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1、 *第三＋八篇 "Life Form Found" on Saturns Titan Scientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturns moon2. The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency,NASA3,analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini4,which pointed to,the existe

2、nce of methane-based form of life on Saturns biggest moon. Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are"breathing" in Titans dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen. They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titans planet-like surface covered with metha

3、ne lakes and rivers. This,they say,points to the existence of some"bugs"5 consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth. "We suggested hydrogen consumption because its the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan,similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth

4、,"says NASA scientist Chris McKay."If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life,it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth." To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere,though there are liquid-

5、water-based microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product. On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6(minus 290 degrees Farenheit),a methanebased organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itsel

6、f. Water is frozen solid on Titans surface and much too cold to support life as we know it. Scientists had expected the Suns interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coating of acetylene on Titans surface. But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface. The absence of detectabl

7、e acetylene on the Titans surface can very well have a non-biological explanation,said Mark Allen,a principal investigator7 of the NASA Titan team. "Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed,"Allen sa

8、id. "We have a lot of work to do to rule out8 possible non-biological explanations. It is more likely that a chemical process,without biology,can explain these results." 詞匯： Saturn /st?n/ n．土星 methane/mi:θein/ n．甲烷，沼氣 Titan/tait?n/ n．土衛(wèi)六 acetylene/?setili:n/ n．乙炔 alien/eilj?n/ n．外

9、星人；adj．外星球的；相異的 conservatism/k?ns?:v?tiz?m/ n．保守主義,守舊 注釋： 1.hints of alien life：外星生命跡象。 2.the Saturns moon：指土衛(wèi)六（Titan) 。土衛(wèi)六又稱泰坦星，是土星衛(wèi)星中最大的一顆。 3.NASA：美國國家航空航天局的縮寫，全稱是： National Aeronautics and Space Administration。 4.spacecraft Cassini：卡西尼號探測器，以出生于意大利的法國天文學家卡西尼的名字命名，其任務(wù)是環(huán)繞土星飛行，對土星及其大氣、光環(huán)、

10、衛(wèi)星和磁場進行深人考察。1997 年10 月15日，重六噸的“卡西尼”號星際探測器被發(fā)射飛往土星的軌道。這是上世紀發(fā)射的最后一艘行星際探測的大飛船?！翱ㄎ髂帷碧栍昧藢⒔吣陼r間，在2004 年7月1日飛達土星軌道。 5.bugs：微生物。非正式口語表達，所以使用了引號。 6.Kelvin：可翻譯成“絕對溫度”。Kelvin Scale ，絕對溫標，開氏溫標，是由Kelvin 勛爵于19世紀中葉發(fā)明的溫度計量方法，其零度相當于攝氏一273. 15" C ，被認為是宇宙中最低溫度。這種溫度計量方法多為科學家使用。 7.principal investigator：研究項目負責人 8.rul

11、e out：排除……的可能性 練習： 1 .What have scientists found about Saturn? A They have found a new moon orbiting Saturn. B They have found methane-based life on Saturn. C They have found methane-based life on Titan. D They have found earthlike life on a Saturns moon. 2. What do scientists say about Titan

12、? A There are life clues there. B There is acetylene there. C Water on Titan exists in the form of ice. D Rivers and lakes there contain life formls. 3. To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life.(paragraph 5)What does"this form of life" refer to? A Water-based life. B Methan

13、e-based life. C Liquid-water-based microorganisms. D Gas-based life. 4. What can be inferred from what Allen said? A Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on Titan. B Scientists all agree that there is life on Titan. C Scientists all suggest that a biological explanati

14、on is reasonable. D Scientists all agree that a non-biological chemical reaction is a possible explanation. 5. Which of the following can replace the title of this passage? A Earthlike Living Beings Found on Titan. B Finding of One More Moon of Saturn. C Titan,a New Satellite Found. D A differ

15、ent Life Form, a Possibility. 答案與題解： 1. C 短文的第一段提供了答案。該段告訴讀者，科學家在土星的衛(wèi)星土衛(wèi)六（ Titan ）上發(fā)現(xiàn)了生命的跡象，這些生命的存在是以甲烷為基礎(chǔ)的。 2.A根據(jù)第二段“Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are breathing in Titans dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.”，說明土衛(wèi)六（Titan）有生命跡象。因此A是答案。 3. B this fo

16、rm of life 指的是土衛(wèi)六（ Titan ）上以甲烷為生命基礎(chǔ)呼吸氫氣的生物，即該文討論的主題。 4.A科學家至今對土衛(wèi)六是否存在生物有不同的觀點和解釋。Allen 說要做出土衛(wèi)六上有生 物的結(jié)論，首先必須對Titan 上沒有生物的觀點做出回應；要排除土衛(wèi)六上可能沒有生物的觀點，我們還須付出努力。所以只有A是正確選擇。 5.D該短文的主題是，科學家在土衛(wèi)六（ Titan ）上發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種與地球生物不同的生命形式的跡象，即以甲烷為生命基礎(chǔ)呼吸氫氣的生物，但科學家還未能最后驗證這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。第四段中的一個句子能夠揭示該短文的主題：“If these signs do turn out to

17、 be a sign of life, it would bedoubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.” *第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicago

18、l1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math. "If these gi

19、rls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3 said Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math th

20、an girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have if they were more confident. Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult to learn -- and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone. Resea

21、rchers use the word "anxiety" to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry. The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first- and second-grade teachers

22、in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores. The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the res

23、earchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probabl

24、y anxious about math. Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teachers anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did.Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showe

25、d feeling that boys would be better at math -- and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety. "This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in need of replication with a larger sample6," said David Geary,a psychologist at t

26、he University of Missouri7 in Columbia. 詞匯： snowball /sn?ub?:l/雪球；滾雪球式增長的事 replication/replikei??n/ n ．重復，復現(xiàn) superstar/sju:p?sta:/ n．超級明星 練習： 1. University of Chicago：芝加哥大學。位于美國伊利諾伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大學，創(chuàng)建于1891 年。 2. keep getting math-anxious female teachers：一直由對數(shù)學有焦慮感的女教師教授數(shù)學。此處getting是havi

27、ng的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的對數(shù)學沒有自信的心理狀態(tài)。另見第三段最后一句對anxiety的解釋。 3. snowball effect on their math achievement：在數(shù)學成就上的雪球效應。其含義是：在數(shù)學上越來越?jīng)]有信心。 4. end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后從老師那里獲得的是對數(shù)學的焦慮。End up doing something：最終會做某事 5. sales receipt：銷售清單 6. in need of replication with a larg

28、er sample：需要用更大的調(diào)查樣本進行重復驗證。replication 在量化實證研究中的意思是“重復（實驗）”。 7. the University of Missouri：密蘇里大學。位于密蘇里州，是美國一所公立研究型大學，創(chuàng)建于1839年。 練習： 1. What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph? A Girls comfortable with their own math skills are better th

29、an boys at math. B Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math. C Female teachers math skills have influence over girl students math skills. D Female teachers confidence in their math skills is related to girls math skills. 2. What is implied in the third pa

30、ragraph? A Math teachers,like math learners,do not like the subject due to its difficulty. B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers confidence in teaching the subject. C Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math. D Math is so difficult that no teach

31、ers like to teach it. 3. According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt A nervous memorizing the numbers of a sales receipt. B helpless saving the numbers of a sales receipt. C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt. D hopeless filling in t

32、he numbers of a sales report. 4. The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings A prove a strong link between female teachers math anxiety and their female students math achievements. B show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than female students.

33、 C provide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be males than females. D discover a strong link between teachers math anxiety and their students math achievements. 5. David Geary thinks that A the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process. B the r

34、esearch results need to be retested based on a larger sample. C the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful. D the study is well based and produces significant results. 答案與題解： 1.D 該段告訴我們女教師的想法（what female teachers think）和女學生的學習（what female students learn）之間有很大的關(guān)聯(lián)度，也就是說，女教

35、師如果對自己的數(shù)學技能沒有自信，她的女學生很可能相信男孩子會在數(shù)學方面超過女孩子。 2.B 第三段的大意是，數(shù)學對任何人來說都可能有難度（The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone)，如同學生，教師也會覺得數(shù)學難學和難教，這就是研究者所言的焦慮。所以，可以推斷，作者是要告訴我們，教師會因為數(shù)學這門學科的難度而對教授該課程不自信。其他選項都不是該段所要表達的內(nèi)容。 3.C 第五段第三句“To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researc

36、hers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales receipt”指出了答案。memorizing the numbers；意為“記住數(shù)字”；saving the numbers意為“保存數(shù)字”；filling in the numbers意為“陸續(xù)編入數(shù)字”，而且文中沒有提到a sales report；它們均不是答案。 4.A 短文的第六段是對前一段所述調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果的討論，即，男學生較少受對數(shù)學有焦慮感的教師影響，而那些數(shù)學成績較

37、低的女生都有對數(shù)學有焦慮感的教師（girls with math-anxious teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests)，而且，所有認為男生數(shù)學肯定比女生強的女生，其數(shù)學教師都是有數(shù)學焦慮感的女教師（all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety. )。D所以不是正確的選擇，因為只提到teachers 和students,而不是female teachers 和female students。 5.B 根據(jù)David Geary的說法，實驗結(jié)果還是初步的（preliminary)，需要更大的樣本對其進行重復驗證（in need of replication with a larger sample)。他沒有認為該實驗的過程不可靠，所以A不是正確選項；他認為實驗樣本不夠大，所以D也不是正確選項。