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1、microscopic mess 351 School Lunch Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly in the middle of the day. In Britain schools have to provide meals at lunchtime. Children can choose to bring their own food or have lunch at the
2、school canteen. One shocking finding of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents. There are strict standards for the preparation of school meals, which have to include one portion of fruit and one of vegetables, as well as meat, a dairy item and starchy
3、 food like bread or pasta. Lunchboxes examined by researchers contained sweet drinks, crisps and chocolate bars. Children consume twice as much sugar as they should at lunch time. The research will provide a better understanding of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased
4、in the last decade. Unfortunately, the government cannot criticise parents, but it can remind them of the nutritional value of milk, fruit and vegetables. Small changes in their children’s diet can_affect their future health. Children can easily develop bad eating_habits at this age, and parents ar
5、e the only ones who can prevent it. A Powerful Influence There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference1 to our lives. Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet, hardly ever doing anything else in their spare time. Naturally, parents
6、 are curious to find out why the Internet is so attractive, and they want to know if it can be harmful for their children. Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at their computers? Obviously,if children are bent over their computers for hours, absorbed in some g
7、ame, instead of doing their homework, then something is wrong. Parents and children could decide how much use the child should_make of the Internet, and the child should give his or her word that it won’t interfere with homework. If the child is not holding to this arrangement, the parent can take
8、more drastic steps dealing with a child’s use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating any other sort of bargain about behaviour. Any parent who is_seriously alarmed about a child’s behaviour should make an appointment to discuss the matter with a teacher. Spending time in front of t
9、he screen does not necessarily affect a child’s performance at school. Even if a child is absolutely crazy about using the Internet, he or she is probably just going through a phase, and in a few months there will be something else to worry about! The Old Gate In the Middle Ages the vast majority
10、 of European cities had walls around them. This was partly for defensive reasons but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable, like people with contagious diseases. The Old City of London gates were all demolished by the end of the 18th century. The last of London’s gat
11、es was removed a century ago, but by a stroke of luck, it was never destroyed. This gate is, in actual fact, not called a gate at all; its name is Temple Bar, and it marked the boundary between the Old City of London and Westminster. In 1878 the Council of London took the Bar down, numbered the sto
12、nes and put the gate in storage because its design was unfashionable it was expensive to maintain and it was blocking the traffic. The Temple Bar Trust was set up in the 1970’s with the intention of returning the gate home. The aim of the Trust is the preservation of the nation’s architectural her
13、itage. Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down, stone by stone, removing and rebuilding it near St Paul’s Cathedral. Most of the facade of the gate will probably be replaced, though there is a good chance that the basic structure will be sound. The hardest job of all, however, wi
14、ll be to recreate the statues of the monarchs that once stood on top of the gate. Family History In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before, many people are being attracted to the idea of looking back into the past. One way they can do this is by investigating their own famil
15、y history. They can try to find out more about where their families came from and what they did. This is now a fast-growing hobby, especially in countries with a fairly short history, like Australia and the United States. It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and
16、 to take the decision to investigate your own family’s past. It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully. It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and_cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning. If your own family stories te
17、ll you that you are connected with a famous character, whether hero or criminal, do not let this idea take over your research. Just treat it as an interesting possibility. A simple system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with; a more complex one may only get in y
18、our way. The most important thing, though, is to get started. Who knows what you might find? Helen and Martin With a thoughtful sigh, Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair. Would her brother never arrive? For a brief moment, she wondered if she really cared th
19、at much. Over the years Helen had given up waiting for Martin to take an interest in her. Her feelings for him had gradually weakened until now, as she sat waiting for him, she experienced no more than a sister’s curiosity to see what had become of her brother. Almost without warning, Martin had l
20、ost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office. Somehow the two of them hadn’t bothered to keep in touch and, left alone, Helen had slowly found her confidence in her own judgement growing. Ignoring the wishes of her parent
21、s, she had left university halfway through her course and now, to the astonishment of the whole family, she was gaining a fast-growing reputation in the pages of respected art magazines and was actually earning enough to live on from her paintings. Of course, she took no pleasure in Martin’s sudden
22、 misfortune, but she couldn’t help looking forward to her brother’s arrival with quiet satisfaction at what she had achieved. To Have and Have Not逃亡 It had been boring hanging about 在賓館里閑待一個(gè)下午是很無聊的。巡回樂團(tuán)道具管理組的成員在用美元玩兒游戲,把紙幣折成紙飛機(jī)的形狀然后看誰飛得最遠(yuǎn)。因?yàn)闆]有什么事情可以做,我加入了他們并且贏了五局,之后我找了個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)帶著我贏的錢退出了游戲。盡管天色看起來不是很好,
23、我還是決定出去走一走。我向前走到了街道另一邊的一個(gè)小店里。與其他的小店不同,它沒有吸引眼球的名字和主要經(jīng)營(yíng)的項(xiàng)目,取而代之的是普通的霓虹燈,里面則是吸引人的強(qiáng)光。奇怪的是并沒有什么影子映射在窗戶上。我并沒有因?yàn)檫@個(gè)而停住腳步,我走了進(jìn)去。我屏住呼吸,不知道看哪里也不知道從哪里開始看。一面墻上掛著三個(gè)手工縫制的美國(guó)壁毯,十分美麗,可能是新做的。我穿過易拉罐和散落的小玩意兒還有古董家具,在我面前的一面墻上掛著一個(gè)嶄新的1957年的Straocaster吉他。一張五十美元的卡插在琴弦上。我的手撫摸著放唱片的架子,讀著標(biāo)題。這里還有很多的……“我可以幫助你嗎?”她嚇了我一跳。我沒有看見在柜臺(tái)后面的女人
24、。她看我的方式如此居高臨下,這一時(shí)讓我很緊張像是被一種磁場(chǎng)或是電場(chǎng)緊緊包裹住。很難避開那個(gè)眼神。但是盡管很不舒服,我還是覺得那種被直視的感覺很美妙,那種感覺對(duì)我來說不陌生,對(duì)她來說也不陌生。除了愉悅以外她的神情還流露出慈愛和憐憫。我猜不出她的年齡。盡管她的眼神充滿了友善她使我想起了我的祖母。我能感覺到她是一個(gè)不喜歡與人爭(zhēng)吵的人。最后我開口說話,“我真的只是看看”,私下里卻在好奇有多少東西能夠塞進(jìn)汽車。她轉(zhuǎn)身離開到后面的屋子,示意我應(yīng)該跟隨其后,但這并非是第一個(gè)房間,房間的燈光也讓我感覺很特別,燈光來自天花板上的油燈,使一切都籠罩在巨大的陰影之下。這里沒有罕見的電吉他,沒有古老的項(xiàng)鏈,沒有鮮花裝
25、飾的手繪盒子。很明顯它是陳舊的用來存放垃圾和那些平淡無奇的舊文獻(xiàn)的。我發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些舊書,那些金字已經(jīng)退去使題目很難辨認(rèn)。 “它們看起來很有趣?!蔽疫t疑地說。“要想了解上面所寫你必須有相似的經(jīng)歷?!彼宄卣f。她察覺到我的臉上充滿了疑惑可是卻沒有再說什么。她伸出手拿了一本小書然后遞給了我?!斑@是目前我能夠給你的最好的書”,她笑著說道,“如果你要用它”。我打開書發(fā)現(xiàn)全部是一片空白,但依然給了她向我要的幾美元,當(dāng)我察覺到美元依然是紙飛機(jī)的形狀時(shí)不免有些尷尬。我把書放到包里,謝過她并離開了。in my pocket, thanked her and left 1.Why did the writer
26、 want to leave the hotel?-To have a change of scene. 2.What attracted the writer to the shop?-The light coming from inside. 3.The writer found the stock in the front of the shop -of top quality 4.What was unusual about the way the woman looked at him?-She seemed to know him well. 5.The writer d
27、isliked the back room because -he saw nothing he really liked Going Her Own Way選擇她自己的路 When she was twelve, Maria made 當(dāng)她12歲的時(shí)候,瑪利亞做出了她人生道路的第一個(gè)重要決定。她決定繼續(xù)讀書。對(duì)于大多數(shù)來.自中產(chǎn)階級(jí)家庭的女孩子來說,小學(xué)畢業(yè)就都選擇待在家里,盡管有一些參加了教會(huì)辦的女子精修學(xué)校。在那她們學(xué)習(xí)一些音樂、藝術(shù)、針線活,以及如何禮貌交談。這些并不是瑪利亞所感興趣的或者可以說也不是她媽媽感興趣的。此時(shí),她對(duì)待學(xué)習(xí)更加認(rèn)真。她不停地讀書,她走到哪里就把書帶到
28、哪里。有一次她甚至把數(shù)學(xué)書帶到了劇院里,設(shè)法在黑暗中學(xué)習(xí)。馬利亞知道她想要繼續(xù)正規(guī)學(xué)習(xí)。她想要到公立高中去學(xué)習(xí),很少有女孩子這樣做。在當(dāng)時(shí)的意大利,有兩種形式的高中,一種是“傳統(tǒng)”學(xué)校,另一種是“技術(shù)類”學(xué)校。在傳統(tǒng)學(xué)校中,學(xué)生們都依照一種非常傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)方式學(xué)習(xí),包含拉丁語、希臘語及文學(xué)課,還有意大利的文學(xué)與歷史。極少數(shù)能繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)的女孩們也大多選擇這類學(xué)校。但是瑪利亞打算去技術(shù)類學(xué)校。技術(shù)類學(xué)校比傳統(tǒng)學(xué)校要現(xiàn)代得多,他們提供的課程有現(xiàn)代語言 數(shù)學(xué)、自然科學(xué),以及會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)。包括瑪利亞父親在內(nèi)的大部分人都認(rèn)為,女孩子是不可能弄明白這些科目的。另外,他們也認(rèn)為女孩子不適合學(xué)習(xí)這些?,斃麃啿⒉辉诤踹m合
29、與否。數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)是她最感興趣的學(xué)科。但是在她報(bào)名之前她必須爭(zhēng)得她父親的同意。最后在她母親的幫助下她成功了,盡管過去很多年她的家庭關(guān)系依然很緊張。她的父親一直地反對(duì)她的計(jì)劃,而她的母親卻幫助她。1883年,瑪利亞13歲的時(shí)候考取了羅馬的“Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti”學(xué)校。她在這個(gè)學(xué)校的經(jīng)歷對(duì)我們來說難以想象。盡管課程包括現(xiàn)代學(xué)科,而教學(xué)方式卻是十分傳統(tǒng)的。學(xué)習(xí)包括記憶長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的詞條和事件,然后向老師復(fù)述。學(xué)生們不會(huì)以任何的方式被提問或是自己思考。老師非??量蹋n堂紀(jì)律十分嚴(yán)格,未達(dá)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或者不守紀(jì)律的學(xué)生會(huì)被給予嚴(yán)厲的懲罰。 fail
30、ed to achieve or were disobedient 1.Maria wanted to attend -technical high school 2.In those days, most Italian girls -did not go to high school 3.You can infer from this passage that -only boys usually attended technical schools 4.Maria’s father probably -had very traditional views about wo
31、men 5.High school teachers in Italy in those days were -quite strict Life as a Movie Extra 群眾演員的人生 Ordinary people have always been attracted 人們常常被電影和電影演員吸引,接近他們的方式之一就是當(dāng)群眾演員。雖然你見過群眾演員,但可能從沒注意過他們=群眾演員就是主角在餐廳對(duì)話時(shí)在后面坐著的人,是主角舉行婚禮時(shí)在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的客人,是“壞人”被警察追捕的時(shí)候過馬路的行人。雖然群眾演員通常沒有臺(tái)詞,但他們的存在使整個(gè)場(chǎng)景更真實(shí)。當(dāng)群眾演員看上去很有意思,你
32、可以看到電影背后的情景。但是不要忘記群眾演員是一個(gè)職業(yè),而這個(gè)職業(yè)常常意味著無事可做。第一次當(dāng)群眾演員的人常常會(huì)感到震驚:原來拍電影這么緩慢。電影成品中的場(chǎng)景會(huì)播放的很快,但在拍攝的時(shí)候,屏幕上幾分鐘的鏡頭可能需要拍一整天。對(duì)群眾演員來說.主要的要求就是要有耐心等待??赡芨嬷阍绯课辶c(diǎn)鐘一工作,但你要一直等導(dǎo)演準(zhǔn)備好你要出演的一幕,可能一等就是幾個(gè)小時(shí)。說不定還會(huì)出現(xiàn)技術(shù)問題,那就要等更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間,導(dǎo)演說“開始”之后,你開始演你的第一場(chǎng)戲,要是導(dǎo)演不滿意,你就要重演一遍。實(shí)際上,一追又一遍地重復(fù)是常有的事。在拍攝現(xiàn)場(chǎng),你可能一演就是幾個(gè)小時(shí)。有時(shí)還要一直待在很熱或很冷的環(huán)境中。工作可能會(huì)持續(xù)到
33、晚上十一二點(diǎn)。報(bào)酬也不是那么理想——很可能剛超過最低工資線,你還要從中拿出約10%給向你提供工作的中介。究竟哪些人會(huì)想當(dāng)群眾演員呢?雖然工作時(shí)間長(zhǎng)而報(bào)酬又低,但還是有很多人樂意申請(qǐng)這份工作。有些人是真心喜歡這份工作,他們喜歡出現(xiàn)在電影中,也樂意同其他群眾演員交流。這些人中大部分都是時(shí)間比較靈活的人,這樣他們就能騰出時(shí)間來演戲。他們有可能是學(xué)生、服務(wù)生、家庭主婦、退休人員或者是失業(yè)的演員。一部分找不到工作的演員希望群眾演員的工作能夠幫助他們找到一份正式的演出工作。但是希望很渺茫。電影業(yè)里的人大都對(duì)群眾演員和正式演員有嚴(yán)格的區(qū)分,通常不會(huì)考慮讓群眾演員出演大角色。下次看電影的時(shí)候,別總是盯著影星,
34、也看一下做背景的人,問問你自己:他們是誰?為什么在這里?在生活中他們做些什么呢?也許在人群中,就有人過著跟你相似的生活。 someone in the crowd who is just like you 1.What is true about movie extras?-They often have to wait around onmovie sets and do nothing. 2.What might surprise movie extras the first time they do the job?-It can take hours to do a scenet
35、hat is only a few minutes long in the movie. 3.Why do most people work as movie extras?-They want to be on a movie set. 4.What are the job requirements for being a movie extra?-You must be willing to repeat ascene many times. 5.It can be inferred from the passage that -being a movie extra can be
36、 boring Pop Music in Africa非洲的流行音樂 Young musicians in African countries 非洲國(guó)家的年輕音樂家們創(chuàng)造了一種流行音樂的新形式。音調(diào)與旋律不僅有傳統(tǒng)的非洲因素也有當(dāng)下十分流行的各種形式,比如嘻哈、說唱打擊樂、搖滾、爵士或者是瑞格舞。這樣就使這種音樂讓世界各地的聽者都覺得很熟悉,而它又是典型的非洲音樂。這種音樂在另一方面也有所不同:很多音樂有著嚴(yán)肅的主題,與當(dāng)今非洲重要的社會(huì)問題和政治問題相關(guān)。Eric Wainaina是這些非洲音樂家的其中之一。他成長(zhǎng)于肯尼亞內(nèi)羅畢的一個(gè)音樂世家。少年時(shí)期他就聽美國(guó)的流行音樂,之后就讀于
37、波士頓Berklee College學(xué)習(xí)音樂?,F(xiàn)在他在肯尼亞發(fā)了一張CD。他最紅的歌曲是“Land of ‘A Little Something’”,這首歌是有關(guān)肯尼亞行賄受賄問題的。他希望人們聽他的歌曲然后思考如何讓肯尼亞變成更好的居住地。另一個(gè)寫有關(guān)嚴(yán)肅主題音樂的音樂家是來自坦桑尼亞的Witness Mwaijaga。她的個(gè)人經(jīng)歷讓她能夠切身體會(huì)非洲婦女所受的苦難。她1 5歲的時(shí)候失去了家,但是比起和她一樣無家可歸的年輕人來說她很幸運(yùn)。她可以靠寫歌和在街頭賣唱維持生計(jì)。在她1 8歲的時(shí)候,她成為一個(gè)明星。她用嘻哈和說唱的風(fēng)格寫歌,歌曲的內(nèi)容是坦桑尼亞的各種問題,特別是艾滋病和女性權(quán)利的缺失
38、。來自塞內(nèi)加爾的Baaba Maal也認(rèn)為流行音樂不僅僅是為了娛樂。他在塞內(nèi)加爾說過,故事的講述者往往是重要的人物。在過去,他們是人民歷史的書寫者。他認(rèn)為寫歌者也擁有同樣的責(zé)任。他們必須寫他們周圍的世界,幫助人民明白如何使它變得更好。事實(shí)上,歌詞的內(nèi)容十分重要。他倡導(dǎo)在非洲要和平與協(xié)作,同時(shí)也包括婦女權(quán)利、熱愛家庭和保護(hù)環(huán)境。南美最流行的音樂家之一是Brenda Fassie.她可以與美國(guó)流行巨星麥當(dāng)娜媲美,因?yàn)樗奈枧_(tái)表現(xiàn)力震撼人心。但是她也喜歡讓人深思。20世紀(jì)80年代她因?yàn)橐皇子嘘P(guān)反對(duì)種族隔離的單曲而一炮走紅?,F(xiàn)在種族隔離已經(jīng)終止了,她的歌曲有關(guān)于南美政治和文化的其他方面。她使用傳統(tǒng)的非
39、洲語言與一種新的流行形式庫威多來歌唱。近些年,非洲以外的人們都開始聽這些年輕音樂家的歌曲。通過音樂,年青一代的音樂家使非洲與世界其他的地方相連接,同時(shí)也影響著世界的其他地方。 influencing the rest of the world. 1.This passage is about how African pop music is -more serious than most pop music 2.For people outside of Africa, African pop music is -both familiar and different 3.The
40、musicians mentioned in this passage all -write about serious problems 4.Eric Wainaina -studied music in Boston 5.Witness Mwaijaga writes about the problems of women partly because -she has had a difficult life herself Why So Many Children為什么有這么多的孩子 In many of the developing countries 非洲和亞洲的
41、很多發(fā)展中國(guó)家,人口增長(zhǎng)迅速。原因很簡(jiǎn)單:這些國(guó)家的女人生育率很高——每個(gè)女人平均有三個(gè)到七個(gè)孩子。這些女人大部分都很窮,沒有足夠的食物和資源來照顧家庭。為什么她們要有這么多孩子呢?為什么她們不限制家庭的大小呢?答案是大多數(shù)時(shí)候她們沒辦法選擇。這有很多原因。其中之一是經(jīng)濟(jì)原因。傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)中,家庭成員數(shù)目多是十分有利的。孩子多意味著田里的勞動(dòng)力多且有人給父母養(yǎng)老。在工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家中情況就不同了。多數(shù)孩子不幫助家里,而是增加家庭開銷。因此,工業(yè)化極大降低了生育率。這是意大利的一個(gè)例子,意大利最近幾年工業(yè)化發(fā)展十分迅速。在20世紀(jì)前葉,意大利是個(gè)貧窮的農(nóng)業(yè)國(guó)家,有著很高的生育率。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之后
42、,意大利的現(xiàn)代化和工業(yè)化十分迅速。世紀(jì)之末其生育率降到世界最低,平均每個(gè)女人1.3個(gè)孩子。然而經(jīng)濟(jì)并不是唯一重要的影響出生率的因素。以沙特阿拉伯為例,那里并沒有以農(nóng)業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)的經(jīng)濟(jì),而且是人均收入最高的國(guó)家之一。然而還是有很高的生育率(7.0)。而像墨西哥和印度尼西亞,主要是農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的窮國(guó),但他們的人口還在不斷地下降。很明顯有其他的因素。最重要的就是婦女的狀況。高的生育率往往與婦女缺乏教育與社會(huì)地位低下相關(guān)。這就能解釋沙特阿拉伯的出生率為什么如此之高。傳統(tǒng)的文化使婦女缺乏教育或者不能獨(dú)立,并且在外生存的技能很少。相反,墨西哥、泰國(guó)、印度尼西亞的生育率就低。他們的政府給婦女提供更多的教育和機(jī)會(huì)。另
43、一個(gè)重要的因素是計(jì)劃生育。女人們也許想限制家庭的大小,但是她們沒有辦法。一些倡導(dǎo)計(jì)劃生育的政府為她們提供有效而且不貴的方式,生育率下降。比如新加坡、斯里蘭卡、印度和印度尼西亞、泰國(guó)、墨西哥、巴西。在這些國(guó)家婦女被提供健康和計(jì)劃生育的幫助。這些趨勢(shì)表明有效的控制人口的方案并不依賴于良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。如果是致力于幫助婦女適應(yīng)她們的需求那么就是有效的。事實(shí)上只有這樣,才能有機(jī)會(huì)取得成功。 does it have any real chance of success 1.In a traditional agricultural economy, a large family -can be a
44、n advantage 2.When countries become industrialized, -the birth rate generally goes down 3.According to this passage, Italy today is an example of an -industrialized country with a low birth rate 4.Saudi Arabia is mentioned in the passage because it shows that -factors other than the economy in
45、fluence birth rate 5.In Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia, the government -has tried to improve the condition of women Eat to Live為了活著吃飯 A meager diet may give you health 節(jié)食可能使你健康長(zhǎng)壽,但并不好玩——節(jié)食可能不是非做不可的事。即使上了年紀(jì)再節(jié)食,我們?nèi)匀挥锌赡茉诤艽蟪潭壬媳3智啻夯盍?。Stephen Spindler和他在加利福尼亞大學(xué)河濱分校的同事們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),一只高齡老鼠只要連續(xù)四周限制它進(jìn)食,它的某些肝臟基
46、因就會(huì)變得和衰老前一樣充滿活力。老鼠的肝部基因恢復(fù)活力不會(huì)逆轉(zhuǎn)老鼠在其他方面的老化,但卻有助于肝臟代謝藥物或除去毒素。Spindler的團(tuán)隊(duì)正常飼養(yǎng)三只老鼠直到它們死亡,而另外三只老鼠只喂飼料正常定量的一半。另外三只老鼠在34個(gè)月大的時(shí)候——相當(dāng)于人的70歲,從正常飼養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)到半量飼養(yǎng)一個(gè)月。研究者檢查了這些老鼠肝臟的11000個(gè)基因的活動(dòng),發(fā)現(xiàn)正常飼養(yǎng)的老鼠隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)有46條肝臟基因會(huì)發(fā)生變化。這種變化與炎癥和身體組織無限激增相關(guān)——這大概對(duì)老鼠的健康來說是個(gè)壞消息。在那些終生節(jié)食的老鼠中,這46條肝臟基因中的27條繼續(xù)像年輕的基因一樣活動(dòng)。但最驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)是那些上了年紀(jì)才開始節(jié)食的老鼠也能7
47、0%的基因變化中受益。華盛頓附近的國(guó)家老年協(xié)會(huì)的Huber Warner說:“這是這些影響迅速起作用的第一個(gè)跡象?!边€沒有人知道熱量限制是否在人身上和在老鼠身上一樣起作用,但是Spindler懷有希望。他說:“有吸引人的證據(jù)表明它能起作用?!比绻_實(shí)能在人身上起作用,那就有足夠的理由使肝臟煥發(fā)青春。當(dāng)我們變老時(shí),我們的身體對(duì)藥物的新陳代謝就不那么高效。Spindler說短期的節(jié)食足以使藥物充分發(fā)揮藥效。但是Spindler不能肯定節(jié)食是否值得。他說:“老鼠們病少了,活的更長(zhǎng),但是它們感到饑餓。即便明白節(jié)食的作用,仍舊很難在飯館里說我只能吃一半?!盨pindler希望在不久的將來,我們不必節(jié)食
48、。他的公司,加利福尼亞壽命遺傳學(xué)所,正在尋找有熱量控制作用的藥物。have the effects of calorie restriction. 1.According to the passage,which of the following is NOT true?-We have to begin dieting from childhood. 2.Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?-To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice. 3.What
49、can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage?-They are more likely to suffer from inflammation. 4.According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?-The mice that started dieting in old age. 5.According to the last two paragraphs, Spindl
50、er believes that -dieting is not a good method to give us health and a long life New US Plan for Disease Prevention美國(guó)疾病預(yù)防新政策Urging Americans to take responsibility 周二,健康及人道服務(wù)部秘書托米湯姆森發(fā)起了一項(xiàng)耗資1500萬美元的計(jì)劃,大力推進(jìn)社區(qū)在預(yù)防諸如心臟病、癌癥及糖尿病等慢性病上發(fā)揮更大能量,以鼓勵(lì)美國(guó)人對(duì)自己的健康負(fù)責(zé)。這一行動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)了慢性病——造成美國(guó)國(guó)人死亡的主要原因的代價(jià),概括了預(yù)防疾病的途徑,包括改善飲食和增
51、加鍛煉。衛(wèi)生與公共服務(wù)部在報(bào)告中指出,“今天,在美國(guó)70%的死亡、絕大多數(shù)重病、殘疾及健康醫(yī)療是由慢性病造成的,絕大多數(shù)醫(yī)療費(fèi)用也花在慢性病的治療上。”原因往往是行為上的——吸煙、不良的飲食習(xí)慣以及缺乏鍛煉?!拔掖_信通過增進(jìn)健康來預(yù)防疾病是一項(xiàng)利在將來的精明之舉。”湯姆森在發(fā)起該倡議的會(huì)議上說?!拔覀儺?dāng)前的健康醫(yī)療體系不是為應(yīng)付治療那些基本上可以通過改變生活方式來預(yù)防的疾病的費(fèi)用不斷上漲而設(shè)立的?!睖飞f道,全國(guó)心臟病和中風(fēng)將在2003年將要耗資3510億美元?!澳行院团运劳龅闹饕∫蚨蓟旧峡梢灶A(yù)防,但是作為一個(gè)國(guó)家,我們卻尚未采取必要措施使人們生活得更為健康長(zhǎng)壽?!彼f道。調(diào)撥1 50
52、0萬美元給社區(qū)來推動(dòng)預(yù)防工作,促使變化,細(xì)微到修建人行道,鼓勵(lì)人們多多步行。每天鍛煉,比如走步,能夠預(yù)防以及治療心臟病和糖尿病,且能預(yù)防癌癥和中風(fēng)。這批款項(xiàng)也將撥給社區(qū)組織、診所及營(yíng)養(yǎng)師,鼓勵(lì)他們合作,教育有患糖尿病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人們?nèi)绾芜M(jìn)行預(yù)防,鼓勵(lì)人們多做早期癌癥篩查。美國(guó)癌癥學(xué)會(huì)估計(jì),所有類型癌癥的一半可用早期癌癥篩查測(cè)出,包括針對(duì)宮頸癌的巴氏試驗(yàn)、針對(duì)乳腺癌的乳房X線照片、結(jié)腸鏡檢查以及前列腺檢查。如果所有這些癌癥都能夠由早期篩查測(cè)出,該組織估計(jì)癌癥存活率將上升到95% for cancer would rise to 95 percent. 1.Which of the followin
53、g is NOT true of chronic diseases in the US?-They often result in unhealthy lifestyles. 2.The author mentions all the following as ways of disease prevention EXCEPT -higher survival rate for cancer 3.The article indicates that more money spent on disease prevention will mean -much less money nee
54、ded for disease treatment 4.The $15 million program is aimed at -promoting disease prevention 5.Early cancer screening can help reduce significantly -cancer death rate The Operation of International Airlines國(guó)際航空公司的經(jīng)營(yíng) International airlines have rediscovered 國(guó)際航空公司重新發(fā)現(xiàn),商務(wù)游客經(jīng)常定期乘坐國(guó)際航班,這甚至成為他們工
55、作的一部分。這并不一定意味著國(guó)際航空公司曾經(jīng)忽視了商務(wù)乘客。相反,漢莎航空公司和瑞士航空公司聲稱他們總是盡量滿足商務(wù)人士階層的乘客。但是許多航空公司被指責(zé)說過去太注重由運(yùn)載量吸引乘客,造成老顧客的流失。公司經(jīng)常為了數(shù)量而非質(zhì)量進(jìn)行調(diào)整。主要航線的經(jīng)營(yíng)本質(zhì)上是要找到合適的乘客組合。航空公司可以讓低價(jià)位機(jī)票乘客乘坐寬機(jī)身飛機(jī)的后艙,不能忘記前艙需要讓機(jī)票價(jià)位較高者乘坐。兩家主要的廉價(jià)航空公司的倒閉并不是巧合。但是低票價(jià)需要總是滿機(jī)以使班機(jī)在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面可以生存,在最近的蕭條期運(yùn)載量并沒有增長(zhǎng)。容量過剩和殘酷的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)引起票價(jià)下降,迫使一些航空公司倒閉,把許多別的公司推到倒閉的邊緣。在這種嚴(yán)峻的背景下,航空
56、公司不斷轉(zhuǎn)向商務(wù)游客以提高利潤(rùn)率就不足為奇了。他們付出了大量的時(shí)間和精力去滿足他們對(duì)座位的要求,并將他們與普通游客相區(qū)分。在優(yōu)先取舍的列表上還有準(zhǔn)時(shí)性,經(jīng)理們的時(shí)間是寶貴的。客機(jī)服務(wù)是航班為了爭(zhēng)取商務(wù)人士注意力的又一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。免費(fèi)的飲品、耳機(jī)和可口的食物都是很有誘惑力的因素。另外一個(gè)發(fā)展是強(qiáng)調(diào)座位的安排。老乘客對(duì)座位的傾斜度很精通——因?yàn)檫@會(huì)影響前后座之間的間隙。一等艙提供傾斜式,這樣在長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的旅程中,乘客能得到一個(gè)良好睡眠。實(shí)踐證明,臥椅很受乘客們的喜愛,它將會(huì)在所有飛機(jī)的前倉(cāng)被普遍應(yīng)用。航空公司還試圖改善地面服務(wù)。商務(wù)人員休息室變得很尋常了,這樣乘客們等待航班的時(shí)間可以變得更好過一些。行李處
57、理服務(wù)也改善了。不過遺憾的是,在加快煩瑣的入境通關(guān)手續(xù)方面,航空公司能做的很有限。各大洲各階層的乘客們只能繼續(xù)厭煩沮喪了。盡管航空公司的目的是從它們的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手中吸引商務(wù)乘客,航空公司將盡力改變這類乘客的壞習(xí)慣——預(yù)定昂貴的機(jī)票卻沒有乘坐。這種現(xiàn)象在歐洲尤為廣泛,商務(wù)人士常常同時(shí)在幾個(gè)航班預(yù)定返程機(jī)票。 journeys home one on several flights. 1.According to the passage, in operating airlines it is essential to -cater to the need of passengers sitti
58、ng, at both ends of the jets 2.The following are all mentioned as reasons why the airlines are having a hard time EXCEPT that -the tourist industry is experiencing an all-time low 3.The improvements the airlines attempt at include all the following EXCEPT -showing more movies during the long fli
59、ghts 4.There is not much the airlines can do when it comes to -speeding up customs procedure 5.Which of the following is a bad habit of the executive passengers that frustrates the airlines?-They do not travel on the flight they have booked. Sauna桑拿浴 Ceremonial bathing has existed for 儀式性的沐浴已經(jīng)
60、有幾千年的歷史,并且有多種形式,其中的一種就是桑拿浴。芬蘭人完善了蒸汽浴,也就是桑拿浴。它可以在一個(gè)封閉的房間里將水澆在滾燙的石頭上,或是一種干熱浴。日本人、希臘人、土耳其人、俄國(guó)人以及美洲土著人在他們的沐浴傳統(tǒng)中都有發(fā)汗浴這一形式。用于熱浴發(fā)汗的方式是古羅馬優(yōu)先使用的,而哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸前的美洲人則使用發(fā)汗小屋。最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于當(dāng)時(shí)還沒有掌握煙囪技術(shù),山洞里總是充滿著火焰引起的濃煙。人們?cè)诨鸩劾锷?,加熱山洞的四壁。?dāng)墻壁達(dá)到一定的溫度時(shí),將濃煙排出洞外,這使得墻壁還能保持幾個(gè)小時(shí)的高溫。今天,有一些人認(rèn)為有煙的桑拿浴,“煙熏桑拿”,才是真正的桑拿體驗(yàn),而所有的桑拿
61、浴都應(yīng)該至少有煙熏或煙味兒的背景?,F(xiàn)在,盡管煤油爐和燒木頭的火爐仍然可以使用,大多數(shù)的桑拿浴都是用電爐。桑拿浴能使人放松并消除壓力。肌肉疼痛或關(guān)節(jié)炎都可以利用桑拿浴的熱氣減輕疼痛和炎癥。熱氣還可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道,使呼吸更加順暢。桑拿浴并不能治愈普通的感冒,但它可以減輕患者的胸悶感,加快康復(fù)的速度。在蒸桑拿浴時(shí),人體溫度通常會(huì)上升1-2度,就像發(fā)低燒一樣的感覺。因此,蒸桑拿可以說是印證了一句老話:“傷風(fēng)時(shí)宜吃,發(fā)熱時(shí)宜餓?!倍ㄆ谡羯D迷】梢栽诘谝粫r(shí)間預(yù)防感冒的發(fā)生。蒸桑拿對(duì)皮膚也有好處,它可以促進(jìn)皮膚的血液循環(huán)和出汗。在這個(gè)過程中,成年人一般每小時(shí)要蒸發(fā)2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中的污垢
62、,使皮膚變得光潔。失水只是暫時(shí)性的,人體機(jī)能能夠很快補(bǔ)充合適的水量。在熱氣交換的過程中,心臟跳動(dòng)得更快,這就使心血管系統(tǒng)也得到了鍛煉。蒸桑拿浴時(shí)的心率能從原來的平均每分鐘72下增加到每分鐘100-150下。健康的心臟可以承受這種變化,而那些心臟病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前應(yīng)該征求醫(yī)生的建議。同樣地,老年人和糖尿病患者也應(yīng)如此。孕婦則不能蒸桑拿浴,尤其是在懷孕的頭三個(gè)月。其實(shí),每個(gè)人在剛開始嘗試桑拿浴時(shí)都應(yīng)該先是短時(shí)間的,直到適應(yīng)了這種沐浴方式。become accustomed to this type of bath 1.Ceremonial bathing -has various forms
63、 2.What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience?-Saunas with smoke. 3.According to the third paragraph, saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT -curing asthma 4.According to the fourth paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glow because -pores are cleaned by sweat 5.W
64、ho are advised not to take a sauna?-All of the above. Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack建筑設(shè)計(jì)能使建筑抵御恐怖襲擊嗎 In the aftermath of the terrorist attack 在世貿(mào)中心遭受恐怖襲擊后一段時(shí)間內(nèi),建筑工程師們?cè)噲D解決一個(gè)在一個(gè)月前人們從未想過的問題:建筑設(shè)計(jì)能使建筑具有抵御恐怖襲擊的性能嗎?恐怖分子襲擊雙子塔10天后,布法羅大學(xué)的建筑工程師和總部設(shè)在布法羅大學(xué)多學(xué)科中心的地震工程研究所作為國(guó)家科學(xué)基金出資的一個(gè)項(xiàng)目的一部分
65、來到了世貿(mào)中心被毀現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。參觀了地震研究所部分人員考察的地點(diǎn),他們用了2天時(shí)間開始將如何設(shè)計(jì)抵抗襲擊的建筑的想法系統(tǒng)化并且在那些已損壞但未倒塌的建筑中尋找如何設(shè)計(jì)的線索?!拔覀兛疾毂粴КF(xiàn)場(chǎng)的目的是去看看世貿(mào)中心周圍的建筑,那些被損壞但沒倒塌的建筑。”M. Brunean博士說。“我們當(dāng)前的愿望是能對(duì)那些建筑沒倒塌的原因有更好的認(rèn)識(shí),而我們的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)目標(biāo)是看能否將抗震技術(shù)與現(xiàn)有建筑技術(shù)結(jié)合以提高在恐怖襲擊事件中建筑的性能?!彼a(bǔ)充說。研究者拍攝的照片以驚人的細(xì)節(jié)展示了恐怖襲擊對(duì)世貿(mào)中心及其附近建筑造成的嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞。一幢離世貿(mào)中心一街區(qū)遠(yuǎn)的建筑雖被嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞但未倒塌?!斑@幢建筑離世貿(mào)中心數(shù)英米遠(yuǎn),然而我們?cè)?/p>
66、被毀現(xiàn)場(chǎng)還看到過去曾是其一部分的一個(gè)圓柱”,A.Whittaker博士說,“這個(gè)圓柱充當(dāng)了一枚發(fā)射物,跨過了道路,穿過了窗戶和樓層?!睋?jù)工程師們說,在被毀現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的考察也發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些令人驚奇的事。例如,附近一幢建筑的樓板骨架系統(tǒng)非常堅(jiān)固,這使那些被成噸的殘片擊穿的樓板得以完整無缺?!案叨瘸浞值纳煺沟墓羌芟到y(tǒng)可以為具有抗爆炸性能提供簡(jiǎn)單而有效的方法?!彼a(bǔ)充說。其他方法可以包括在承重部分失去作用時(shí)為重力的下落提供多種途徑?!拔覀円残枰玫卣J(rèn)識(shí)倒塌的過程”,A.Whittaker說,“我們需要找到是什么引起建筑倒塌和如何對(duì)其進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。”A. Reinhorn博士特別提到“在過去,地震造成的震動(dòng)使許多建筑物倒塌。它引起動(dòng)力的反應(yīng)、極強(qiáng)的壓力和建筑結(jié)構(gòu)部分變形。抗震性能設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展也許可直接適用于爆炸工程和抗襲擊性能的設(shè)計(jì),我們?cè)诓挤_大學(xué)任務(wù)的一部分是吸收這些解決方法并找到未知的新方法?!? new ones where none exist at present 1.The question raised in the first paragraph is one -that was ne
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