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1、microscopic mess 349 Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found The World Health Organization estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis. Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop act

2、ive cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis. Current treatments take at least six months. Patients have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many peop

3、le stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard

4、University led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others. The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month tr

5、eatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reduction would take place bet

6、ween two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve. The World Health Organization developed the DOTS program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients

7、 take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment. Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty year

8、s old.The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses. A Biological Clock Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and whe

9、n the flowers should open. It tells insects_ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake. Events outside the plant and animal affected the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny

10、animal changes the color of its fur because of the number of hours of daylight. In the short days of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer. Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind o

11、f internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration flight twice each year. Birds prevented from_ flying become restless when it is time for the trip，but they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended. Scientists say they are beginning to learn which parts of the bra

12、in contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain seems to control the timing of some of our actions. These cells tell a person when to awaken，when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other b

13、iological clock cells that control other body activities. Dr. Moorhead is studying how our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours. It can take many days for a human body to accept the major ch

14、ange in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said such understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live It

15、’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it – one in the US and one in Russia. If

16、 smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in-keeping these reserves ? In reality, of course, it was nave to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potent potential weapon.1 Undoubtedly several nations still have a few vials.And the last “official” stocks of live virus b

17、red mistrust of the US and Russia,for no obvious gain. Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So once again there’s a good reason to keep the virus – just in case the disease puts in a reappearance. How do

18、 we deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries, The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn’t mean the idea

19、is wrong. If the virus is useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity – not just a part of it. Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of Cancers Diet is second only to1 tobacco as a leading cause of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the d

20、isease in developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday. Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a Cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer, but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity play a major role. “Five percent

21、 of cancers could be avoided if nobody was obese,” he said. While tobacco is linked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol in about six percent. Obesity raises the risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause

22、 cancers of the mouth, throat and liver. Its dangerous impact is increased when combined with smoking. Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK that other elements of diet linked to cancer are still unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of

23、 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some answers． Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at least fiv

24、e portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer. Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate. Men Too May Suffer from Domestic Violence Nearly thre

25、e in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of1 an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health among men. Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don’t hear about it often,” Dr. Robert J. Reid of

26、the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study’s authors, told Reuters Health. “They often don’t tell and we don’t ask. We want to get the message out to men who do experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to them.” The researchers asked

27、study participants about physical abuse and non-physical abuse, such as threats that made them fear for their safety, controlling behavior ( for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go) , and constant name-calling. Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said th

28、ey had experienced intimate partner violence in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year． Rates were lower for men 55 and older, with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months. Ove

29、rall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of domestic violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence the men experienced was physical. However, the physical violence men reported wasn’t as harsh as that suffered by women in

30、 a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of women. Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems than those who had not, especially older men, the researchers found. Bringing Nanotechnolog

31、y to Health Care for the Poor納米保健技術(shù)走向貧困國家 Nanotechnology uses matter at the level 納米技術(shù)的應(yīng)用對象都是分子級和原子級的物質(zhì)。如今，長度為一納米，即十億分之一米的粒子已被開發(fā)出多種用途，如制造美容產(chǎn)品和抗污型服裝等。但其中一個領(lǐng)域科學(xué)家認(rèn)為潛力尤為巨大，那就是醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域。在上周于華盛頓Woodrow Wilson國際中心召開的一個項(xiàng)目會議上，科學(xué)家們探討了如何將納米技術(shù)應(yīng)用于貧困國家人口保健的事宜。來自多倫多大學(xué)的Peter Singer聲稱一項(xiàng)名為量子點(diǎn)的納米技術(shù)可被應(yīng)用于瘧疾的診斷。相對于傳統(tǒng)的僅用顯微鏡

32、觀察血液樣本的方法，此技術(shù)要先進(jìn)得多。由于貧困國家往往沒有條件應(yīng)用此項(xiàng)新技術(shù)，許多健康人被誤診為瘧疾患者，而藥物的濫用又導(dǎo)致了抗藥性的產(chǎn)生。所謂量子點(diǎn)是指一些被激活后會發(fā)光的粒子，如今科學(xué)家正在研究為它們編程的方法，以便當(dāng)靶分子存在的時候就能夠通過發(fā)光來診斷疾病。納米技術(shù)的優(yōu)越性不光體現(xiàn)在疾病的診斷，還包括疾病的治療。國立衛(wèi)生研究所的Piotr Grodzinski與大家共同探討了如何運(yùn)用納米技術(shù)來增強(qiáng)藥效。以一些已經(jīng)使用了納米技術(shù)的抗癌藥物為例，他指出，如果藥物可以針對癌癥病灶而不是整個人體，治療所需藥量就會大大減少，副作用也會降低。Andrew Maynard是Woodrow Wilson

33、中心新興的納米技術(shù)工程部骨干科學(xué)家，他注意到巴西、印度、中國及南非正在開發(fā)可被貧困園家所應(yīng)用的納米技術(shù)。與此同時他指出，與較大分子不同，納米材料的顆粒在人體內(nèi)和體外環(huán)境中的作用可能有所不同，因此納米技術(shù)的應(yīng)用存在一定風(fēng)險，若要深入研究這些風(fēng)險則需要更大的資金投人。 research is needed to better understand these risks. 1.Which of the following uses of nanotechnology is NOT mentioned in the passage?-To produce better and lighter b

34、uilding materials. 2.How can quantum dots be used to confirm diseases?-By lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule. 3.How can nanotechnology be used to make a drug more effective?-By making a drug target the focus of a disease 4.The following developing countries are doing very well sci

35、entific research on nanotechnology EXCEPT -Iran 5.Which of the following is the possible risk in using nano-materials mentioned in the passage?-They may behave differently in the body and the environment. Medical Journals醫(yī)學(xué)雜志 Medical journals are publications that report 醫(yī)學(xué)雜志是向醫(yī)生和其他醫(yī)務(wù)人員提供醫(yī)學(xué)信息的

36、出版物。在過去，這些雜志只有印刷版。隨著電子出版的發(fā)展，許多醫(yī)學(xué)雜志現(xiàn)在都有網(wǎng)站了，有些雜志只有網(wǎng)絡(luò)版。少數(shù)的醫(yī)學(xué)雜志，如《美國醫(yī)學(xué)會雜志》，被看做是普通醫(yī)學(xué)雜志，因?yàn)樗鼈兒w了醫(yī)學(xué)的許多領(lǐng)域。大部分醫(yī)學(xué)雜志都是針對特定醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)雜志。醫(yī)學(xué)雜志登載很多類型的文章?？蒲姓撐膱蟾嬲{(diào)查研究的結(jié)果，內(nèi)容涵蓋基礎(chǔ)疾病機(jī)理和比較不同療法產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果的臨床試驗(yàn)。綜述文章在細(xì)致研究醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，總結(jié)和分析與某個特定話題相關(guān)的信息。由于個體研究之結(jié)果可能受很多因素的影響，因此將有關(guān)同一題目的不同研究之結(jié)果匯總起來，可能有助于得出有關(guān)預(yù)防、診斷或是治療某一疾病所需的科學(xué)證據(jù)的結(jié)論。病例會診和病例報告可能會登

37、載在醫(yī)學(xué)雜志上，告知醫(yī)生特定的疾病和如何治療。醫(yī)學(xué)雜志上的社論是表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)的短文章，它們經(jīng)常是針對同一期雜志上登載的一篇科研論文或綜述文章的。社論提供了一個整體看法，闡述這篇文章是怎樣和同一話題的其他信息聯(lián)系在一起的。讀者來信為醫(yī)學(xué)雜志的讀者提供了發(fā)表評論、提問或批評雜志上登載的文章的途徑。 criticisms about articles published in that journal. 1.The main readers of medical journals are -health professionals. 2.Which of the following stat

38、ements is NOT true?-Most medical journals publish only online. 3.How many major types of articles are mentioned in the passage?-Five 4.An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called -a review article. 5.Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal

39、 to express comments on -articles published in that journal. Cooking on Fumes Cause Tumor廚房油煙可致癌The leading cause of lung cancer among 醫(yī)學(xué)專家們經(jīng)過5年的研究調(diào)研后指出，城市人群中，男性患肺癌的首要原因是吸煙，而女性患此絕癥的罪魁禍?zhǔn)资菑N房油煙。醫(yī)生們昨天宣布這一結(jié)果，并對肺癌患病的一些新趨勢做出分析。他們認(rèn)為病人越來越年輕化，尤其是女性。君上海腫瘤研究所統(tǒng)計顯示，本市死于肺癌的居民多于死于其他疾病的人。肺癌成為繼乳腺癌之后的第二大高發(fā)病率腫瘤。海民生

40、中醫(yī)腫瘤診療中心何裕民醫(yī)生指出：“不健康的生活習(xí)慣是致癌的一個重要原因?！彼麑?，276名肺癌患者進(jìn)行了長達(dá)5年的追蹤調(diào)研。這些患者中有1，483名是男性。報告顯示，案例中男性患者中70qo是由吸煙誘發(fā)癌癥的，而只有18%的女性患者是由于吸煙或被迫吸人二手煙才誘發(fā)癌癥的。然而，60%以上患肺癌的女性都長期接觸廚房油煙并主訴眼睛和喉嚨疼痛難受。大約32%的女性在滾開的油里煎炸食物而廚房卻密不透風(fēng)。而大約25%的女性居住的臥室緊鄰廚房。但是，婦女們知道廚房油煙可以致癌時都很驚訝。其中一些人表示要改變準(zhǔn)備飲食的方式。“我每天都得下廚做飯，除非我和家人都不在家用餐”，李旭，一名45歲的婦女說，“我知道

41、油煙對皮膚不好，但是還是第一次聽說油煙竟能致癌。我以后要少煎炸食物。”醫(yī)生們認(rèn)為，女性患肺癌和個人健康及身體狀況聯(lián)系極少，但和腫瘤家族病史、不健康的飲食習(xí)慣和脆弱的免疫系統(tǒng)聯(lián)系緊密。其他專家同意何醫(yī)生的意見。吸煙已經(jīng)成為誘發(fā)男性肺癌最最大的因素，“上海復(fù)旦大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院呼吸道疾病研究所名譽(yù)主席譚彬用指出，“二手煙和廚房油煙的確是誘發(fā)女性肺癌的主要原因?！彼难芯客瑫r也警告人們不要站在賣油炸食品的攤點(diǎn)旁，因?yàn)樗麄兪褂玫挠投际橇淤|(zhì)的。專家稱，如果長時間接受油煙，患肺癌的幾率有常人的3倍那么高。the fume for a long time, experts said 1.What a new te

42、ndency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers?-Patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females. 2.Which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in Shanghai?-Breast cancer. 3.What symptoms may be complained of by most women with lung cancer after

43、long term, close contact with cooking oil fumes?-Irritated eyes and throat. 4.What was the local women’s reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer?-Surprised. 5.Which of the following has relatively little connection with women’s lung cancer?-Personal health and physic

44、al condition. Multivitamins Urged for All Pregnant Women孕期婦女宜多補(bǔ)充多維制劑A recent study in Tanzania found that when pregnant 近日，來自坦桑尼亞的研究顯示，孕期婦女若每日補(bǔ)充適量多種維生素制劑，則新生兒體重過輕（即少于2. 5kg）的幾率將明顯減少。專家指出，體重過輕的新生兒死亡的風(fēng)險要大大高于正常體重的新生兒，且即使幸存下來，其成年后患很多疾病如心臟病和糖尿病的幾率也會高于常人。世界衛(wèi)生組織估算，每年全世界有2，000萬體重過輕的嬰兒誕生，其中有90%出生在發(fā)展中國家。此次

45、研究試驗(yàn)在坦桑尼亞首都達(dá)累斯薩拉姆舉行，共有4，200名懷孕婦女參加了實(shí)驗(yàn)…她們服用的多維制劑包括所有B族維生素、維生素C和維生素E，同時還包括劑量超出發(fā)達(dá)國家給婦女的建議服用量數(shù)倍的鐵和葉酸鹽。因?yàn)樵衅趮D女較常人更容易發(fā)生維生素和礦物質(zhì)攝人不足的現(xiàn)象，尤其是在發(fā)展中國家。作為對照組，研究者給另外4，000名孕婦服用了不含有維生素的安慰劑。來自美國和坦桑尼亞的科學(xué)家們共同撰寫了實(shí)驗(yàn)報告，并刊登在《新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)雜志》上，其中來自哈佛大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院的Wafaie Fawzi為此次研究的組織者。參加實(shí)驗(yàn)的所有懷孕婦女均非艾滋病病毒攜帶者。而在更早的來自坦桑尼亞的研究報告中科學(xué)家曾指出，每日補(bǔ)充多維

46、制劑對于已感染艾滋病的孕婦來說是一種減少胎兒死亡幾率的成本較低的方式。研究同時檢測到，孕婦在服用多維制劑后其血液中的淋巴細(xì)胞水平將會上升，而淋巴細(xì)胞可以增強(qiáng)人體免疫系統(tǒng)抵御傳染病的功能。此次新的研究試驗(yàn)表明，補(bǔ)充多維制劑可以顯著降低新生兒體重過輕的概率。服用維生素的孕婦組中，過輕嬰兒的比重為總數(shù)的8%，而服用安慰劑的對照組中，，過輕嬰兒的-比重接近9.5%。雖然對于降低孕婦早產(chǎn)率和死胎率方面，維生素的作用并不明顯。最后，科學(xué)家呼吁，發(fā)展中國家應(yīng)努力為所有孕期婦女及時補(bǔ)充多種維生素。 for all pregnant women in developing countries 1.How m

47、any babies are born with low birth weight in the developed countries every year according to WHO?-2,000,000. 2.A pill of multivitamins may contain all of the following substances EXCEPT -antiviral substances. 3.Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of multivitamins mentioned in the pas

48、sage?-To reduce the rate of babies born too early. 4.What a role do lymphocytes play in the human body?-To raise the body’s immunity against infection. 5.How many percent of babies were born with low birth weight to women who were not infected with the AIDS virus and took the multivitamins accordi

49、ng to a new study?-Less than 8%. U.S.Eats Too Much Salt美國人吃鹽過量 People in the United States consume more than 美國人的食鹽量比推薦食用量的兩倍還多，這增加了他們罹患高血壓、心臟病以及中風(fēng)的危險，政府部門的健康專家周二表示。健康專家發(fā)現(xiàn)近七成的美國成年人屬于高危人群，如果他們的日食鹽量降至1，500毫克，，則會從中受益，然而大多數(shù)美國成年人的日食鹽量接近3，500毫克?！吧俪喳}對人們很重要。采用低鈉并富含鉀、鈣的飲食方式有助于維持心臟健康、改善血壓”，疾病預(yù)防控制中心的達(dá)爾文拉巴德博

50、土在一份聲明中談到。“人們需要了解推薦日食鈉量的限制并采取措施減少鈉的攝人量”，拉巴德說。疾病預(yù)防控制中心每周公布的有關(guān)死亡和疾病的研究報告采用了全國普查的數(shù)據(jù)，結(jié)果顯示三分之二的成年人的日食鈉量均不應(yīng)超過1500毫克，因?yàn)樗麄兪潜灰暈楦撸何Ｈ巳旱暮谌嘶蛘吣挲g超過40歲的人。然而根據(jù)疾病預(yù)防控制中心2005-2006年的估計，美國大多數(shù)人的日食鈉量為3436毫克。大多數(shù)食用鈉都來自于袋裝的、加工過的和餐廳食品。疾病預(yù)防控制中心稱其將和美國衛(wèi)生與公共服務(wù)部的其他部門一道聯(lián)手主要食品生產(chǎn)商和連鎖餐廳，降低食品供應(yīng)中的鈉含量。全國已有1600萬人罹患心臟病，估計還有580萬人已患中風(fēng)。減少食鹽量可以

51、使患這些疾病的風(fēng)險降低，疾病預(yù)防控制中心稱 can reduce these risks, the CDC said. 1.Too much salt raises one’s risk for -all of the above. 2.How much salt do most American adults eat per day?-Closer to 3,500 mg. 3.To improve their blood pressure, people should have a diet -rich in potassium and calcium. 4.The high

52、-risk groups include those -both A and B(A-who are black.B-who are over the age of 40.) 5.Packaged, processed and restaurant foods are known to be -rich in salt. Pushbike Peril自行車的危險 Low speed bicycle crashes can badly injure 兒童騎慢車跌倒時，如果撞在車把兩端，會受重傷甚至喪命。因此，一些工程師正在重新設(shè)計這種欠合理的車把，以使其更安全。賓夕法尼亞州費(fèi)城的兒

53、童醫(yī)院的生物工程師Kristy Arbogast和她的同事開始，做這個項(xiàng)目是在一項(xiàng)研究有了結(jié)果之后，這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果表明在過去的30年里，超過1/3的兒童腹部受重傷的情況起因于自行車事故。她說：“要做的工作就是找出受傷的原因及其對策?！蓖ㄟ^訪問這些孩子和他們的家長，Arbogast和她的同事得以推想其中的許多事故，并且確認(rèn)一個共同的機(jī)械裝置造成了這些嚴(yán)重傷害。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分傷害發(fā)生在孩子慢速撞到某種使他們跌倒的障礙物的時候。為了保持平衡，他們把車把轉(zhuǎn)過90度——但是他們的沖力使他們壓進(jìn)車把一端中。然后車子摔倒，車把的另一頭碰到地面，把它壓人他們的腹部。這個團(tuán)隊(duì)得出的解決方法是裝有彈簧和減幅系統(tǒng)的

54、手柄。在撞擊過程中，握柄上的彈簧會吸收掉50%沿車把傳遞的沖撞力。這個團(tuán)隊(duì)希望能夠使這種裝置商業(yè)化，這只需要自行車的價格提高幾美元。Arbogast說：“但是我們的任務(wù)是教育，因?yàn)槠駷橹梗孕熊囍圃焐踢€沒有意識到這個問題。”這個團(tuán)隊(duì)還通過美國消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品安全委員會努力說服制造商采納新設(shè)計。今年晚些時候可望有所決定。 design. A decision is expected later this year. 1.According to the passage, some engineers are trying to improve the handlebars because -th

55、ey may kill children. 2.In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal injuries -to tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the project. 3.Paragraph 3 mainly discusses -how serious injuries occur. 4.The passage implies that -it is not easy to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new

56、 design. 5.In which of the following ways the handgrip work?-It reduces the dangerous forces in bicycle accidents. Late-Night Drinking在深夜飲咖啡Coffee lovers beware咖啡愛好者注意了。在深夜喝一杯快速提神的咖啡會嚴(yán)重影響你的睡眠，跟興奮劑一樣，咖啡因會擾亂褪黑激素的自由流動，這種褪黑激素是大腦里促人睡眠的一種荷爾蒙。在上床睡覺前約2小時的時候褪黑激素含量開始上升，在凌晨2點(diǎn)到4點(diǎn)達(dá)到最高值，然后再次下降。加州斯坦福大學(xué)斯坦福睡眠流行病學(xué)研

57、究中心的Maurice Ohayon說：“控制我們睡眠的是神經(jīng)激素，它告訴我們的身體什么時候睡覺，什么時候醒來。”而以色列的研究人員們發(fā)現(xiàn)含咖啡因的咖啡使這種睡眠荷爾蒙濃度降至一半。Lotan Shilo和Tel Aviv大學(xué)“Sapir醫(yī)學(xué)中心”的一組人員，在給六位志愿者做試驗(yàn)時發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們在飲了咖啡因的咖啡后比飲了脫咖啡因的咖啡后睡眠質(zhì)量要差。平均來說，在喝了含咖啡因的咖啡后每晚睡眠時間為336分鐘，而喝了脫咖啡因的咖啡后則睡415分鐘。同時他們得花半個小時入睡，是通常情況的兩倍，另外，他們在床上輾轉(zhuǎn)次數(shù)也要長一倍。在實(shí)驗(yàn)的第二階段，研究人員每三個小時便叫醒一次志愿者，并叫他們提供尿樣。Sh

58、ilo檢驗(yàn)了他們褪黑激素分解產(chǎn)物的濃度，結(jié)果顯示，咖啡因攝入者體內(nèi)的褪黑激素是非咖啡因攝入者的一半。在《睡眠醫(yī)學(xué)》刊物上發(fā)表的文章中，研究人員暗示說，褪黑激素的生成由酶來促成，而咖啡因阻止了酶的生成。因?yàn)橐ㄔS多小時的時間才能將身體中的咖啡因除去，Ohayon建議咖啡愛好者應(yīng)在午后換喝脫咖啡因的咖啡。 that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch 1.The author mentions “pick-me-up” to indicate that -coffee is a stimulant. 2.Which of the follo

59、wing tells us how caffeine affects sleep?-Caffeine halves the body’s levels of sleep hormone. 3.What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss?-Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep. 4.What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove?-Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone.

60、 5.The author of this passage probably agrees that -we should not drink coffee after supper. Eat Healthy健康飲食 Clean your plate! and Be a member of the “把盤子里的東西吃完了！”“要成為一名清盤俱樂部的成員！”，幾乎每一個美國小孩都會聽到父母親或祖父母這樣的嘮叨。父母親或祖父母們還經(jīng)常會加上一句懇求的話： “捐捐那些饑餓的非洲孤兒吧，多可憐??！‘’我們的確應(yīng)該為每一口食物充滿感激。但不幸的是，很多美國人吃得太多了。也許我們應(yīng)該為明天

61、節(jié)約一些糧食，而不是堅持“把盤子里的東西吃完”。據(jù)新聞報道，美國的餐館應(yīng)該為美國人日益增大的肚腩負(fù)一部分責(zé)任。《今日美國》刊登的一個故事，服務(wù)員給每個顧客提供的一盤食物的量是政府推薦的二至四倍。美國人傳統(tǒng)的認(rèn)為有量才有質(zhì)，所以大多數(shù)餐館都試圖迎合顧客們的這一想法?！麄儗幵副槐г固峁┝诉^多的食物也不愿意被投訴提供的食物太少。芭芭拉。羅爾斯是賓夕法尼亞州立大學(xué)的一位營養(yǎng)學(xué)教授。在接受《今日美國》采訪時她說道：“從20世紀(jì)70年代起，美國的餐館就開始提供越來越大份的食物；也就是從這個時候起，美國人的腰圍也變得越來越粗了?！苯】祵＜乙呀?jīng)試著讓很多餐館提供分量小一些的食物。顯然，現(xiàn)在很多顧客也為此而呼

62、吁。據(jù)，《QSR雜志》（美國的一份餐飲業(yè)經(jīng)營雜志）報道：在上個月對4，000多人所做的一次調(diào)查中，有57%的人認(rèn)為餐館提供的食物分量太大了，23%的人沒有發(fā)表看法，還有20010的人不同意此看法。但是再仔細(xì)看看調(diào)查結(jié)果，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)很多買不起精美菜肴的美國人還是喜歡買大分量食物。在年收入15萬美元以上的人群中，70%的人更愿意買分量小一點(diǎn)的食物；但在年收入少于2.5萬美元的人群中，只有45%的人愿意買分量小一點(diǎn)的食物。事情是這樣的，不是美國的工人不想吃得健康一點(diǎn)，而是美國工人覺得做許多個小時低收人的工種下來，盤子里的飯菜量小有點(diǎn)不合算。他們是指望薪金支票過日子的，希望能為來年的圣誕節(jié)節(jié)約一些錢來

63、買圣誕禮物。 little money for next years Christmas presents 1.Parents in the United States tend to ask their children -not to waste food. 2.Why do American restaurants serve large portions?-Because Americans associate quantity with value. 3.What happened in the 1970s?-The American waistline started t

64、o expand. 4.What does the survey indicate?-Many poor Americans want large portions. 5.Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?-They don’t want to be healthy eaters. U.S.to Start $3.2 Billion Child Health Study in January美國將在一月啟動一項(xiàng)耗資32億美元的兒童健康研究項(xiàng)目 A study that will cost $3.

65、2 billion and 美國衛(wèi)生部門官員在星期五稱：美國將在一月啟動一項(xiàng)耗資32億美元、將持續(xù)20余年的研究項(xiàng)目，此項(xiàng)目將對10萬名美國兒童從出生前到21歲的健康狀況進(jìn)行跟蹤研究。來自美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院的官員稱：他們希望此項(xiàng)將在全國范圍內(nèi)的105個地點(diǎn)展開的研究，將有助于識別兒童早期生活對日后發(fā)展的影響，其目標(biāo)是研究出新的治療和防止疾病的方法。此項(xiàng)研究將對遺傳和環(huán)境兩個因素進(jìn)行測試6環(huán)境因素如嬰兒接觸的某種有損健康的化學(xué)品。研究院表示，研究人員將收集研究對象的基因和生物樣本，以及母嬰生活環(huán)境當(dāng)中的空氣、水、灰塵和建筑材料的樣本。這些官員稱目前此項(xiàng)研究已經(jīng)花費(fèi)2億美元，而這項(xiàng)研究預(yù)計耗資

66、32億美元。擔(dān)任美國國立衛(wèi)生院尤尼斯肯尼迪施萊佛美國國立兒童健康和人類發(fā)展中心的負(fù)責(zé)人的杜安亞歷山大博士對記者說：“我們期待從長遠(yuǎn)來說，此項(xiàng)研究成果將有利于國家衛(wèi)生保健費(fèi)用開支的節(jié)約?！贝隧?xiàng)研究將于一月開始，屆時北卡羅琳娜大學(xué)和紐約西奈山醫(yī)學(xué)院將開始與報名參加此研究的孕婦簽約，合約中規(guī)定這些將要出生的孩子將被此項(xiàng)目跟蹤調(diào)查至21歲。據(jù)此項(xiàng)目的負(fù)責(zé)人皮特沙伊特稱，早期的研究將圍繞導(dǎo)致早產(chǎn)現(xiàn)象的因素展開，這種現(xiàn)象近年來已越發(fā)普遍。究院稱，研究對象將從農(nóng)村、城市和郊區(qū)廣泛選取，他們涵蓋不同的收入階層和受教育程度，以及不同的種族。from all racial groups, the NIH said. 1.The aim of the study is to find new ways to -prevent or treat illness. 2.Researchers will collect all the following EXCEPT -samples of air and water from hospitals. 3.It is expected that t