軸式萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置設(shè)計(jì)】,汽車的十字軸式萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置設(shè)計(jì),基于有限元分析的汽車萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置設(shè)計(jì)【汽車的十字軸式萬(wàn)向傳動(dòng)裝置設(shè)計(jì)】,基于,有限元分析,汽車,萬(wàn)向,傳動(dòng),裝置,設(shè)計(jì),十字  附 錄 附錄A 外文文獻(xiàn)原文 A shaft assembly, profile The shaft axis in two different, even in its working process and relative position between the two shafts changing. According to the important components - shaft, can have the different universal classification. If the direction in reverse universal elastic, whether can be divided into the rigid universal shaft transmission and flexible joints. The former is the hinged on parts of the power transmission link, the latter by elastic parts, and has passed dynamic buffer reduced. Rigid gimbal and can be divided into different speed universal shaft type (such as cross gimbal) and patterned (such as double type gimbal, three pin shaft type gimbal) and patterned (such as ball cage gimbal, fork type gimbal). Patterned constant, and refers to the driven shaft rotation in driving shaft with the rotation Angle, whether of equal velocity, of course, driving shaft and driven shafts is equal to the speed of the average. Lord, the driven shaft axis in two angular change when the Angle between the universal and equal still called patterned or DengJiao velocity universal. They mainly used to drive axles, breaking the wheel transmission device etc, and is mainly used in the power of the car. When the car for a rear wheel drive, often using the universal shaft, on the part of high-grade car, have adopted the isokinetic ball head, When the car for front wheel drive, often USES patterned constant - universal shaft, but also a kind of different appellation. In front of a rear wheel drive motor (or all round the bus driver), due to the automobile suspension in athletic process, main reducer drive shaft transmission (or input shaft and FenDongXiang) output shaft is relative motion between often, in addition to avoid certain institutions or device (not) line, there must be a device to realize the dynamic transfer, then the normal appeared gimbal transmission. Universal must have the following characteristics: the transmission and ensure that the relative position of the two shafts in expected range changes, can reliably transfer power, B, ensure that connects the two shafts could even operation. Due to the universal and additional load Angle, the vibration and noise should be allowed in, C, high transmission efficiency, long service life, simple structure, easy fabrication, easy maintenance. For automobile, due to a cross gimbal output shaft relative to the input shaft (have) is not constant rotation Angle, therefore, must adopt double gimbal (or more), and the universal shaft driving connected with the two cardan arrangement in the same plane and make two equal to the Angle. It is very important. In the design to minimize the Angle. Shaft assembly imbalance is the transmission of the bending vibration. The cause of the vibration noise is obvious. In addition, the universal joint cardan shaft kiln, axial clearance, the sliding spline shaft assembly precision, peeling ends when high-speed rotary shaft transmission and the elastic deformation of a hot spot balance affecting factors can change the imbalance of shaft assembly. Reducing the imbalance, shaft for cars, especially the high-speed car like (car) is extremely important, otherwise it will cause a lot of relevant fault or damage. The universal shaft rigidity of vehicle drivetrain is in the most widely used, and the long history. Usually say the shaft is generally refers to the universal shaft rigidity type. The axial rigidity of universal is mainly used in the transmission Angle of CAM flange, generally, the shaft needle bearing assembly, cardan joint or sliding fork, fork or spline fork, needle bearing axial fixation. Ashdod, with the gearbox commonly margin fork shaft drive or other such links. Tu margin with a fork is the flange, generally USES the fork form part of the carbon steel or medium-carbon steel forging, also have adopted the ductile iron castings and sand carbon steel or medium-carbon steel high precision castings. Tu margin with a flat binary general, also have brought a flanged end flange of trapezoid tooth. The shaft needle bearing assembly includes four needle bearing, a cross axis, a grease. Roller bearings are generally consists of several needle roller bearings, a bowl, a blade rubber seal (more than with partial skeleton). In some needle bearing, and a belt round bearings, nylon, gasket also adopts copper or other materials, mainly for the decrease of universal shaft axial clearance, improve the quality of dynamic balance. A binary form cardan parts, generally USES medium-carbon steel or carbon steel forging parts, also have adopted the precision casting medium-carbon steel. Needle bearing axial fixation thing is generally holes (or axis) with elastic ring (internal and external), or bearing the cassette, bolt locking plate, etc.Another shaft is an important part of the spline is sliding, internal and external spline (rectangular), and the involute used to convey length change.The universal shaft and sliding swinging Angle of slip is biggest spline is decorated, according to the vehicle shaft and beat the check.Transmission of low carbon steel tube generally made of steel wire coiling of big norms, the tube, also have adopted the cold drawn seamless tube. The tube diameter and wall thickness (or diameter) is based on the maximum transmission torque, highest speed conditions of work. Hollow shaft tube has smaller quality and can deliver large torque, and the same diameter than the solid shaft possesses higher critical speed characteristics. Normally, two gimbal centre distance is not more than 1.5 m. When the distance is close, generally by two universal and a sliding spline shaft, no vice. When the distance and make more than 1.5 m shaft length, often divided into two or three roots, using three or four joints, and finally a belt, the rest of the spline vice sliding bearing structure among belt.Typical middle by a supporting general cylindrical ball bearing, a housing, two seal, a rubber pad, a grease mouth. By supporting bracket among middle shaft connecting to the frame beams, transmission line and the middle axis required support among perpendicular to the plane. General layout in supporting shaft transmission system among the first-order critical speed nodes.In use process, generally need timely maintenance. In the joints, sliding bearing etc, among the spline is fat mouth place, want to periodically according to related regulations prescribed grease filling. Also have adopted in maintenance free universal shaft bearings and support in the reserve, need not regular grease filling grease. Second, the universal description Universal joint is a key component of the car transmission. In front of the rear wheel drive motor vehicle, universal shaft installed in transmission and the output shaft drive between input shaft gear reducer, And lead the front wheel drive motor vehicle omitted, universal shaft driving is responsible for installation in the front axle and be responsible for steering wheels and half shaft. Automobile is a movement of objects. The bus driver, engine, clutch and transmission as a whole, and installed in the frame by elastic suspension frame and drive connections between a distance, the need for connection. The car runs in rough pavement produces change, load or two assembly location, will make the output shaft transmission with the reducer drive shaft Angle between input and the distance change, therefore, to use a "in changing" devices to solve this question, it is the universal. In between, off-road vehicle transmission and the front drive thansfer can turn with half shaft drive between the universal, need to do ". The structure and function of a bit like human limbs, it is allowed to connect the Angle between the parts. But it and body joints and different forms of activities, it only allows the Angle of the change in a certain range.Universal shaft type is the universal, rigid patterned (double axle and three pin shaft type), patterned (ball fork and ball cage), cross gimbal sex. After the car at the most widely used a cross gimbal.Single gimbal cannot make the output shaft and the instantaneous velocity of axle shaft vibration, easy to cause the equal parts, aggravate the damage, produce a lot of noise. Therefore, after the car driver using universal form of transmission shaft double gimbal, is a universal at each end, its function is equal to the transmission Angle, both the output shaft and the instantaneous velocity of axle shaft always equal. In order to satisfy the power transmission, steering and auto operation generated by beating down before the Angle, drive the car drive shaft and the wheel, and also used between universal connected. Due to the limit, the axial dimensions of landform and bigger, request to do, so common universal widely adopted various patterned. In general, the former drive car every half shaft with two patterned, near the speed of universal joint is a half drive axle shaft inside, near the universal shaft lateral velocity is half. In various patterned, common ball cage is universal, it with six steel ball force, driving shaft and driven shafts intersect in any of the circumstances, the ball is located on the intersection of two in two axis, namely the equally intersect, thus ensure the driven shaft, equal angles speed transmission.  附錄B 外文文獻(xiàn)中文翻譯 傳動(dòng)軸簡(jiǎn)介 傳動(dòng)軸，在不同軸心的兩軸間甚至在工作過(guò)程中相對(duì)位置不斷變化的兩軸間傳遞動(dòng)力。傳動(dòng)軸按其重要部件——萬(wàn)向節(jié)的不同，可有不同的分類。如果按萬(wàn)向節(jié)在扭轉(zhuǎn)的方向是否有明顯的彈性可分為剛性萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸和撓性萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸。前者是靠零件的鉸鏈?zhǔn)铰?lián)接傳遞動(dòng)力的，后者則靠彈性零件傳遞動(dòng)力，并具有緩沖減振作用。剛性萬(wàn)向節(jié)又可分為不等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)（如十字軸式萬(wàn)向節(jié)）、準(zhǔn)等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)（如雙聯(lián)式萬(wàn)向節(jié)、三銷軸式萬(wàn)向節(jié)）和等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)（如球籠式萬(wàn)向節(jié)、球叉式萬(wàn)向節(jié)）。等速與不等速，是指從動(dòng)軸在隨著主動(dòng)軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，兩者的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)角速率是否相等而言的，當(dāng)然，主動(dòng)軸和從動(dòng)軸的平均轉(zhuǎn)速是相等的。 主、從動(dòng)軸的角速度在兩軸之間的夾角變動(dòng)時(shí)仍然相等的萬(wàn)向節(jié)，稱為等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)或等角速萬(wàn)向節(jié)。它們主要用于轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動(dòng)橋、斷開(kāi)式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋等的車輪傳動(dòng)裝置中，主要用于轎車中的動(dòng)力傳遞。當(dāng)轎車為后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)時(shí)，常采用十字軸式萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸，對(duì)部分高檔轎車，也有采用等速球頭的；當(dāng)轎車為前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)時(shí)，則常采用等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)——等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)也是一種傳動(dòng)軸，只是稱謂不同而已。 在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)前置后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)（或全輪驅(qū)動(dòng)）的汽車上，由于汽車在運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中懸架變形，驅(qū)動(dòng)軸主減速器輸入軸與變速器（或分動(dòng)箱）輸出軸間經(jīng)常有相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)，此外，為有效避開(kāi)某些機(jī)構(gòu)或裝置（無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)直線傳遞），必須有一種裝置來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)力的正常傳遞，于是就出現(xiàn)了萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)。萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)必須具備以下特點(diǎn)：a、保證所連接兩軸的相對(duì)位置在預(yù)計(jì)范圍內(nèi)變動(dòng)時(shí)，能可靠地傳遞動(dòng)力；b 、保證所連接兩軸能均勻運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。由于萬(wàn)向節(jié)夾角而產(chǎn)生的附加載荷、振動(dòng)和噪聲應(yīng)在允許范圍內(nèi)；c 、傳動(dòng)效率要高，使用壽命長(zhǎng)，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，制造方便，維修容易。對(duì)汽車而言，由于一個(gè)十字軸萬(wàn)向節(jié)的輸出軸相對(duì)于輸入軸（有一定的夾角）是不等速旋轉(zhuǎn)的，為此必須采用雙萬(wàn)向節(jié)（或多萬(wàn)向節(jié)）傳動(dòng)，并把同傳動(dòng)軸相連的兩個(gè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)叉布置在同一平面，且使兩萬(wàn)向節(jié)的夾角相等。這一點(diǎn)是十分重要的。在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)盡量減小萬(wàn)向節(jié)的夾角。 傳動(dòng)軸總成不平衡是傳動(dòng)系彎曲振動(dòng)的主要原因。其引起的振動(dòng)噪聲是明顯的。此外，萬(wàn)向節(jié)十字軸的軸向竄動(dòng)、傳動(dòng)軸滑動(dòng)花鍵中的間隙、傳動(dòng)軸總成兩端連接處的定心精度、高速回轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)傳動(dòng)軸的彈性變形及傳動(dòng)軸上點(diǎn)焊平衡片時(shí)的熱影響因素等都能改變傳動(dòng)軸總成的不平衡度。降低傳動(dòng)軸的不平衡度，對(duì)于汽車，尤其是高速汽車如（轎車）是極其重要的，否則會(huì)引起很多相關(guān)故障或異常損壞。 十字軸式剛性萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸在汽車傳動(dòng)系中用得最廣泛，歷史也最悠久。平時(shí)所說(shuō)的傳動(dòng)軸一般指的就是十字軸式剛性萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸。十字軸式剛性萬(wàn)向節(jié)主要用于傳遞角度的變化，一般由突緣叉、十字軸帶滾針軸承總成、萬(wàn)向節(jié)叉或滑動(dòng)叉、中間連接叉或花鍵軸叉、滾針軸承的軸向固定件等組成。突緣叉一般與變速箱、驅(qū)動(dòng)橋或別的傳動(dòng)軸等連接。突緣叉是一個(gè)帶法蘭的叉形零件，一般采用中碳鋼或中碳合金鋼的鍛造件，也有采用球墨鑄鐵的砂型鑄造件和中碳鋼或中碳優(yōu)質(zhì)合金鋼的精密鑄造件。突緣叉一般帶一個(gè)平法蘭，也有帶一個(gè)端面梯形齒法蘭的。十字軸帶滾針軸承總成一般包括四個(gè)滾針軸承、一個(gè)十字軸、一個(gè)滑脂嘴。滾針軸承一般由若干個(gè)滾針、一個(gè)軸承碗、一個(gè)多刃口橡膠油封（部分帶骨架）組成。在某些滾針軸承中，還有一個(gè)帶油槽的圓形墊片，有尼龍的，也有采用銅片或其他材料的，主要用于減小萬(wàn)向節(jié)軸向間隙，提高傳動(dòng)軸動(dòng)平衡品質(zhì)。萬(wàn)向節(jié)叉是一個(gè)叉形零件，一般采用中碳鋼或中碳合金鋼的鍛造件，也有采用中碳鋼的精密鑄造件。滾針軸承的軸向固定件一般是孔（或軸）用彈性擋圈（內(nèi)外卡式），或軸承壓板、鎖片、螺栓等。 傳動(dòng)軸的另外一個(gè)重要的組成部分是滑動(dòng)花鍵副，由內(nèi)、外花鍵（矩形、漸開(kāi)線）組成，用于傳遞長(zhǎng)度的變化。傳動(dòng)軸的萬(wàn)向節(jié)擺角和滑動(dòng)花鍵副的最大伸縮量，是根據(jù)整車布置時(shí)進(jìn)行的傳動(dòng)軸跳動(dòng)校核而確定的。傳動(dòng)軸管一般由低碳鋼板卷制的電焊鋼管制成，對(duì)大規(guī)格的軸管，也有采用冷拔無(wú)縫管的。軸管的外徑和壁厚（或內(nèi)徑）是根據(jù)傳動(dòng)軸所傳遞的最大工作扭矩、最高工作轉(zhuǎn)速等條件確定的?？招牡妮S管具有較小的質(zhì)量并能傳遞較大的扭矩，并且比相同外徑的實(shí)心軸具有更高的臨界轉(zhuǎn)速的特點(diǎn)。 一般情況下，兩萬(wàn)向節(jié)中心距不大于1.5m。當(dāng)距離較近時(shí)，一般由兩個(gè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)和一個(gè)滑動(dòng)花鍵副組成，中間無(wú)軸管。當(dāng)距離較遠(yuǎn)而使傳動(dòng)軸的長(zhǎng)度超過(guò)1.5m時(shí)，常常分成兩根或三根，采用三個(gè)或四個(gè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)，且最后一根帶滑動(dòng)花鍵副，其余的帶中間支承的結(jié)構(gòu)型式。 典型的中間支承一般由一個(gè)圓柱球軸承、一個(gè)軸承座、兩個(gè)油封、一個(gè)橡膠墊、一個(gè)滑脂嘴組成。中間傳動(dòng)軸由中間支承支架連接到車架橫梁上，要求中間傳動(dòng)軸軸心線與中間支承平面垂直。一般要求傳動(dòng)軸中間支承布置在傳動(dòng)軸系統(tǒng)的一階臨界轉(zhuǎn)速節(jié)點(diǎn)上。在使用過(guò)程中，一般需要按時(shí)保養(yǎng)。在萬(wàn)向節(jié)、滑動(dòng)花鍵副、中間支承等有滑脂嘴的地方，要按有關(guān)規(guī)定進(jìn)行定期加注規(guī)定的潤(rùn)滑脂。也有采用免維護(hù)的傳動(dòng)軸，在萬(wàn)向節(jié)和中間支承的軸承內(nèi)有預(yù)留的潤(rùn)滑脂，不需要定期加注潤(rùn)滑脂。 萬(wàn)向節(jié)是汽車傳動(dòng)軸上的關(guān)鍵部件。在前置發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的車輛上，萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸安裝在變速器輸出軸與驅(qū)動(dòng)橋主減速器輸入軸之間；而前置發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的車輛省略了傳動(dòng)軸，萬(wàn)向節(jié)安裝在既負(fù)責(zé)驅(qū)動(dòng)又負(fù)責(zé)轉(zhuǎn)向的前橋半軸與車輪之間。 汽車是一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體。在后驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車上，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、離合器與變速器作為一個(gè)整體安裝在車架上，而驅(qū)動(dòng)橋通過(guò)彈性懸掛與車架連接，兩者之間有一個(gè)距離，需要進(jìn)行連接。汽車運(yùn)行中路面不平產(chǎn)生跳動(dòng)，負(fù)荷變化或者兩個(gè)總成安裝位置差異，都會(huì)使得變速器輸出軸與驅(qū)動(dòng)橋主減速器輸入軸之間的夾角和距離發(fā)生變化，因此要用一個(gè)“以變應(yīng)變”的裝置來(lái)解決這一個(gè)問(wèn)題，因此就有了萬(wàn)向節(jié)。另外在越野車變速器與分動(dòng)器之間，前驅(qū)動(dòng)的可轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動(dòng)橋與半軸之間，都需要這個(gè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)做“關(guān)節(jié)”。萬(wàn)向節(jié)的結(jié)構(gòu)和作用有點(diǎn)象人體四肢上的關(guān)節(jié)，它允許被連接的零件之間的夾角變化。但它與肢體關(guān)節(jié)的活動(dòng)形式又有所不同，它僅允許夾角在一定范圍內(nèi)變化。萬(wàn)向節(jié)有十字軸式剛性萬(wàn)向節(jié)，準(zhǔn)等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)（雙聯(lián)軸式和三銷軸式），等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)（球叉式和球籠式），擾性萬(wàn)向節(jié)。目前后驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車上應(yīng)用最廣的一種是十字軸萬(wàn)向節(jié)。 單個(gè)的萬(wàn)向節(jié)不能使輸出軸與軸入軸的瞬時(shí)角速度相等，容易造成振動(dòng)，加劇機(jī)件的損壞，產(chǎn)生很大的噪音。因此，后驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車的萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)形式都采用雙萬(wàn)向節(jié)，就是傳動(dòng)軸兩端各有一個(gè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)，其作用是使傳動(dòng)軸兩端的夾角相等，保證輸出軸與軸入軸的瞬時(shí)角速度始終相等。 為了滿足動(dòng)力傳遞、轉(zhuǎn)向和汽車運(yùn)行時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的上下跳動(dòng)所造成的角度變化，前驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車的驅(qū)動(dòng)橋，半軸與輪軸之間也常用萬(wàn)向節(jié)相連。由于受軸向尺寸的限制，要求偏角又比較大，普通萬(wàn)向節(jié)難以勝任，所以廣泛采用各式各樣的等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)。在一般前驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車上，每個(gè)半軸用兩個(gè)等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)，靠近變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的萬(wàn)向節(jié)是半軸內(nèi)側(cè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)，靠近車軸的是半軸外側(cè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)。在各種等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)中，常見(jiàn)是球籠式萬(wàn)向節(jié)，它用六個(gè)鋼球傳力，主動(dòng)軸與從動(dòng)軸在任何交角的情況下，鋼球都位于兩園的交點(diǎn)上，即位于兩軸交角的平分面上，從而保證主、從動(dòng)軸等角速度傳動(dòng)。