抓斗橋式垃圾搬運起重機的設(shè)計【Q=12.5t L=22m】,Q=12.5t L=22m,抓斗橋式垃圾搬運起重機的設(shè)計【Q=12.5t,L=22m】,抓斗,垃圾,搬運,起重機,設(shè)計,22 附錄1譯文 起重機的發(fā)展趨勢和研究現(xiàn)狀 （1）大型化和專用化 由于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的不斷擴大，生產(chǎn)效率日益提高，以及產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過程中物料裝卸搬運費用所占比例逐漸增加，促使大型或高速起重機的需求量不斷增長。起重量越來越大，工作速度越來越高，并對能耗和可靠性提出更高的要求。起重機已成為自動化生產(chǎn)流程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)。起重機不但要容易操作，容易維護，而且安全性要好，可靠性要高，要求具有優(yōu)異的耐久性、無故障性、維修性和使用經(jīng)濟性。目前世界上最大的浮游起重機起重量達6500t，最大的履帶起重機起重量達3000t，最大的橋式起重機起重量為1200t，集裝箱岸邊裝卸橋小車的最大運行速度已達350m/min，堆垛起重機最大運行速度是240m/min，垃圾處理用起重機的起升速度達100m/min 。 工業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式和用戶需求的多樣性，使專用起重機的市場不斷擴大，品種也不斷更新，以特有的功能滿足特殊的需要，發(fā)揮出最佳的效用。例如冶金、核電、造紙、垃圾處理的專用起重機，防爆、防腐、絕緣起重機和鐵路、船舶、集裝箱專用起重機的功能不斷增加，性能不斷提高，適應(yīng)性比以往更強。德國德馬格公司研制出一種飛機維修保養(yǎng)的專用起重機，在國際市場打開了銷路。這種起重機安裝在房屋結(jié)構(gòu)上，跨度大、起升高度大、可過跨、停車精度高。在起重小車下面安裝有多節(jié)伸縮導(dǎo)管，與飛機維修平臺相連，并可作360度旋轉(zhuǎn)。通過大車和小車的位移、導(dǎo)管的升降與旋轉(zhuǎn)可使維修平臺到達飛機的任一部位，進行飛機的維護和修理，極為快捷方便。 （2）模塊化和組合化 用模塊化設(shè)計代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的整機設(shè)計方法，將起重機上功能基本相同的構(gòu)件、部件和零件制成有多種用途，有相同聯(lián)接要素和可互換的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模塊，通過不同模塊的相互組合，形成不同類型和規(guī)格的起重機。對起重機進行改進，只需針對某幾個模塊。設(shè)計新型起重機，只需選用不同模塊重新進行組合?？墒箚渭∨可a(chǎn)的起重機改換成具有相當(dāng)批量的模塊生產(chǎn)，實現(xiàn)高效率的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)，企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)組織也可由產(chǎn)品管理變?yōu)槟K管理。達到改善整機性能，降低制造成本，提高通用化程度，用較少規(guī)格數(shù)的零部件組成多品種、多規(guī)格的系列產(chǎn)品，充分滿足用戶需求。 目前，德國、英國、法國、美國和日本的著名起重機公司都已采用起重機模塊化設(shè)計，并取得了顯著的效益。德國德馬格公司的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)起重機系列改用模塊化設(shè)計后，比單件設(shè)計的設(shè)計費用下降12%，生產(chǎn)成本下降45%，經(jīng)濟效益十分可觀。德國德馬格公司還開發(fā)了一種KBK柔性組合式懸掛起重機，起重機的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)由冷軋型軌組合而成，起重機運行線路可沿生產(chǎn)工藝流程任意布置，可有叉道、轉(zhuǎn)彎、過跨、變軌距。所有部件都可實現(xiàn)大批量生產(chǎn)，再根據(jù)用戶的不同需求和具體物料搬運路線在短時間內(nèi)將各種部件組合搭配即成。這種起重機組合性非常好，操作方便，能充分利用空間，運行成本低。有手動、自動多種形式，還能組成懸掛系統(tǒng)、單梁懸掛起重機、雙梁懸掛起重機、懸臂起重機、輕型門式起重機及手動堆垛起重機，甚至能組成大型自動化物料搬運系統(tǒng)。 （3）輕型化和多樣化 有相當(dāng)批量的起重機是在通用的場合使用，工作并不很繁重。這類起重機批量大、用途廣，考慮綜合效益，要求起重機盡量降低外形高度，簡化結(jié)構(gòu)，減小自重和輪壓，也可使整個建筑物高度下降，建筑結(jié)構(gòu)輕型化，降低造價。因此電動葫蘆橋式起重機和梁式起重機會有更快的發(fā)展，并將大部分取代中小噸位的一般用途橋式起重機。德國德馬格公司經(jīng)過幾十年的開發(fā)和創(chuàng)新，已形成了一個輕型組合式的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)起重機系列。起重量為1-63噸，工作級別為A1-A7，整個系列由工字形和箱型單梁、懸掛箱形單梁、角形小車箱形單梁和箱形雙梁等多個品種組成。主梁與端梁相接以及起重小車的布置有多種型式，可適合不同建筑物及不同起吊高度的要求。根據(jù)用戶需要每種規(guī)格起重機都有三種單速及三種雙速供任意選擇，還可以選用變頻調(diào)速。操縱方式有地面手電門自行移動、手電門隨小車移動、手電門固定、無線遙控、司機室固定、司機室隨小車移動、司機室自行移動等七種選擇。大車及小車的供電有電纜小車導(dǎo)電、DVS系統(tǒng)兩種方式。如此多的選擇項，通過不同的組合，可搭配成百上千種起重機，充分滿足用戶不同的需求。這種起重機的另一最大優(yōu)點是輕型化，自重輕、輪壓輕、外形尺寸高度小，可大大降低廠房建筑物的建造成本，同時也可減小起重機的運行功率和運行成本。與通用產(chǎn)品相比較，起重量為10t，跨度22.5m，通用雙梁橋式起重機自重是24t，起重機軌面以上高度1876mm，起重機寬度5980mm; 德馬格起重機的自重只有8.7t，重量輕了176%，起重機軌面以上高度為920mm，降低了104%，起重機寬度為2980mm，外形尺寸減少了100%。 （4）自動化和智能化 起重機的更新和發(fā)展，在很大程度上取決于電氣傳動與控制的改進。將機械技術(shù)和電子技術(shù)相結(jié)合，將先進的計算機技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)、電力電子技術(shù)、光纜技術(shù)、液壓技術(shù)、模糊控制技術(shù)應(yīng)用到機械的驅(qū)動和控制系統(tǒng)，實現(xiàn)起重機的自動化和智能化。大型高效起重機的新一代電氣控制裝置已發(fā)展為全電子數(shù)字化控制系統(tǒng)。主要由全數(shù)字化控制驅(qū)動裝置、可編程序控制器、故障診斷及數(shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)、數(shù)字化操縱給定檢測等設(shè)備組成。變壓變頻調(diào)速、射頻數(shù)據(jù)通訊、故障自診監(jiān)控、吊具防搖的模糊控制、激光查找起吊物重心、近場感應(yīng)防碰撞技術(shù)、現(xiàn)場總線、載波通訊及控制、無接觸供電及三維條形碼技術(shù)等將廣泛得到應(yīng)用。使起重機具有更高的柔性，以適合多批次少批量的柔性生產(chǎn)模式，提高單機綜合自動化水平。重點開發(fā)以微處理機為核心的高性能電氣傳動裝置，使起重機具有優(yōu)良的調(diào)速和靜動特性，可進行操作的自動控制、自動顯示與記錄，起重機運行的自動保護與自動檢測，特殊場合的遠(yuǎn)距離遙控等，以適應(yīng)自動化生產(chǎn)的需要。例如采用激光裝置查找起吊物的重心位置，在取物裝置上裝有超聲波傳感器引導(dǎo)取物裝置自動抓取貨物。吊具自動防搖系統(tǒng)能在運行速度200m／min、加速度0.5m2／s的情況下很快使起吊物搖擺振幅減至幾個毫米。起重機可通過磁場變換器或激光達到高精度定位。起重機上安裝近場感應(yīng)系統(tǒng)，可避免起重機之間的互相碰撞。起重機上還安裝了微機自診斷監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)能提供大部分常規(guī)維護檢查內(nèi)容，如齒輪箱油溫、油位，車輪軸承溫度，起重機的載荷、應(yīng)力和振動情況，制動器摩擦襯片的壽命及溫度狀況等。 （5）新型化和實用化 結(jié)構(gòu)方面采用薄壁型材和異形鋼、減少結(jié)構(gòu)的拼接焊縫，提高抗疲勞性能。采用各種高強度低合金鋼新材料，提高承載能力，改善受力條件，減輕自重和增加外形美觀。橋式起重機的橋架結(jié)構(gòu)型式大多采用箱形四梁結(jié)構(gòu)，主梁與端梁采用高強度螺栓聯(lián)接，便于運輸與安裝。 在機構(gòu)方面進一步開發(fā)新型傳動零部件，簡化機構(gòu)。“三合一”運行機構(gòu)是當(dāng)今世界輕、中級起重機運行機構(gòu)的主流，將電動機、減速器和制動器合為一體，具有結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、輕巧美觀、拆裝方便、調(diào)整簡單、運行平穩(wěn)、配套范圍大等優(yōu)點，國外已廣泛應(yīng)用到各種起重機運行機構(gòu)上。為使中小噸位的起重小車結(jié)構(gòu)盡量簡化，同時降低起重機的尺寸高度，減小輪壓，國外已大量采用電動葫蘆作為起升機構(gòu)。為了減輕自重，提高承載能力，改善加工制造條件，增加產(chǎn)品成品率，零部件盡量采用以焊代鑄，如減速器殼體、卷簡、滑輪等都用焊接結(jié)構(gòu)。減速器齒輪都采用硬齒面，以減輕自重、減小體積、提高承載能力、增加使用壽命。液壓推桿盤式制動器的應(yīng)用范圍也越來越大。此外，各機構(gòu)采用的電動機都向高轉(zhuǎn)速發(fā)展，從而減小電機基座號，減輕重量與減小外形尺寸，并可配用制動力矩小的制動器。 在電控方面開發(fā)性能好、成本低、可靠性高的調(diào)速系統(tǒng)和電控系統(tǒng)，發(fā)展半自動和全自動操縱。采用機電儀液一體化技術(shù)，提高使用性能和可靠性，增加起重機的功能。今后會更加注重起重機的安全性，研制新型安全保護裝置。重視司機的工作條件，應(yīng)用人體工程學(xué)設(shè)計司機室，降低司機的勞動強度。德國近年為解決起重機吊鉤的防擺控制，開發(fā)了模糊邏輯電路的控制技術(shù)，用神經(jīng)信息和模糊技術(shù)來尋找開始加速的最佳時刻，將有經(jīng)驗司機防擺實際操作的數(shù)據(jù)輸入系統(tǒng)，實現(xiàn)最優(yōu)控制。模糊控制方式能確定實施自動工作的控制指令，將人們主觀上的模糊量通過模糊集合進行數(shù)字化定量，再利用計算機實現(xiàn)像熟練司機一樣的自如操作，取得了更高的效率和安全性。模糊控制作為新的控制方法已引人注目。  附錄2英文參考資料 Trends and research status of cranes ( 1 ) large-scale and specialization As the industry continues to expand the scale of production , increasing productivity , and product loading and unloading of materials during production gradually increased the proportion of costs , prompting a large or growing demand for high-speed crane . From the weight of growing, increasingly high operating speed , and reliability of energy consumption and higher requirements . Crane has become automated production processes is an important part . Crane not only easy to operate , easy to maintain, and better security , higher reliability , excellent durability requirements , trouble-free nature , maintenance and use of economy. Currently the world's largest floating crane lifting capacity of 6500t, the largest crawler crane lifting capacity of 3000t, the largest crane on weight of 1200t, the maximum operating speed of container shore crane trolley reached 350m/min, stacker cranes the maximum operating speed is 240m/min, garbage crane lifting speed up to 100m/min. Industrial production and diversity of user requirements , so special crane market continues to expand, varieties are constantly updated to meet the unique features of special needs , to play the best effect. Such as metallurgy , nuclear power , paper, waste disposal special cranes , explosion-proof, anti-corrosion, insulation crane and rail , ship , container cranes function increasing continuously improve performance, adaptability stronger than ever . Demag Cranes company developed a dedicated aircraft maintenance , opened the market in the international market . This crane is mounted on the housing structure, span , lifting height and large , you can cross over , high precision parking . How to install telescopic catheter , connected with aircraft maintenance platforms following the lifting trolley , and 360 -degree rotation . By displacement carts and car , lift and rotate the catheter can repair platform to reach any part of the aircraft , aircraft maintenance and repair carried out extremely quickly and conveniently. ( 2 ) a combination of modularity and Instead of the traditional method of modular machine design , the basic functions of the crane on the same member , parts and components made ??of a variety of purposes , with the same standard coupling elements and interchangeable modules , each with different combinations of modules , the formation of different types and sizes of cranes. Improved crane , just for a few modules. Design of new cranes , simply choose different modules re- mix. Single and small batch production can switch from the crane has a considerable volume module production to achieve high efficiency of specialized production , the production organization can also be changed product management module management . Achieve improved overall performance , reduce manufacturing costs and improve the general level , the composition of many varieties with less number of parts specifications , multi- standard products to fully meet user needs. Currently , Germany, Britain, France, the United States and Japan have adopted the famous Crane Crane modular design, and achieved remarkable results. German Demag standard cranes series switch modular design , the design than the one-piece design expenses decreased 12% to 45% decrease in production costs , economic benefits are substantial . Demag KBK company has also developed a flexible modular overhead crane , crane from cold-rolled steel rail type combination , the crane can be arbitrarily arranged along a line running production process , may have cross road, turn, cross- over , variable gauge . All parts can achieve mass production , according to the different needs of users and the specific material handling course in a short time will mix and match various components Serve. This crane combination is very good, easy to operate, can make full use of space , low running costs. There are manual and automatic forms, but also the composition of the suspension system , single-girder overhead cranes, double girder overhead cranes, jib cranes, gantry cranes and lightweight manual stacker cranes , and even the composition of large automated material handling systems. ( 3 ) Light and diversification There are considerable quantities of cranes are used in the general case, the work is not very heavy. Such cranes large quantities , versatile, considering the overall efficiency , requiring a crane to minimize the appearance height, simplify the structure, reducing the weight and wheel pressure , but also make the whole building height decrease , structural lightweight , lower cost . So there will be a faster development of electric hoist bridge crane and beam cranes, and most small and medium tonnage to replace general purpose bridge crane . Demag in Germany after decades of development and innovation , has formed a lightweight modular standard crane series. From the weight of 1-63 tons , working level A1-A7, the entire series from the I-shaped and box -type single girder , single girder suspension box , triangle -shaped single varieties of small trunk and box girder double girder and other components. Main beam and end beam lifting trolley layout phase and a variety of types , can be suitable for different buildings and different lifting height requirements. Each crane specifications according to user needs has three single-speed and two-speed for any of the three choices, you can also choose inverter . There are ways to manipulate the door to move on their own ground flashlight , flashlight door with the car moving , flashlight door fixed, wireless remote control, fixed cab , the cab with the car moving , moving on their own cab and other seven choices. Powered carts and car cable car , there are two ways conductivity , DVS system . So many options, through different combinations, with hundreds of cranes, fully meet the needs of different users . Another biggest advantage of this crane is lighter , light weight, light wheel pressure , dimensions height is small, can greatly reduce the construction cost of the plant buildings , but also to reduce the cost of running power and run the crane . Compared with generic products, from the weight of 10t, span 22.5m, Universal double girder overhead crane weight is 24t, crane rail surface height above 1876mm, crane width 5980mm; Demag Cranes weight only 8.7t, light weight 176 % , more than the height of the crane rail surface 920mm, reducing the 104% crane width 2980mm, dimension reduction of 100%. ( 4 ) automation and intelligent Updating and development of cranes , depends largely on the improvement of electrical transmission and control . The mechanical technology and electronic technology, advanced computer technology, microelectronics , power electronics, fiber optic technology, hydraulic technology , fuzzy control technique applied to the mechanical drive and control system, the crane automation and intelligent. A new generation of large-scale and efficient crane electrical control device has been developed for all-electronic digital control system . Mainly driven by the digital control unit , programmable logic controllers , fault diagnosis and data management systems, digital manipulation of a given testing equipment. Fuzzy control variable voltage variable frequency speed control , radio data communication , fault diagnosis surveillance, anti-sway spreader , the laser lifting objects to find the center of gravity , near-field inductive anti-collision technology , fieldbus, carrier communication and control , non-contact power supply and three-dimensional bar code technology will be widely applied. So that the crane has a higher flexibility to fit multiple batches of small quantities of flexible production model to improve single integrated automation level. Focuses on the development of high-performance microprocessor core electrical transmission device, so the crane has excellent speed and static and dynamic characteristics , automatic control can be operated automatically display automatic protection and automatic detection and recording , crane operation, special occasions the long-distance remote control , so as to meet the needs of automated production . Such as using a laser device to find the center of gravity position lifting objects , equipped with ultrasonic sensors to guide the device automatically extract extract grab goods on the device . Spreader automatic anti-sway system can run speed 200m/min , the case of acceleration 0.5m2 / s soon make lifting objects swing amplitude is reduced to a few millimeters. Crane precision positioning can be achieved by a magnetic field transducer or laser . Near-field sensing system installed on the crane , the crane can avoid collisions between each other . Crane also installed on the computer self-diagnostic monitoring system that can provide most of the routine maintenance check the contents , such as gearbox oil temperature, oil level, wheel bearing temperature , crane loads, stresses and vibration , the life of the brake linings and temperature conditions. ( 5 ) New technology and practical Structure of thin-walled steel profiles and profiled to reduce stitching seam structure , improve fatigue resistance . Using a variety of high-strength low-alloy steel of new materials to improve the carrying capacity, improve stress conditions , to reduce weight and increase the aesthetic appearance. Overhead crane bridge structure type mostly used box -shaped four- beam structure, the main beam and side beams of bolt connection , easy to transport and install . In terms of institutions to further the development of new transmission parts , simplified organization . "Triple play" run organization is the world's light , mainstream institutions intermediate crane operation , the motor , speed reducer and brake into one, with a compact, lightweight and beautiful , easy accessibility , simple adjustment , smooth operation , supporting a large range etc., has been widely used abroad to various crane operating agencies . To enable small and medium- tonnage crane trolley structure as simple as possible , while reducing the size of the crane height decreases wheel pressure abroad has been widely adopted as an electric hoist lifting mechanism . To reduce weight , improve the bearing capacity, improve manufacturing conditions , increase product yield, as far as possible to weld parts on behalf of the cast , such as reducer shell, roll Jane, pulleys and so welded structures. Hardened reducer gears are used to reduce weight , reduce the volume and improve the bearing capacity and increase service life. Hydraulic disc brakes putter range of applications is also growing . In addition, the agencies are used to high- speed development of the electric motor , thereby reducing the number of motor base , reduce weight and reduced dimensions, and can be equipped with a braking torque small brake. In terms of well developed electronic control performance, low cost , high reliability speed control system and electric control system , the development of semi-automatic and fully automatic manipulation. Electromechanical integration solution using technology to improve performance and reliability , increase the crane functions. The future will be more emphasis on crane safety, the development of new safety devices . Attention to the working conditions of drivers , application ergonomically designed cab , drivers reduce labor intensity . Germany in recent years to solve the crane hook anti- sway control , developed a fuzzy logic control technology with fuzzy neural information and technology to find the best time to start accelerating , the driver would have experienced anti-sway actual operation data input system , to achieve optimal Control . Fuzzy control method can determine the implementation of control commands work automatically and will blur the amount of people subjectively quantified by digitizing the fuzzy set , and then use the computer to achieve the same ease as the skilled driver operation , achieved greater efficiency and safety. Fuzzy Control as a new control method has been noticeable.