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1、n元音（20個(gè)）n長(zhǎng)元音 /:/ /):/ / :/ /i:/ /U:/ n短元音 / /D/ / /I/ /u/ /e/ / /eI/ /aI/ /)I/ n雙元音 /I/ /e/ /u/ /u/ /au/ 輔音（28個(gè)）n輕輔音 濁輔音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ / /z/n輕輔音 / / h/ /ts/ /t/ /tr/ n濁輔音 / / r/ /dz/ /d/ /dr/ n鼻音 /m/ /n/ / n半元音 / j/ / w/ 邊音 / l/ n n = 名詞，noun的縮寫(xiě) n c = 可數(shù)名詞，countable noun的縮寫(xiě) n u = 不可數(shù)名詞，uncountable

2、 noun的縮寫(xiě)n pl = 復(fù)數(shù)，plural的縮寫(xiě) n pron = 代名詞，pronoun的縮寫(xiě) n num = 數(shù)詞，numeral的縮寫(xiě)n adj = 形容詞，adjective的縮寫(xiě) n v = 動(dòng)詞，兼指及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞，verb的縮寫(xiě) n vi = 不及物動(dòng)詞，intransitive verb的縮寫(xiě) n vt = 及物動(dòng)詞，transitive verb的縮寫(xiě) n aux.v = 助動(dòng)詞 ，auxiliary的縮寫(xiě) n adv = 副詞，adverb的縮寫(xiě) n art = 冠詞，article的縮寫(xiě)n conj = 連接詞 ，conjunction的縮寫(xiě) n prep =

3、 介系詞；前置詞，preposition的縮寫(xiě) n int = 感嘆詞，interjection的縮寫(xiě) n英語(yǔ)句子成分：n句子的組成部分包括主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)七種。n 1主語(yǔ)是句子敘述的主體，可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和主語(yǔ)從句等來(lái)承擔(dān)。n謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所發(fā)出的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語(yǔ)由動(dòng)詞來(lái)承擔(dān)。n賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，常位于及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后面。賓語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、賓語(yǔ)從句等來(lái)?yè)?dān)任。 n主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)句子的兩大成分，除少數(shù)句子（如祈使句和感嘆句等）外，一句話必須同時(shí)具有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的意思才能完

4、整。主語(yǔ)是針對(duì)謂語(yǔ)而言的，是一句話的主題，謂語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的情況，為主語(yǔ)提供信息。例如：They are working.主語(yǔ)是they(他們)，那么他們?cè)谧鍪裁茨兀靠磥?lái)沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)are working 是不行的。在正常情況下，英語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的位置與漢語(yǔ)一致，也就是說(shuō)主語(yǔ)在前，謂語(yǔ)緊跟其后。那么，哪些詞語(yǔ)可以做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)，何時(shí)主謂倒置，主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的一致情況如何，我將一一講述。 n主語(yǔ) 哪些詞可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)n 1,名詞n A mooncake is a delicious, round cake.n 2,代詞n It is a young city.n I dont know if it will

5、 grow.n That is a bit expensive.n 3,數(shù)詞n One is not enough for me. I want one more.n Two will be enough. n 4,不定式 （常以 Its adj. to do sth. 形式出現(xiàn)）n例如： To give is better than to receive =Its better to give than to receive.n It was difficult to understand.n =To understand is difficult.n 5. there引起的There be

6、 句型中，be 作謂語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)位居其后。如：n There are many different kinds of mooncakes.n There is a small hill in my village. 6. 動(dòng)名詞Learning English is very interesting.7. 從句 What you need is enough practice in English study. Whether the meeting will be held is still a problem. 謂語(yǔ)必須由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，但動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能作謂語(yǔ)。可作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)

7、詞一般為行為動(dòng)詞(表動(dòng)作)和連系動(dòng)詞(表狀態(tài))，行為動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其后是否可直接接賓語(yǔ)，又可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞 及物動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)We should help each other. 我們應(yīng)該互相幫助。They respect one another. 他們互相尊重(對(duì)方)。All of the students like the novel. 所有這些學(xué)生都喜歡這本小說(shuō)。Did you see many people there? 你在那兒看見(jiàn)許多人了嗎? 不及物動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)He left here yesterday. 他昨天離開(kāi)這兒。Youre driving too fast. 你開(kāi)車(chē)開(kāi)得太

8、快了。He went abroad in the September of 1988. 他于1988年9月出國(guó) I worked in that factory when I as young. 賓語(yǔ)是行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，一般可分為動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)和介詞賓語(yǔ)，充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的可以是名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或整個(gè)句子。如：I like Chinese food. 我喜歡中國(guó)菜。I bought a ticket . I enjoyed talking to you. 我和你談話很高興。Have you finished dressing? 你衣服穿好了嗎?He certainly did not want

9、to join them. 他確實(shí)不想?yún)⒓铀麄兊幕顒?dòng)。They decided to study harder to make progress. We hoped that all would come well.We expected that you would stay for a few days. 中一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)多指人,另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)指物,指人的賓語(yǔ)叫做間接賓語(yǔ),指物的賓語(yǔ)叫做直接賓語(yǔ),可以帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有 bring,give,show,send,pass,tell等。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的前面,如果強(qiáng)調(diào)直接賓語(yǔ)可把直接賓語(yǔ)放在間接賓語(yǔ)的前面, 但間接賓語(yǔ)前須加to。n My fa

10、ther bought me a book.n我父親給我買(mǎi)了一本書(shū)。n Give the rubber to me.n把橡皮給我。n Please give the letter to XiaoLi. n請(qǐng)把這封信給小李。 n有些及物動(dòng)詞除跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)外，還需要加上賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),否則意思不完整,它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中賓語(yǔ)和后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)有一種邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，這也是判斷是兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還是復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的依據(jù),賓語(yǔ)可以由名詞或起名詞作用的詞擔(dān)任。n We all call him LaoWang.n我們都叫他老王。n Please color it red.n請(qǐng)給它涂上紅顏色。n We found

11、 the little girl in the hill.n我們?cè)谏缴险业搅诵∨ⅰ?用于描述名詞,代詞,短語(yǔ)或從句的性質(zhì),特征范圍等情況的詞叫做定語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)可以由名詞,形容詞和起名詞和形容詞作用的詞,短語(yǔ)擔(dān)任。如果定語(yǔ)是單個(gè)詞,定語(yǔ)放在被修飾詞的前面,如果是詞組,定語(yǔ)放在被修飾詞的后面。 n That is a beautiful flower.n The girl under the tree is Kate. n Can you find out the answer to the question？ n Do you know the man who is standing next t

12、o Mr. Green? n The TV set made in that factory is very good. n Our country is a developing country. n表語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ)是用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì),身份,特征和狀態(tài)。表語(yǔ)須和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成句子的復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。表語(yǔ)一般放在系動(dòng)詞之后。表語(yǔ)可以由名詞,形容詞或起名詞和形容詞作用的詞和短語(yǔ)擔(dān)任。n These desks are yellow.n My work is teaching Englishn The dictionary is in the bag.n All you need do is to take

13、 a taxi from the airport. n My question is how you knew him. n狀語(yǔ)n 1、說(shuō)明事物發(fā)生的時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),原因,目的,結(jié)果方式,條件或伴隨情況,程度等情況的詞叫狀語(yǔ)。n 2、狀語(yǔ)的功用：狀語(yǔ)說(shuō)明地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等。n 3、狀語(yǔ)一般由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞和分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)?yè)?dān)當(dāng)。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中，修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等 n A、副詞一般在句子中做狀語(yǔ)n He speaks English very well. 他英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得非常好。n B、不定式在句子

14、中可以作目的狀語(yǔ)。n I come specially to see you.我專(zhuān)門(mén)來(lái)看你。n C、介詞短語(yǔ)n Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.n The boy was praised for his bravery.n D、從句作狀語(yǔ)n When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. n E. Finding the country very beautiful , she decided to stay another two days. n狀語(yǔ)從句： n時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 （

15、when引導(dǎo)）n地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 （where引導(dǎo)）n原因狀語(yǔ)從句 （because引導(dǎo)）n結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 （so引導(dǎo)）n目的狀語(yǔ)從句 （to引導(dǎo)）n比較狀語(yǔ)從句 （than引導(dǎo)）n讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 （although引導(dǎo)）n條件狀語(yǔ)從句 （if引導(dǎo)） n E、分詞作狀語(yǔ)n Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper.n Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another. n補(bǔ)語(yǔ)n英語(yǔ)中補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的作用

16、對(duì)象是主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),具有鮮明的定語(yǔ)性描寫(xiě)或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用的成份。最常見(jiàn)的是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。名詞、動(dòng)名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞都可以在句子中作賓補(bǔ)。n 1、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)n主補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)常用在被動(dòng)句中。n 1.He was seen walking in the street. n 2、賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)n 1.不定式(to do)n Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！ We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。n We made him

17、 copy the sentence.n He is made to copy the sentence.n 2.名詞n At the meeting we elected him monitor.n I think your brother a clever boy. n 3.形容詞n I found the classroom emptyn 4.副詞n Please call the students back at once.n He was seen to take his cap off.n 5.現(xiàn)在分詞n We hear him singing in the hall.n I fo

18、und him lying in bed, sleeping.n 6.過(guò)去分詞n He saw his face reflected in the water.n I heard it spoken of in the next room. n同位語(yǔ) 當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí)，一個(gè)句子成分可被用來(lái)說(shuō)明或解釋另一個(gè)句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位語(yǔ)（appositive）.這兩個(gè)句子成分多由名詞（代詞）擔(dān)任，同位語(yǔ)通常皆放在其說(shuō)明的名詞（代詞）之后。n This is Miss Chen, our English teacher.n這是陳小姐，我們的英語(yǔ)老師。n We all li

19、ke sports.n I heard the news that our team had won我聽(tīng)到了我們隊(duì)獲勝的消息。n注意：可以跟同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。 n句子結(jié)構(gòu) 簡(jiǎn)單句：只包含一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）的句子，稱作簡(jiǎn)單句。簡(jiǎn)單句有以下5種基本句型：n S十V主謂結(jié)構(gòu)n S十V十F主系表結(jié)構(gòu)n S十V十O主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)n S十V十O1十O2 主謂雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)n S十V十O十C 主謂賓補(bǔ)結(jié)

20、構(gòu)n（ There +be There lies a book on the desk. ）n說(shuō)明：S主語(yǔ)；V謂語(yǔ)；P表語(yǔ)；O賓 n語(yǔ)；O1間接賓語(yǔ)；O2直接賓語(yǔ)；C賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) n五個(gè)基本句式詳細(xì)解釋如下：n 1 主語(yǔ)+ 不及物動(dòng)詞 n例：He (主語(yǔ)）laughed(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）.n My tooth aches. n 2 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) n例：They（主語(yǔ)） enjoy（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞） the play（賓語(yǔ)）. n I met John in the street yesterday. n 3 主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ) n例：He（主語(yǔ)） is（系動(dòng)詞） out（表語(yǔ)）. n

21、 Jenny is fine. n It looks like rain, soon. n 4 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 雙賓語(yǔ) （就是 間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)）n例：He （主語(yǔ)）bought （謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞） her（間接賓語(yǔ)） a watch （直接賓語(yǔ)）. n The sun gives us light. n注意：雙賓語(yǔ)一個(gè)指人（即間接賓語(yǔ)），另一個(gè)指物（即直接賓語(yǔ)）。一般間接賓語(yǔ)位于直接賓語(yǔ)的前面，有時(shí)它們也可交換位置，這是需要在間接賓語(yǔ)的前面加上介詞to 或for 。 n 5 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + 補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) n例：She（主語(yǔ)） found（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞） him （賓語(yǔ) )a ve

22、ry clever student（賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）. n I make it a rule to get up early in the morning. n注意：當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)意思表達(dá)不完整時(shí)，需要用補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)等。用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的通常有名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定式等。當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為see, hear , watch, feel 等感官動(dòng)詞或者let, have , make 等使役動(dòng)詞時(shí)，如果不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，必須省略to。n例如：Let me (to) see. (to)要省去。 n英語(yǔ)常用句型 :n 1.肯定句; 2.否定句 ; 3.疑問(wèn)句; n 4.反義疑問(wèn)句; 5.簡(jiǎn)單句; 6

23、.并列句;n 7.主從復(fù)合句n每一種句型又都是變化多樣得，不是一句話兩句話就能說(shuō)清楚的。 簡(jiǎn)單句(五個(gè)句型)n 1. S.+ v. (+A)句型n 2.S+V+O(+A)句型n 3.S+V+P句型n 4.S+V+O+OC句型n 5.S+V+InO+DO句型 簡(jiǎn)單句(五個(gè)句型)n 1. S.+ v. (+A)句型n The moon rose.n The train leaves at 7.n 2.S+V+O(+A)句型n I know your name.n You must put all the toys upstairs. n 3.S+V+P句型n We are students.n W

24、e are hungry.n We feel happy.n 4.S+V+O+OC句型n They made him their monitor.n We keep our classroom clean and tidy.n 5.S+V+InO+DO句型n My father bought me a lot of books.n My grandmother gave me five yuan. n My grand mother gave five yuan to me. 五種句子的種類(lèi)n 1.陳述句n 2.疑問(wèn)句n 3.祈使句n 4.感嘆句n 5.There be 存在句 五種句子的種類(lèi)

25、n 1.陳述句n I came here last night.n He isnt a worker.n He has no brother.n There goes the bell. 2.疑問(wèn)句n Do you know him?n Didnt I tell you to come early?n How long will you stay here?n Are you a student or a teacher?n He is a writer, isnt it? 3.祈使句n Come and have a cup of tea.n Dont open the door.n Let

26、 me try.n Lets not have a rest. 4.感嘆句n How happy Jenny was!n How time flies.n What an interesting book it is!n What fine weather we have today. 5.There be 存在句n There are 48 students in our classroom.n There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk.n Are there any boats on the lake? 動(dòng)詞的常見(jiàn)時(shí)態(tài)1一

27、般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（is/am/are do, does )3現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(is/are doing)8過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had done)6 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(would do/was,were going to)5一般將來(lái)時(shí)(will do/is/are going to do)4過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/were doing)2一般過(guò)去時(shí)(was/were, did)7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（has/have done) 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)n一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：is/am/are+donen一般過(guò)去時(shí):was/were+donen現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):is/am/are+being+donen過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí):was/were+being+donen一般將來(lái)時(shí)

28、:will+be+donen過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí):would+be+donen現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):have/has+been+donen過(guò)去完成時(shí):had+been +done 簡(jiǎn)單句(五個(gè)句型)n 1. S.+ v. (+A)句型n 2.S+V+O(+A)句型n 3.S+V+P句型n 4.S+V+O+OC句型n 5.S+V+InO+DO句型 簡(jiǎn)單句(五個(gè)句型)n 1. S.+ v. (+A)句型n The moon rose.n The train leaves at 7.n 2.S+V+O(+A)句型n I know your name.n You must put all the toys upstair

29、s. n 3.S+V+P句型n We are students.n We are hungry.n We feel happy.n 4.S+V+O+OC句型n They made him their monitor.n We keep our classroom clean and tidy.n 5.S+V+InO+DO句型n My father bought me a lot of books.n My grandmother gave me five yuan. n My grand mother gave five yuan to me. 五種句子的種類(lèi)n 1.陳述句n 2.疑問(wèn)句n 3

30、.祈使句n 4.感嘆句n 5.There be 存在句 五種句子的種類(lèi)n 1.陳述句n I came here last night.n He isnt a worker.n He has no brother.n There goes the bell. 2.疑問(wèn)句n Do you know him?n Didnt I tell you to come early?n How long will you stay here?n Are you a student or a teacher?n He is a writer, isnt it? 3.祈使句n Come and have a cu

31、p of tea.n Dont open the door.n Let me try.n Lets not have a rest. 4.感嘆句n How happy Jenny was!n How time flies.n What an interesting book it is!n What fine weather we have today. 5.There be 存在句n There are 48 students in our classroom.n There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk.n Are the

32、re any boats on the lake? 動(dòng)詞的常見(jiàn)時(shí)態(tài)1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（is/am/are do, does )3現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(is/are doing)8過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had done)6 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(would do/was,were going to)5一般將來(lái)時(shí)(will do/is/are going to do)4過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/were doing)2一般過(guò)去時(shí)(was/were, did)7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（has/have done) 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)n一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：is/am/are+donen一般過(guò)去時(shí):was/were+donen現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):is/am/are+being+donen過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí):was/were+being+donen一般將來(lái)時(shí):will+be+donen過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí):would+be+donen現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):have/has+been+donen過(guò)去完成時(shí):had+been +done