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1、Chinas Political System Chinas political system here refers to the political structure, fundamental laws, rules, regulations and practices that are implemented in Chinas mainland and regulate the state power, government, and the relationships between the state and society in the Peoples Republic of

2、 China since its founding in October 1949. I. The Constitutional System The Constitution is the fundamental law of the state. I. Major stipulations in the Constitution in regard to China’s political system 1. Major political principles in China (1) The Communist Party of China is the country

3、’s sole political party in power. The People’s Republic of China was founded by the Communist Party of China which is the leader of the Chinese people. (2) The socialist system The socialist system led by the working class and based on the alliance of the workers and farmers is the fundamental

4、 system of the People’s Republic of China (3) All rights belong to the people All the power in the country belongs to the people who exercise their power through the National People’s Congress and local people’s congresses at all levels. The people manage the state, economy, culture and other

5、social affairs through a multitude of means and forms. (4) The fundamental task and goals of the state To concentrate on the socialist modernization drive along the road of building socialism with Chinese characteristics; to adhere to the socialist road, persist in the reform and opening up prog

6、ram, improve the socialist system in all aspects, develop the market economy, expand democracy, and improve the rule of law; to be self-reliance and work hard to gradually realize the modernization of the industry, agriculture, national defense, science and technology so as to build China into a str

7、ong and democratic socialist country with a high degree of cultural development. (5) Democratic centralism The organizational principle for the state organs is democratic centralism. (6) The armed forces of the people The armed forces of the People’s Republic of China belong to the people.

8、 The tasks of the armed forces are to consolidate national defense, resist invasion, defend the country, safeguard the people in their peaceful work and life, take part in the country’s economic construction and strive to serves the people. (7) To govern the country through the rule of law All i

9、ndividuals, political parties and social organizations must abide by the Constitution in all their actions and shall not be privileged to be above the Constitution or the law. All acts in violation of the Constitution and law must be investigated. The rule of law is practiced to build China into

10、 a socialist country with the rule of law. (8) The system of ethnic regional autonomy All ethnic groups are equal. All prejudice and oppression against any ethnic group is forbidden. All behaviors harmful to ethnic unity and aimed at ethnic separation are forbidden. 2. The position and right

11、s of the citizen in the political life of the country (1) All citizens are equal before the law. (2) The right to vote and stand for election All citizens who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnic status, race, sex, occupation, family ba

12、ckground, religious belief, education, property status or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights according to law. (3) The freedom of speech and thought All citizens enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, or assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration

13、 (4) The freedom of religious belief Citizens enjoy the freedom of religious belief. No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion. (5) Inviolable freedom of the person No citizen may be arrested except with the approv

14、al or by decision of a people’s procuratorate or by decision of a people’s court, and arrests must be made by a public security organ. Unlawful detention or deprivation or restriction of citizens’ freedom of the person by other means is prohibited, and unlawful search of the person of citizens is

15、prohibited. The personal dignity of citizens is inviolable, so are their residences. (6) Freedom of correspondence The freedom and privacy of correspondence of citizens are protected by law. No organization or individual may, on any ground, infringe upon citizens’ freedom and privacy of corr

16、espondence, except in cases where, to meet the needs of state security or of criminal investigation, public security or procuratorial organs are permitted to censor correspondence in accordance with procedures prescribed by law. (7) The right to criticize and make suggestions Citizens have the r

17、ight to criticize and make suggestions regarding any state organ or functionary. They have the right to make to relevant state organs complaints or charges against, or exposures of, any state organ or functionary for violation of the law or dereliction of duty. (8) The right to compensation Citi

18、zens who have suffered losses as a result of infringement of their civic rights by any state organ or functionary have the right to compensation in accordance with law. (9) The right to work Citizens have the right as well as duty to work. The state should, through various channels, create con

19、ditions for employment, enhance occupational safety and health, improve working conditions and, on the basis of expanded production, increase remuneration for work and welfare benefits. (10) The right to welfare Citizens have the right to material assistance from the state and society when they

20、are old, ill or disabled. The state and society ensure the livelihood of disabled members of the armed forces, provide pensions to the families of martyrs and give preferential treatment to the families of military personnel. The state and society help make arrangements for the work, livelihood

21、and education of the blind, deaf-mutes and other handicapped citizens. (11) The right to receive education Citizens have the right and duty to receive education. (12) The freedom to engage in academic studies and literary creation Citizens have the freedom to engage in scientific research, l

22、iterary and artistic creation and other cultural pursuits. (13) The equality of men and women Women enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of life, in political, economic, cultural, social and family life. (14) Both husband and wife have the duty to practice family planning. (15) Citizen

23、s have the obligation to pay taxes in accordance with the law. (16) Citizens have the obligation to perform military service and join the militia in accordance with the law. II. The interpretation and revision of the Constitution and the system of supervision of its implementation 1. The right

24、 of interpretation of the Constitution The right to interpret the Constitution rests with the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress. 2. The amendment of the Constitution The National People’s Congress holds the right to make amendments to the Constitution. The revision of the

25、Constitution shall be proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress or more than one-fifth of the delegates to the National People’s Congress and it must be approved by a two-thirds majority of a session of the National People’s Congress. 3. The system of supervision The N

26、ational People’s Congress has the duty to supervise the enforcement of the Constitution. The National People’s Congress has the right to change or withdraw interpretations to the Constitution by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress. IV. The System of Multi-Party Cooperation an

27、d Political Consultation I. The essence of the multi-party cooperation and political consultation The multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China is a basic political system in China. The system means that the CPC is the only part

28、y in power in the Peoples Republic of China while under the precondition of accepting the leadership of the CPC, the eight other political parties participate in the discussion and management of state affairs, in cooperation with the CPC. Political consultation means that under the leadership of

29、 the CPC, all parties, mass organizations and representatives from all walks of life take part in consultations of the countrys basic policies and important issues in political, economic, cultural and social affairs before a decision is adopted and in the discussion of major issues in the implementa

30、tion of the decisions. Political consultation takes the organizational form of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference. Political consultation is the most important political and organization form of the multi-party and political consultation system. Cooperative relations b

31、etween the CPC and other political parties are based on the principle of "long-term coexistence and mutual supervision, treating each other with full sincerity and sharing weal or woe." II. Political parties participating in the discussion and management of state affairs This refers to the e

32、ight political parties other than the CPC. These parties are those established before the founding of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949, which were then dedicated to the realization of a bourgeois republic in China and supported the CPC in the latters effort of overthrowing the rule of the K

33、uomintang. They are independent in organization and enjoy political freedom, organizational independence and legal equality under the Constitution. 1. China Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang Officially founded on January 1, 1948, its main constituents at the time were former Kuomintang

34、 members for democracy and other patriotic personages. Their political stand was to overthrow the dictatorial rule of the Kuomintang and realize independence, democracy and peace in China. Its Constitution revised in November 1988 stipulates that its political program at the present stage is to

35、lead all party members, unite patriots living in China and residing abroad in favor of the unification of the motherland to strive for the unification and rejuvenation of China, under the guidance of the basic line for the primary stage of socialism. Its members come from mainly four areas: thos

36、e with relations with the Kuomintang, those with relations with people of all walks of life in Taiwan, those dedicated to the unification of the motherland and others. The party mainly draws members from representative people and middle-level and senior intellectuals. By the end of 1997, the par

37、ty had a membership of 54,000 and He Luli is its chairwoman. 2. China Democratic League First established in November 1939, it took its present name in September 1944. At the time, it was a united political organization consisting of political parties and forces favoring the middle road and de

38、mocracy. In 1997 it adopted a constitution which stipulates that its program is to hold high the banner of patriotism and socialism, implement the basic line for the primary stage of socialism, safeguard stability in the society, strengthen services to national unity and strive for the promotion

39、 of socialist modernization, establishment and improvement of a market economy, enhancement of political restructuring and socialist spiritual civilization, emancipation and development of productive forces, consolidation and expansion of the united patriotic front and realization of the grand goals

40、 of socialism with Chinese characteristics. China Democratic League is mainly made up by middle-level and senior intellectuals in the fields of culture, education, science and technology. It has a membership of 157,000 and its chairman is Jiang Shusheng. 3. China Democratic National Construc

41、tion Association It was established on December 16, 1945. Its political stand at the time was to guarantee the basic political rights and human rights of citizens, protect and develop national industry and commerce and oppose the dictatorial rule of the Kuomintang. Its present constitution cal

42、ls for the implementation of the CPCs policy of focusing on economic construction, acceptance of the leadership of the CPC, persisting in the tradition of self-education, adhering to the principle of democratic centralism and carrying out the policy of multi-party cooperation and political consultat

43、ion. Most of its 90,000 members are representative figures in the economic field. Its chairman is Cheng Siwei. 4. China Association for the Promotion of Democracy When it was founded on December 30, 1945, it was made up mostly by people engaged in education and publishing and patriotic figures

44、 in industry and commerce in Shanghai who stood for promotion of democracy and reform of the political power. It called on the Kuomintang to return the political power to the people, the establishment of a united and constitutional government. Its program drawn in 1988 stands for the promotion a

45、nd improvement of socialist democracy, improvement of a socialist legal system, uplifting of the qualifications of the people, development of productive forces and turning China into a prosperous, culturally developed, democratic, strong and modern socialist country. The association is mainly ma

46、de up by representative intellectuals in the fields of education, culture, publishing and science. It had a membership of 99,000 at the end of 2005 and its chairman is Xu Jialu. 5. Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party Founded in August 1930, its main political program was to oppose th

47、e dictatorial rule of the Kuomintang and establish the power of the people. Its present program includes the stand to accept the leadership of the CPC, adhere to multi-party cooperation and political consultation, practice democratic centralism and safeguard the rights and interests of party mem

48、bers and associated intellectuals. It now has a membership of over 80,000 and its chairman is Jiang Zhenghua. 6. China Zhi Gong Dang China Zhi Gong Dang was founded in San Francisco, October 1925 by overseas Chinese organizations in North America. According to its constitution, the par

49、ty is made up mainly by the middle and upper levels of returned overseas Chinese and their relatives. Its job is to assist the CPC and the Chinese government, consolidate and develop political stability, safeguard the rights and interests of party members and associated returned overseas Chinese and

50、 their relatives, reflect their opinions and demands and practice democratic centralism. It had a membership of nearly 16,000 at the end of 1997 and its chairman is Luo Haocai. 7. Jiusan Society When it was first established in May 1946, its political stand was to carry on the tradition of

51、 democracy and science, oppose the civil war and practice democratic politics. The present program of Jiusan Society stipulates that organizationally, the party draws members from representative middle and senior level intellectuals in the fields of science, technology, higher education and medi

52、cine. It stands for the multi-party cooperation and political consultation, democratic centralism and the safeguard of the rights and interest of its members. It has a membership of 88,000 and its chairman is Han Qide. 8. Taiwan Democratic Self-government League It was established on Novem

53、ber 12, 1947 in Hong Kong. At the time it was a political organization of Taiwan residents which was founded and existed outside Taiwan Province, sought to become free from the rule of the Kuomintang, implement democracy and regional self-government. In March 1949, the league moved its headquarters

54、from Hong Kong to Beijing. Its present political program stands for patriotism and socialism, uniting with league members and Taiwan compatriots and striving for the acceleration of reform, opening up and socialist modernization drive, safeguarding stability and unity, improvement of socialist d

55、emocracy and legal system and the realization of the peaceful unification of the motherland and "one country, two systems". Most of the members are representative and upper level Taiwan compatriots living in large and medium-size cities on the mainland. It has a membership of over 1,800 and its

56、chairman is Lin Wenyi. III. Major forms of the multi-party cooperative system 1. Participation in the discussion of state affairs Under this mechanism, members of various non-communist parties take part in the deliberation and implementation of major policies, laws and regulations of the c

57、ountry, take part in the consultation on major political issues and the choice of leaders of the state and take part in the running of state affairs. Consultation between the CPC and other political parties mainly takes the following forms: (1) Democratic consultation. Leaders of CPC invite,

58、 usually once a year, leaders of other political parties and representative personages without political party affiliation to a meeting at which CPC leaders hear and solicit their opinion on major policies and principles that the CPC puts forward. (2) High-level talks. CPC leaders invite leaders

59、 of other political parties and representative personages without political party affiliation for small-scale meetings at which they exchange opinions on questions of common concern whenever there is a need for such a meeting. (3) Bimonthly meetings. Chaired by the Central Committee of the CPC,

60、the meetings are attended by people from other political parties and representative personages without political party affiliation. At these meetings, the CPC Central Committee informs the participants of major events, exchanges views with them, relays important documents of the CPC Central Committe

61、e and hears the opinion and suggestions of the participants or conducts discussions on specific topics. When necessary, there will be meetings between the bimonthly ones. (4) Written suggestions or exchange of views in person. Leaders of non-communist political parties and representative figures

62、 without political party affiliation may, at any time they wish, submit in writing their suggestions to the CPC Central Committee on major state policies or specific issues or they may see leaders of the CPC Central Committee in person to exchange views. 2. Democratic supervision Democratic su

63、pervision means that the non-communist political parties exercise supervision on the CPC and the government organs under its leadership, within the framework of the multi-party cooperation and political consultation. The supervision may be conducted in the following manners: putting forward opin

64、ions, suggestions and criticisms to the CPC Central Committee at the meetings of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference; making known their suggestions and criticisms on major political, economic and social issues of the state on the basis of investigation; deputies to the NPC and mem

65、bers of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference who are members of non-communist political parties may conduct supervision through putting forward bills, proposals and inspection reports; and members of non-communist political parties may exercise their supervisory role by serving as s

66、pecial supervisors, inspectors, auditors and education supervisors of the government. 3. Holding government and judicial positions All the non-communist political parties have their members holding leading positions in the government and judicial organs at various levels upon recommendation by the CPC. IV. Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) CPPCC has a national committee and regional committees. 1. Nature of CPPCC The CPPCC is an organiza