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高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法—There be句型

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1、There be句型 一、構(gòu)成:There be是英語(yǔ)中常用句型, 意思是“有”,表示“人或事物的存在”。 其結(jié)構(gòu)為T(mén)here be(is,are,was, were )+名詞+地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。There在此結(jié)構(gòu)中是引導(dǎo)詞,已經(jīng)沒(méi)有副詞“那里”的含義。There be 后面的名詞是句子的主語(yǔ),屬倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如: There are fifty-two students in our class. There is a pencil in my pencil-case. There was an old house by the river five years ago. 二、各種句式:

2、 1.否定句:There be句型否定句式的構(gòu)成和含有be動(dòng)詞的其它句型一樣,在be后加上“not”。也可用“no”來(lái)表示。即:no + n.(名詞)= not a\an\any + n.(名詞)。 注意:no + n.(可數(shù)名詞單數(shù))= not a\an + n.(可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)); no + n.(可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù))= not any + n.(可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)); no + n.(不可數(shù)名詞)= not any + n.(不可數(shù)名詞)。例如: There is an orange in her bag. →There isn’t an oran

3、ge in her bag. →There is no orange in her bag. There are some oranges in her bag. →There aren’t any oranges in her bag. →There are no oranges in her bag. There is some juice in the bottle. →There isn’t any juice in the bottle.

4、 →There is no juice in the bottle. 2. 一般疑問(wèn)句:There be結(jié)構(gòu)的一般疑問(wèn)句變化只需把be動(dòng)詞移到句首,再在句尾加上問(wèn)號(hào)即可。例如: There is some money in her handbag. → Is there any money in her handbag? (疑問(wèn)句和否定句中,some改為any, something改為anything.) There is something new in today’s newspaper. →There isn’t anythin

5、g new in today’s newspaper. →Is there anything new in today’s newspaper? 3. 特殊疑問(wèn)句:There be句型的特殊疑問(wèn)句有以下三種形式: ① 對(duì)主語(yǔ)提問(wèn):當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是人時(shí),用 “Who’s + 介詞短語(yǔ)?”;當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是物時(shí),用 “What’s + 介詞短語(yǔ)?”。其中there在口語(yǔ)中常常省略。注意:無(wú)論原句的主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù),對(duì)其提問(wèn)時(shí)一般都用be的單數(shù)形式(回答時(shí)卻要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來(lái)決定)。如: There is a bird in the tree. →What’s in the t

6、ree? There are some bikes over there. →What’s over there? There is a little girl in the room. →Who is in the room? ② 對(duì)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)提問(wèn):用 “Where is \ are + 主語(yǔ)?”表示(注意其答語(yǔ)變化):例如: There is a computer in my office. → Where is the computer? ----It’s in my office. There are four childr

7、en in the classroom. →Where are the four children?—They’ re in the classroom. ③ 對(duì)數(shù)量提問(wèn):一般有兩種提問(wèn)方式: 如果主語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞,無(wú)論是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù),都用“How many +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) + are there + 介詞短語(yǔ)?”表示: There are twelve months in a year. →How many months are there in a year? There is only one book in my bag. → How ma

8、ny books are there in your bag? There is a cat in the box. → How many cats are there in the box? 如果主語(yǔ)是不可數(shù)名詞,則用“ How much + 不可數(shù)名詞 + is there + 介詞短語(yǔ)?”表示: There is some money in my purse. How much money is there in your purse? 4. 反意疑問(wèn)句:There be或There加其它動(dòng)詞,其反意疑問(wèn)句一律用…there? 例如: There is a

9、 beautiful girl in the garden, isn’t there? There used to be no school here, used there \did there? 三、注意: 1. 主謂一致和就近原則:如果句子的主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞,或是不可數(shù)名詞,be動(dòng)詞用“is” “was”。如果句子的主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,be動(dòng)詞就用“are” “were”。如果有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的名詞作主語(yǔ),be動(dòng)詞要和最靠近它的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上保持一致,也就是我們常說(shuō)的 “就近原則”。 2. There be 時(shí)態(tài)。 3. There be句型和ha

10、ve\has的區(qū)別:There be句型表示 “存在有”, have\has表示 “擁有” “所有”,兩者不能同時(shí)使用.例如: There are three books on the desk. 桌子上有三本書(shū). I have three books. 我有三本書(shū). 四.用法: 1.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的there be結(jié)構(gòu) 多數(shù)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,如:can, may, must, should, ought to, used to等都可以用于there be結(jié)構(gòu),并且在此結(jié)構(gòu)中分別保留其原有的情態(tài)意義。例如: (1).There should have been someone on d

11、uty all the time.本來(lái),每時(shí)每刻都應(yīng)有人值班的。 (2). There used to be a small pine wood near where I live.在我的住所附近曾經(jīng)有一片小松林。 (3).There must be something wrong with the machine.這機(jī)器一定是有故障了。 2.含有半助動(dòng)詞的there be結(jié)構(gòu) 半助動(dòng)詞本身有一定的含義,并且用法較為固定,常用在引導(dǎo)詞there之后,be之前。這些半助動(dòng)詞有:appear to, happen to, chance to, seem to, tend to, pr

12、ove to, turn out to, be about to, be sure to, be certain to, be likely to等。例如: (4). There dosent seem to have been any difficulty over the money question. (5).Theres sure to be a well somewhere nearby.附近肯定有一口井。 (6). Theres likely to be a large audience in the theatre.劇院里可能有大量的觀眾。 3. There be結(jié)構(gòu)中的

13、be用其他動(dòng)詞來(lái)代替 為了表達(dá)生動(dòng),在正式文體或文學(xué)作品中,可用表示狀態(tài)、發(fā)生、位置轉(zhuǎn)移等意義的其他動(dòng)詞來(lái)代替動(dòng)詞be。常這樣用的動(dòng)詞有:live, lie, stand, remain, exist, occur, arise, rise, follow, come, enter, reach等。 (7). There exist many ancient temples of this kind on the shores of the Mediterranean. 在地中海沿岸地帶,有許多這樣的古廟。 (8). Not long after this, there rose

14、 a sudden revolution.此后不久,突然爆發(fā)了一場(chǎng)革命。 (9). Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black. 突然進(jìn)來(lái)一個(gè)渾身穿黑的陌生人。 注意:have一詞雖與 there be結(jié)構(gòu)在意義上有類(lèi)似之處,但 have不能用來(lái)代替本結(jié)構(gòu)中的 be,因此這個(gè)說(shuō)法是不可取的:*Theres going to have a meeting next week. 4.帶有從句的there be結(jié)構(gòu) There be結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)后通常可以有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)限制,還可以跟一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句。這個(gè)

15、結(jié)構(gòu)也可以帶有一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句,狀語(yǔ)從句的位置可前可后。 (10). There is nothing that does not contain contradiction.沒(méi)有不包含矛盾的事物。(定語(yǔ)從句) (11). There came the news that the President had been assassinated.(同位語(yǔ)從句) (12). There ought to be some instructions on the lid, if Im not mistaken.(后置狀語(yǔ)從句) (13).If the criminal had come this

16、way, there would have been footprints.(前置狀語(yǔ)從句) 5.用在從句中的there be結(jié)構(gòu) There be結(jié)構(gòu)用在從句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)等。例如: (14). It is reported that there are a number of wounded on both sides.(主語(yǔ)從句) (15). They said there were quite a number of very valuable jewels stolen.(賓語(yǔ)從句) (16). Such wind as there wa

17、s came up the river.(定語(yǔ)從句) (17). Where there is a will, there is a way.(狀語(yǔ)從句) (18). The problem is that theres too much difficulty in fulfilling the task.(表語(yǔ)從句) (19). The fact that there occurred another accident surprised us all.(同位語(yǔ)從句) 6. There be的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式 There be結(jié)構(gòu)可以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式來(lái)表達(dá),這時(shí)表示“存在”的實(shí)意動(dòng)

18、詞be變成了助動(dòng)詞,過(guò)去分詞與其后的主語(yǔ)有被動(dòng)的主謂關(guān)系。例如: (20). There are now published millions of books every year in China. (21). In the distance there was heard again the lowing of the cattle. (22). There are said to have been discovered on the very spot the remains of an ancient civilization.據(jù)說(shuō)正是在這個(gè)地點(diǎn)發(fā)現(xiàn)了古代文明的遺址。 7.

19、主語(yǔ)表示特指的there be結(jié)構(gòu) There be結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)一般用名詞或不定代詞表示不確定的事物。但要求特別提及某人或某事物的存在時(shí),可表示特指。這時(shí)的主語(yǔ)可以是專(zhuān)有名詞、人稱(chēng)代詞,也可以由定冠詞和物主代詞來(lái)修飾名詞。例如: (23). Then theres Mrs. Green——she must be invited to the wedding. 還有格林太太——必須邀請(qǐng)她參加婚禮。(專(zhuān)有名詞) (24). There were only we two left to continue the fierce fight against the enemy. 只剩下我

20、們兩人繼續(xù)同敵人進(jìn)行激烈的戰(zhàn)斗。(人稱(chēng)代詞) (25). Many young people are taking radio courses in English. There is the boy next door, for example.許多年輕人在學(xué)廣播英語(yǔ)課程,例如隔壁的那個(gè)男孩。(由定冠詞修飾) (26). I am old and there is only my son to take my body to the grave. 我老了,并且只有我兒子為我送葬了。(由物主代詞修飾) 8. There be的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu) 一.There be的不定式形式

21、和其他謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一樣,there be結(jié)構(gòu)可以有自己的不定式形式——there to be,在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等。例如: (27). For there to be a mistake in a computers arithmetic is impossible. 電腦的計(jì)算是不可能出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤的。(主語(yǔ)) (28). It was unusual for there to be no late comers that day. 那天沒(méi)有遲到者,這是異乎尋常的。(主語(yǔ)) (29). Id like there to be a swimming pool in the gard

22、en. 我希望花園里有個(gè)游泳池。(賓語(yǔ)) (30). The secretary arranged for there to be another interview. 秘書(shū)又安排了一次面談。(介賓) (31). It was too late for there to be any buses. 太晚了,不會(huì)有公共汽車(chē)了。(狀語(yǔ)) 注意:there to be作主語(yǔ)時(shí)通常有 for引導(dǎo),例如:例(27)和(28);作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)只能作for的賓語(yǔ),而不能作其他介詞的賓語(yǔ),見(jiàn)例(30)。 二. There be的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu) 其動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)形式為:there being,

23、在句中可以作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。例如: (32). There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage. 有一個(gè)車(chē)站離這所房子很近,這是一大優(yōu)勢(shì)。(主語(yǔ)) (33). We were annoyed at there being so much time wasted. 由于浪費(fèi)了那么多時(shí)間,我們很生氣。(賓語(yǔ)) 三.There be的分詞形式 There be一般只有現(xiàn)在分詞形式,并可以分為一般式和完成式。其一般式為:there being,完成式為:there having been,在句中可用作狀語(yǔ)。 (

24、34).There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒(méi)有別的事情可做,我們就回家了。 (35).There having been no rain for a long time, the ground was burnt black by the sun. 由于好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)下雨了,地面都要被太陽(yáng)烤焦了。 9. There be結(jié)構(gòu)的進(jìn)一步倒裝 There be結(jié)構(gòu)本身屬于一種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),因?yàn)樗竺娴拿~短語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ)。但有時(shí)為了句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要,或者為了強(qiáng)調(diào)可以進(jìn)一步倒裝,這時(shí)be提到了引導(dǎo)詞there之前,there好象成了be的主語(yǔ)。

25、例如: (36). Are there any books in the other room? 另一個(gè)房間里有書(shū)嗎?(疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)的需要) (37). Not a single soul was there to show us the way. 沒(méi)有一個(gè)人給我們指路。(強(qiáng)調(diào)的需要) 10. 省略引導(dǎo)詞there的there be結(jié)構(gòu) 在口語(yǔ)中,地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)提到句首或表示推測(cè)語(yǔ)氣時(shí),可以省略引導(dǎo)詞there,仍然表示存在。例如: (38). Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles, turkeys and toys.

26、 貨品中有圣誕樹(shù)、花卉、蠟燭、火雞和玩具。(狀語(yǔ)提前,are前省略there) (39). Wont be anybody there now. 那兒現(xiàn)在不會(huì)有人。(推測(cè),句首省略There) (40). Must be someone at the door.門(mén)口那里一定有什么人。(推測(cè),句首省略There) 11. 省略there be的存在句 在口語(yǔ)中或針對(duì)there be疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)的簡(jiǎn)短答語(yǔ)中可以省略there be,例如: (41). Anything I can do for you?我能為您效勞嗎?(句首省略了Is there) (42).----- How m

27、any foreign students are there in your class? -----Five.(Five前省略了There are) 12. 省略主語(yǔ)的there be結(jié)構(gòu) 對(duì)there be結(jié)構(gòu)一般疑問(wèn)句的簡(jiǎn)短回答,可以省略主語(yǔ)。 (43).----- Are there any chairs in the room? -----No, there arent.(句尾省略了主語(yǔ)) (44).----- Is there an artificial hill in the park? -----Yes, there is.(句尾省略了主語(yǔ)) 13.Th

28、ere be結(jié)構(gòu)在主謂一致中的特例 There be結(jié)構(gòu)中動(dòng)詞be的數(shù)通常與其后作為主語(yǔ)的名詞或代詞一致。但也有例外:當(dāng)本結(jié)構(gòu)后的名詞短語(yǔ)是一系列的事物,并且第一個(gè)事物是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí),那么動(dòng)詞可以根據(jù)鄰近原則而用單數(shù)形式;有時(shí)人們先說(shuō)出there is (was),然后才想到要用名詞復(fù)數(shù),這樣會(huì)產(chǎn)生主謂不一致情況,這種情況在口語(yǔ)中允許出現(xiàn)。例如: (45).There is a textbook, a dictionary and some notebooks. 書(shū)桌上有一本教科書(shū)、一本字典和幾本筆記。(鄰近原則) (46).Theres hundreds of people

29、on the waiting list. 登記等候的有數(shù)百人。(口語(yǔ)表達(dá)) 14.“There be + no (not any) +動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu) 此結(jié)構(gòu)是一種特殊意義的否定結(jié)構(gòu),表示不可能性。 (47). There is no saying how long the rain is going to last. 說(shuō)不準(zhǔn)這場(chǎng)雨要下多久。 (48). There isnt any mistaking his intentions this time.這次是不可能誤會(huì)他的意思的。 15. There be 結(jié)構(gòu)是一常見(jiàn)的表示“存在”的句型 該結(jié)構(gòu)不表示“存在”意義的現(xiàn)象又廣見(jiàn)于

30、書(shū)面語(yǔ)及口語(yǔ),它以否定句的形式出現(xiàn),用于對(duì)某一具體行為和抽象概念的否定。其慣用結(jié)構(gòu)一般有以下三種: 一、There is + no + Noun + in doing something 1.其中名詞為表“利弊”、“用途”的抽象名詞,如: There is no good in going. 去沒(méi)有什么好處。 There is no harm in doing that. 那樣做并無(wú)害處。 There is no use in doing it. 干此事毫無(wú)用處。 2.其中名詞為表“價(jià)值”、“意義”的抽象名詞,如: There is no sense in wait

31、ing here. 在這里等候下去毫無(wú)意義。 There is no point in doing so. 這樣做毫無(wú)意義。 There is no disgrace in failing once. 一旦失敗也不丟臉。 (注:此結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以省略,如:There is no use asking her—she doesn’t know anything.) 二、There is + no + doing something 1.其中的動(dòng)詞(do)多為“轉(zhuǎn)述”或“認(rèn)知”等意義的動(dòng)詞,如:tell, say, know等,其后一般跟疑問(wèn)句,如when,what等。 T

32、here is no saying what may happen. 很難說(shuō)會(huì)發(fā)生什么事。 There is no telling when he will return. 說(shuō)不清他何時(shí)回來(lái)。 There is no knowing when we shall meet again. 不知何時(shí)我們能再相會(huì)。 2.其他動(dòng)詞,其意義相當(dāng)靈活。 There is no mistaking what ought to be done. 應(yīng)該做什么是清楚的。 There is no denying the fact. 事實(shí)無(wú)可否認(rèn)。 There is no holding bac

33、k the wheel of history. 歷史的車(chē)輪不能倒轉(zhuǎn)。 There is no getting along with him. 他很難相處。 Once she starts talking, there is no stopping her. 一旦她打開(kāi)話匣子,就說(shuō)個(gè)沒(méi)完。 There is no joking with him. 和他不能開(kāi)玩笑。 三、There is + no + Action Noun 此結(jié)構(gòu)的含義相當(dāng)于It’s impossible /unnecessary to do something。如: There is no hurry a

34、bout it. 沒(méi)有必要這么急匆匆的。 There is no question of his honesty. 他的誠(chéng)實(shí)是勿庸置疑的。 有時(shí),在此結(jié)構(gòu)中的Action Noun被動(dòng)名詞形式所取代,其意義不變。試比較: There is no escape from the evident. There is no escaping the fact. 兩句都表示:無(wú)法逃(躲)避…… 但是,有時(shí)也存在意義上的區(qū)別,試比較: a. There is no doubt at all about it. “存在句”,意即:對(duì)于此事不存在任何的疑問(wèn)。 b. Ther

35、e is no doubting her virtue. 不表“存在”的一種慣用結(jié)構(gòu),意即:她的貞操勿庸置疑。 以上三種結(jié)構(gòu)除用于陳述句外,尚可見(jiàn)于疑問(wèn)句。如: Is there any use in discussing the matter further? 這種事再討論下去有何益處? Is there any hurry about it? 這事需要匆忙嗎? 此慣用結(jié)構(gòu)中的be有時(shí)可與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用,其語(yǔ)氣更趨委婉。如: There could be no mistaking where he had come from. 他從哪里來(lái)是相當(dāng)清楚的。 此結(jié)構(gòu)中的no也不是一成不變的,它可被其他形式所取代。如: There isn’t any getting away from it. 要從它那里逃脫是不可能的。 There was never believing half of what he said. 他的話連一半也不信。 There’s never any predicting what they will do next. 無(wú)法料及他們下一步將會(huì)干什么 4

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