長途客車無人為干涉防超載系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計,長途客車,人為,干涉,超載,系統(tǒng),設(shè)計 理工科類 本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）開題報告 論文(設(shè)計)題目 長途客車無人為干涉防超載系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計 作者所在系別 機(jī)電工程 作者所在專業(yè) 車輛工程 作者所在班級 B13142 作 者 姓 名 鄧人豪 作 者 學(xué) 號 201322421 指導(dǎo)教師姓名 孟立新 指導(dǎo)教師職稱 副教授 完 成 時 間 2017 年 3 月 北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制 說 明 1．根據(jù)學(xué)校《畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)工作暫行規(guī)定》，學(xué)生必須撰寫《畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）開題報告》。開題報告作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）答辯委員會對學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。 2．開題報告應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下，由學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）工作前期內(nèi)完成，經(jīng)指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見及所在專業(yè)教研室論證審查后生效。開題報告不合格者需重做。 3．畢業(yè)設(shè)計開題報告各項內(nèi)容要實事求是，逐條認(rèn)真填寫。其中的文字表達(dá)要明確、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語言通順，外來語要同時用原文和中文表達(dá)。第一次出現(xiàn)縮寫詞，須注出全稱。 4．開題報告中除最后一頁外均由學(xué)生填寫，填寫各欄目時可根據(jù)內(nèi)容另加附頁。 5．閱讀的主要參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)在10篇以上（土建類專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)篇數(shù)可酌減），其中外文資料應(yīng)占一定比例。本學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)和專業(yè)課教材一般不應(yīng)列為參考資料。 6．參考文獻(xiàn)的書寫應(yīng)遵循畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）撰寫規(guī)范要求。 7．開題報告應(yīng)與文獻(xiàn)綜述、一篇外文譯文和外文原文復(fù)印件同時提交，文獻(xiàn)綜述的撰寫格式按畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）撰寫規(guī)范的要求，字?jǐn)?shù)在2000字左右。 3 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)開題報告 學(xué)生姓名 鄧人豪 專 業(yè) 車輛工程 班 級 B13142 指導(dǎo)教師姓名 孟立新 職 稱 工作單位 北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院 課題來源 課題性質(zhì) 課題名稱 長途客車無人為干涉防超載系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計 本設(shè)計的科學(xué)依據(jù) （科學(xué)意義和應(yīng)用前景，國內(nèi)外研究概況，目前技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀、水平和發(fā)展趨勢等） 針對客車超載所引起的的事故頻發(fā)，而開發(fā)的在無人為干涉狀態(tài)下防止客車超載的一套系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)可以有效的控制客車的上車人數(shù)，防止司機(jī)拉客超載，從而減少因超載引發(fā)事故的頻率。這種系統(tǒng)非常適用于缺少人為監(jiān)管的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)上的長途客車。 這種系統(tǒng)在國內(nèi)非常少見，或者說并沒有大規(guī)模的應(yīng)用在我們?nèi)粘３俗拈L途客車上。公路上汽車超載是個世界性難題，世界上許多發(fā)達(dá)國家在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展初期都有過嚴(yán)重超限超載的問題，而且在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展到一定階段后仍然有不同程度的存在。對于客車超載方面檢測系統(tǒng)而言，基于單片機(jī)的智能監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)在國內(nèi)外的應(yīng)用比較多，用紅外線發(fā)射器接受對管，或者熱敏電阻來檢測上下車人數(shù)，然后把人數(shù)傳送給單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)經(jīng)分析比較來判斷是否超載?？蛙嚦d檢測技術(shù)在這幾年內(nèi)發(fā)展日漸成熟，但如今最通用的方法就是上訴的利用人體熱釋電傳單器和單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)組成的檢測系統(tǒng)，而且已經(jīng)很成熟了，而這種技術(shù)要裝到每輛行駛的客車上，需要大量的材料和生產(chǎn)成本，而且隨著車輛的更換也要重新安裝，未來發(fā)展會不但在車輛上普及這種檢測系統(tǒng)，而且更傾向于在道路上安裝能到檢測過往車輛是否超載的監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，這樣的系統(tǒng)不用隨著車輛的更換而更換，可以固定下來并能良好地保護(hù)檢測系統(tǒng)，從而在節(jié)省資源的情況下實現(xiàn)能夠檢測車輛是否超載，另外PLC的發(fā)展迅速已經(jīng)在應(yīng)用上超過了單片機(jī)，未來發(fā)展中用PLC實現(xiàn)客車超載檢測的技術(shù)會代替單片機(jī)的。隨著科技的發(fā)展，客車超載檢測系統(tǒng)會越來越成熟的。 設(shè)計內(nèi)容和預(yù)期成果 （具體設(shè)計內(nèi)容和重點解決的技術(shù)問題、預(yù)期成果和提供的形式） 設(shè)計內(nèi)容 檢測系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計 信息處理系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計 顯示系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計 報警系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計 控制處理系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計 預(yù)期成果 通過本系統(tǒng)可以有效的監(jiān)測和制約上車人數(shù)，防止超載，從而大大的降低因超載而 引發(fā)事故的頻率 擬采取設(shè)計方法和技術(shù)支持 （設(shè)計方案、技術(shù)要求、實驗方法和步驟、可能遇到的問題和解決辦法等） 目前，國內(nèi)外研究客車超載的方法有：基于單片機(jī)的客車防超載系統(tǒng)；基于GPRS的客車防超載系統(tǒng)；應(yīng)用圖像動態(tài)監(jiān)測技術(shù)的客車防超載系統(tǒng)；基于PLC的客車防超載系統(tǒng)；以及通過測重法實現(xiàn)的防超載系統(tǒng)。 在實際操作中可能遇到的問題 因技術(shù)原因檢測系統(tǒng)可能無法精確的捕捉到每一個人的信息，因為每個人的體 態(tài)不一樣，從而難以避免在人為或偶然情況下出現(xiàn)的檢測不準(zhǔn)確的情況 實現(xiàn)本項目預(yù)期目標(biāo)和已具備的條件 （包括過去學(xué)習(xí)、研究工作基礎(chǔ)，現(xiàn)有主要儀器設(shè)備、設(shè)計環(huán)境及協(xié)作條件等） 1 校立圖書館 2 電腦 3 學(xué)校所能提供的相關(guān)的實驗室 各環(huán)節(jié)擬定階段性工作進(jìn)度 (以周為單位) 1-4周 完成開題報告 5-6周 廣泛查閱參考資料，重點閱讀重要參考文獻(xiàn) 7-8周 試驗設(shè)備的調(diào)試研究 9-10周 試驗操作 11-12周 試驗數(shù)據(jù)分析 13-14周 撰寫論文，準(zhǔn)備答辯 開 題 報 告 審 定 紀(jì) 要 時 間 地點 主持人 參 會 教 師 姓 名 職 務(wù)（職 稱） 姓 名 職 務(wù)（職 稱） 論 證 情 況 摘 要 記錄人： 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 意 見 指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 年 月 日 教 研 室 意 見 教研室主任簽名： 年 月 日 本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)文獻(xiàn)綜述 設(shè)計 (論文)題目 長途客車無人為干涉防超載系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計 作者所在系別 機(jī)電工程 作者所在專業(yè) 車輛工程 作者所在班級 B13142 作 者 姓 名 鄧人豪 作 者 學(xué) 號 201322421 指導(dǎo)教師姓名 孟立新 指導(dǎo)教師職稱 副教授 完 成 時 間 2017 年 3 月 北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制  說 明 1．根據(jù)學(xué)?！懂厴I(yè)設(shè)計(論文)工作暫行規(guī)定》，學(xué)生必須撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)文獻(xiàn)綜述。文獻(xiàn)綜述作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)答辯委員會對學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。 2．文獻(xiàn)綜述應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下，由學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)工作前期內(nèi)完成，由指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見并經(jīng)所在專業(yè)教研室審查。 3．文獻(xiàn)綜述各項內(nèi)容要實事求是，文字表達(dá)要明確、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語言通順，外來語要同時用原文和中文表達(dá)。第一次出現(xiàn)縮寫詞，須注出全稱。 4．學(xué)生撰寫文獻(xiàn)綜述，閱讀的主要參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)在10篇以上（土建類專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)篇數(shù)可酌減），其中外文資料應(yīng)占一定比例。本學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)和專業(yè)課教材一般不應(yīng)列為參考資料。 5．文獻(xiàn)綜述的撰寫格式按畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)撰寫規(guī)范的要求，字?jǐn)?shù)在2000字左右。文獻(xiàn)綜述應(yīng)與開題報告同時提交。 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述 長途客車無人為干涉防超載系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計 摘要：針對客車超載所引起的的事故頻發(fā)，而開發(fā)的在無人為干涉狀態(tài)下防止客車超載的一套系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)可以有效的控制客車的上車人數(shù)，防止司機(jī)拉客超載，從而減少因超載引發(fā)事故的頻率。通過各方面文獻(xiàn)的查詢，希望可以找到合適的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計以及解決各種難題的關(guān)鍵。 關(guān)鍵詞：防超載；無人為干涉；客車；監(jiān)控 Abstract: For the frequent accidents caused by overloading, and development a system under the state without human intervention to prevent bus overload.This system can effective control of passenger train number, prevent driver soliciting overload,and reducing because of overload caused the frequency of the accident.Through the various aspects of literature query, hope to find a suitable system design and the key to solve various problems。 Keyword: Prevent overload，Without human intervention， Passenger car，monitoring 近年來，汽車行業(yè)行業(yè)急速發(fā)展，我國公路建設(shè)和汽車工業(yè)攜手并肩,迅猛發(fā)展.截止2002年底,全國公路通車總里程已達(dá)175.8萬km,其中高速公路總里程上升到2.52萬km,躍居世界第二位.與此同時,汽車工業(yè)產(chǎn)銷再旺,也僅用2年時間就實現(xiàn)從200萬輛到300萬輛的歷史跨越,躋身于世界汽車生產(chǎn)大國。2009-2015 年，中國汽車產(chǎn)銷量快速增長，2015 年汽車銷量接近2500 萬輛。與之相對應(yīng)，中國汽車保有量持續(xù)增長，從2007 年的0.57 億輛達(dá)到2015 年的1.72 億輛，翻了不到兩番，年復(fù)合增長率約14.8%。照此速度發(fā)展，預(yù)計2020 年中國汽車保有量將突破2 億輛。汽車行業(yè)發(fā)展如此迅猛，當(dāng)然也會隨之帶來許多的問題，比如能源問題，環(huán)境問題，交通問題等等。如何合理有效的解決這些問題，成為了我們目前應(yīng)急需解決的事情。而本次研究中我們待解決的問題，正是由于汽車行業(yè)發(fā)展迅速而引起的交通問題。 眾所周知，如何防止交通事故是世界性難題。在中國，交通事故尤其嚴(yán)重，而這其中由超載所引起的的事故占到了不小的比例。隨著生活水平的不斷提高，國家經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅猛發(fā)展，公路運輸業(yè)成為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)之一，運輸車輛的數(shù)量也在成幾何基數(shù)增長，人們外出打工，探親，旅游的人數(shù)越來越多，而與此相關(guān)的公路客運的運力就變得相當(dāng)?shù)木o缺，致使超員現(xiàn)象頻頻出現(xiàn)，長期以來，客車運輸車輛超載現(xiàn)象屢禁不止，超載違章一直都是交通安全的頑癥。特別是逢年過節(jié)的時候，大的客流量帶來的利潤吸引了眾多不法分子鋌而走險，監(jiān)管漏洞的地方便為不法分子們提供了可乘之機(jī)。就我自己的親身經(jīng)歷而言，我國城鎮(zhèn)鄉(xiāng)村客運的問題尤為嚴(yán)重，每次乘坐基本都是人擠人的狀態(tài)。司機(jī)在利益的驅(qū)使下瘋狂拉客，而乘客則想著能節(jié)約時間就節(jié)約時間只圖自己方便，在這些原因的催化下，交通事故頻發(fā)。所以開發(fā)一套無人為干涉下的防超載系統(tǒng)是非常有必要的。對于客車超載方面檢測系統(tǒng)而言，基于單片機(jī)的智能監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)在國內(nèi)外的應(yīng)用比較多，用紅外線發(fā)射器接受對管，或者熱敏電阻來檢測上下車人數(shù)，然后把人數(shù)傳送給單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)經(jīng)分析比較來判斷是否超載。這種方法可以說是目前研究上最簡單的了。另外我國也有體感傳感器的方法對客車超載進(jìn)行有效的監(jiān)控，江蘇南京理工大學(xué)與一家電腦公司研發(fā)成功的體感傳感器，能通過紅外線感測車廂內(nèi)人數(shù)變化，該傳感器實現(xiàn)了對客運汽車超載智能化報警管理。該傳感器的具體功能是把這個體感傳感器掛在汽車頂端，在汽車行進(jìn)的時候，可以進(jìn)行實時抓拍。這套系統(tǒng)可以搭配GPS系統(tǒng)使用，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)超載現(xiàn)象，后臺會自動發(fā)出警報。如果僅僅通過圖像掃描，會有誤判，例如，如果有人身材嬌小，藏在別人身后，傳統(tǒng)的攝像頭有時無法判別，但是體感傳感器捕捉、形成的三維深度圖像對人體的掃描能變得更加精確。目前，這套系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)在淮安的長途客車上試用，往后這套傳感器系統(tǒng)將會得到更加廣泛的利用，往后人們將會坐上的是無超載的安全客運汽車。紅外線檢測人數(shù)技術(shù)基本已經(jīng)成熟，通過人體熱釋電紅外傳感器來實現(xiàn)對人數(shù)的檢測，然后再由單片機(jī)組成的中央處理單元中對客車的人數(shù)進(jìn)行分析，以判斷客車是否超載，如果超載，可通過揚聲器或閃光燈發(fā)出警告，也可以直接向公安交通部門發(fā)出舉報，同時通過繼電氣控制電路對發(fā)電機(jī)進(jìn)行鎖定以防止事故的發(fā)生。熱敏電阻來檢測人數(shù)和上訴系統(tǒng)原理差不多，就是將其中的熱釋電紅外傳感器換作熱敏電阻來檢測客車人數(shù)，不過這種技術(shù)由于受到其他干擾的可能性大，檢測數(shù)據(jù)不是很準(zhǔn)確而沒有得到廣泛使用。客車超載檢測技術(shù)在這幾年內(nèi)發(fā)展日漸成熟，但如今最通用的方法就是上訴的利用人體熱釋電傳單器和單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)組成的檢測系統(tǒng)，而且已經(jīng)很成熟了，而這種技術(shù)要裝到每輛行駛的客車上，需要大量的材料和生產(chǎn)成本，而且隨著車輛的更換也要重新安裝，未來發(fā)展會不但在車輛上普及這種檢測系統(tǒng)，而且更傾向于在道路上安裝能到檢測過往車輛是否超載的監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，這樣的系統(tǒng)不用隨著車輛的更換而更換，可以固定下來并能良好地保護(hù)檢測系統(tǒng)，從而在節(jié)省資源的情況下實現(xiàn)能夠檢測車輛是否超載，另外PLC的發(fā)展迅速已經(jīng)在應(yīng)用上超過了單片機(jī)，未來發(fā)展中用PLC實現(xiàn)客車超載檢測的技術(shù)會代替單片機(jī)的。隨著科技的發(fā)展，客車超載檢測系統(tǒng)會越來越成熟的。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1] 陳永普.紅外探測與控制電路[M].北京:人民郵電出版社,2004 [2] 王仲生.智能檢測與控制技術(shù)[M].西安:西北工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,2002 [3] 沙占友.智能傳感器系統(tǒng)設(shè)計與應(yīng)用[M].北京:電子工業(yè)出版社,2005 [4] 黃繼呂.傳感器工作原理及應(yīng)用實例[M].北京:人民郵電出版社,2000 [5] 王治剛.單片機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)與實訓(xùn)[M].北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2004 [6] 熊杰.首屆珠中江科協(xié)論壇論文集[C]2011 [7] 周露露,安凱.通訊世界[J].2014 [8] 李明,馬恒海.汽車與配件[M].2003 [9] 徐文斌.電腦知識與技術(shù)[J].2011 [10] 肖艷.汽車工業(yè)研究[J].2017 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述 指導(dǎo)教師意見 指導(dǎo)教師： 年 月 日 專業(yè)教研室審查意見 負(fù)責(zé)人： 年 月 日 3 譯文標(biāo)題 汽車安全系統(tǒng)和技術(shù)的研究和分析 原文標(biāo)題 Automotive safety systems and technology research and analysis 作 者 譯 名 國 籍 原文出處 汽車安全系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)研究和分析作為現(xiàn)代化的交通工具和絕對數(shù)量急劇增加,交通事故也在增加。交通事故已成為嚴(yán)重的全球性社會問題。毫無疑問,先進(jìn)的汽車安全設(shè)施是行車安全不可缺少的保障。所以我們應(yīng)該開始,從技術(shù)研究和開發(fā)高性能、高安全車,也要加強(qiáng)車輛的定期檢查,及時維修調(diào)查,使車輛經(jīng)常處于良好的技術(shù)狀態(tài),以提高汽車的安全性能。 這里我們介紹汽車汽車主動安全技術(shù)和被動安全技術(shù)。汽車安全是根據(jù)交通事故發(fā)生之前和之后的分類。一個是在一次交通事故中采取安全措施,尤其是之前立即將產(chǎn)生風(fēng)險條件下,駕駛員操縱方向盤避免或緊急制動,以避免交通事故。在車?yán)?開車通常以確?；镜牟倏v穩(wěn)定性,駕駛員對周圍環(huán)境和確保視覺識別性沖動汽車本身,開發(fā)ant-lock制動系統(tǒng)(ABS)的基本性能,防滑驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)(ASR),主動制導(dǎo)懸架系統(tǒng),動力轉(zhuǎn)向和四輪驅(qū)動(四輪驅(qū)動),四輪轉(zhuǎn)向(4 ws)、照明系統(tǒng)、刮水器,后視鏡,防止追尾的汽車報警系統(tǒng)和激光雷達(dá),等等。這些安全設(shè)備和技術(shù),稱為主動安全系統(tǒng),也可以稱為預(yù)防性安全系統(tǒng)。另一方面,為了減少交通事故和公司人員直接承受程度,確保公司人員和行人的安全,說被動安全的安全,還可以叫沖突安全。當(dāng)事故發(fā)生后,為了防止災(zāi)害,包括防止火災(zāi)的擴(kuò)張,使船員從交通事故可以使安全設(shè)備和系統(tǒng),防止災(zāi)害擴(kuò)大安全系統(tǒng)。 One.Automobile主動安全技術(shù) 1.ABS制動系統(tǒng) Ant-lock制動系統(tǒng)(ABS剎車系統(tǒng),鎖定計算機(jī)作為ABS),液壓裝置,車輪速度傳感器、制動液壓管道、電線等,其結(jié)構(gòu)如下所示。 ABS的流蘇在各種駕駛汽車制動性能和制動條件安全特別重要,尤其是緊急制動,可以充分利用輪胎和路面附著力屬性之間的峰值,提高汽車抗側(cè)滑性能,減少制動距離、制動性能充分發(fā)揮,但也增加了汽車制動過程控制。以減少交通事故的可能性。 沒有安裝ABS汽車,如果踩制動踏板的驅(qū)動力,輪將迅速降低速度,最后車輪停止轉(zhuǎn)動,但身體由于慣性仍向前滑動。這種現(xiàn)象在車輪和路面之間發(fā)生更大的“滑”,出現(xiàn)這種情況,汽車輪胎的汽車側(cè)滑幾乎消失,所以可憐的力將會出現(xiàn)以下現(xiàn)象: (1)操縱穩(wěn)定性下降:方向盤是無效的,操縱車輛尾部的卷發(fā),嚴(yán)重時汽車圈或出現(xiàn)折疊現(xiàn)象; (2)處理下降:操縱方向盤的轉(zhuǎn)向和短要求; (3)制動距離延長:超過一般的制動距離。所以,我們可以想象已經(jīng)安裝了汽車ABS系統(tǒng)的安全是非常重要的。 2. ASR驅(qū)動轉(zhuǎn)矩控制系統(tǒng) ABS是用來防止汽車制動過程中車輪鎖,將車輪滑動率控制在理想范圍,縮短制動距離,提高汽車制動方向穩(wěn)定性和轉(zhuǎn)向控制,以提高汽車的安全性。隨著汽車性能要求的提高,不僅在制動過程中必須防止車輪抱死,并要求司機(jī)防止驅(qū)動輪滑轉(zhuǎn)過程中,制造汽車的方向穩(wěn)定性,駕駛過程轉(zhuǎn)向控制能力和加速性能,也提高了汽車驅(qū)動扭矩轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)ASR加速度調(diào)節(jié)滑動。ASR是完美的補(bǔ)充和ABS ASR,但大多數(shù)單獨設(shè)置與ABS組合在一起,常用的ABS / ASR說,叫防滑控制系統(tǒng)。 ASR主要用于防止汽車在一開始,加速車輪,保單在汽車加速和提高穩(wěn)定在惡劣路面駕駛附加條件。它沒有區(qū)別速度鎖在車?yán)锉牡缆泛湍酀舻牡缆烽_始,提高其能力,也可以防止高速度通過把汽車滑翔路面和后輪側(cè)滑現(xiàn)象。 總之,防止車輪因為ASR滑動,可以最大化汽車有足夠的引擎驅(qū)動力矩,保證縱向力、側(cè)向力和操作的能力,在開始制造汽車,轉(zhuǎn)向和加速過程中,在滑翔和泥濘的道路,在一個山區(qū)下坡過程可以穩(wěn)步推動,保證了安全,減少輪胎磨損和油耗,提高了汽車駕駛能力。 汽車巡航系統(tǒng)(CCS)的角色是所需的司機(jī):閉合開關(guān)后,沒有速度的油門踏板可以自動保持速度,使車輛以固定的速度。使用這種裝置,當(dāng)在高速公路上很長一段時間后,司機(jī)開車不需要控制油門踏板,減輕疲勞,同時減少不必要的變速,可以減少節(jié)省燃油。汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)是最早的汽車電子控制系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展。這系統(tǒng)使用另一個速度傳感器,將速度信號輸入發(fā)動機(jī)控制微機(jī),微機(jī)控制真空系統(tǒng)工作。這個系統(tǒng)可以使用的服務(wù)器,速度控制開關(guān)操縱桿和剎車踏板真空開關(guān)等,它的功能和基本系統(tǒng)是一樣的。在此系統(tǒng)中,電子控制裝置可以協(xié)議行駛阻力的變化,自動調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)動機(jī)節(jié)氣門角度,使速度常數(shù)。這樣不但減少不必要的速度變化,也節(jié)省了燃料,減少了司機(jī)的負(fù)擔(dān)。 1.安全帶 汽車安全帶是安全裝置,它可以在汽車碰撞或急轉(zhuǎn)彎,盡可能使船員保持原來的位置沒有移動和旋轉(zhuǎn),避免碰撞與車內(nèi)部件造成損害?，F(xiàn)代汽車安全帶和安全氣囊,安全設(shè)備,但前者的歷史悠久,普及的范圍。 看似簡單的安全帶實際上不是“簡單”。注意交通安全的前沿,通過分析車禍后的通用汽車(general motors)發(fā)現(xiàn):安全帶不僅讓人們保護(hù)生命,可以在超過一半的事故減少甚至消除司機(jī),司機(jī)受傷的機(jī)會。汽車碰撞或意想不到的緊急制動力量產(chǎn)生巨大的慣性,讓司機(jī)和乘客和汽車擋風(fēng)玻璃,方向盤,座椅,碰撞發(fā)生的對象(如二次駕駛極易造成人員嚴(yán)重傷害,甚至駕駛乘員座位或把頂點,安全帶能將騎在座位。束縛人員發(fā)生事故時,可有效防止碰撞,和它的緩沖作用可以吸收大量的動能,減少人員的傷害程度。 系好安全帶安全氣囊發(fā)揮我們的作用也是一個重要條件。因為乘坐的安全氣囊的作用最大化物理位置的影響,坐在即時行動有非常嚴(yán)格的要求。否則,安全氣囊開始強(qiáng)烈瞬時瓦勒普斯也脆弱的網(wǎng)站,可能造成嚴(yán)重的損傷,特別是兒童,這種損害可以是致命的。即使是最普通的三個腰帶,試著可以及時在崩潰住騎包,確保上部騎的安全氣囊完全擴(kuò)展范圍,使安全氣囊最有效地發(fā)揮功效。因此,不能因為汽車配備安全氣囊和感覺無憂無慮的安全帶系好,只有減少或消除交通事故的發(fā)生。 2.安全氣囊前發(fā)生了強(qiáng)烈的碰撞,因為慣性,誰騎身體向前快速移動,然后安全帶,將嘗試“拉動式”騎在人體內(nèi),吸收部分沖擊能量,而“目鏡趨勢”的安全氣囊充氣,完全打開,然后騎上身體會沉到安全氣囊,氣也開始從通風(fēng)空氣均勻逃跑,和吸收大部分沖擊能量;隨后,坐后座,回到身體。上述整個過程幾乎總是發(fā)生在一瞬間,誰騎完全在被動的情況下,在這種情況下,被動依賴輔助乘員保護(hù)系統(tǒng)是唯一的選擇。安全氣囊開發(fā)設(shè)計是基于保護(hù)安全帶有限公司有限公司;他們相互合作騎玩輔助的保護(hù)作用。 安全帶的使用條件下的船員,氣球幫助減少胸部,頭部和面部受傷在碰撞的嚴(yán)重性。當(dāng)汽車發(fā)生碰撞之前,首先是汽車停止運動,汽車在慣性力的作用下人員仍然與原來的速度向前運動。不戴安全帶人員將轉(zhuǎn)向盤,前擋風(fēng)玻璃在一起,所以它可以嚴(yán)重傷害;停車系好安全帶,船員可以停止運動,逐步前進(jìn)。如果碰撞暴力,機(jī)組人員安全帶的向前移動,更快的完成之前停止運動,仍然和車內(nèi)的東西在一起。如果這種方式轉(zhuǎn)向內(nèi)的磁盤或彈出氣球充氣,它可以保護(hù)主人一起減少汽車的可能性,更均勻分散的頭,胸,吸收沖擊能量的運動,因此工作人員增加了安全帶的效果。 外除了安全帶和安全氣囊的汽車被動安全技術(shù)包括汽車保險杠,汽車安全玻璃、安全的身體,乘員頭部和頸部保護(hù)系統(tǒng)(鞭子)等。這些車輛改善安全性能有非常重要的貢獻(xiàn)。 As traffic tools of the modernization and absolute number increase sharply, traffic accidents are also increasing. Car accident has become severe global social issues. Undoubtedly, advanced auto safety facilities are the driving safety indispensable safeguard. So, we should start, from technology to research and development of high performance, high safety car, also want to strengthen the regular inspection in cars, so timely maintenance investigation, make cars often in good technical status, so as to improve the safety performance of the car. Here we introduced active safety technology and automobile car passive safety technology. Auto safety is according to the traffic accident happened before and after the classified. One is in a traffic accident take safety measures, especially before immediately will produce risk condition, drivers manipulate the steering wheel avoid or emergency brake to avoid traffic accidents. In the car, drive in usually to ensure the basic manipulation stability, drivers on the surrounding environment and to ensure the visual recognition sex drive the car itself, developed the basic performance ant-lock braking system (ABS), prevent slippery drive system (ASR), active suspension, power steering and four-wheel drive (4WD), four-wheel steering (4WS), lighting system, wiper, the rearview mirror, prevent from rear-end collision car alarm system and laser radar, etc. These security devices and technology, called active safety system, can also be called preventive security system. On the other hand, in order to reduce traffic accidents and company by personnel directly suffer degree, ensure company take staff and pedestrian safety, says the security for passive safety, can also be called conflict safety. When after the accident, in order to prevent disasters, including prevent the expansion of fire and make crew from traffic accident can extricate the security devices and systems, called prevent disaster expand security system. One．Automobile active security technology 1. ABS braking system Ant-lock Braking System (Braking System, lock do by ABS computers as ABS), hydraulic device, the wheel speed sensors, brake hydraulic pipeline and electrical wiring etc. Their structures are shown below. ABS tasseled for the car in various driving conditions braking performance and brake safety particularly important, especially is emergency braking, can make full use of the peak between tire and road surface adhesion properties, improve performance and reduce automobile fight sideslip braking distance, give full play to the braking performance, but also increase the automobile braking process control. So as to reduce the possibility of car accidents. No installation ABS car, if the driving force trample brake pedal, wheel will rapidly lower speed, and finally wheels stop turning, but body because of inertia remains forward sliding. This phenomenon was at the wheel and pavement occur between larger "slip", appear this kind of situation, the car tires of automobile lateral spreads almost disappear, so poor force will appear the following phenomena: (1) Steering stability fall: the steering wheel is ineffective, vehicle tail manipulation of curl, serious when vehicle circles or appear folding phenomenon; (2) Handling fall: manipulate the steering wheel and short of steering requirements; (3) Braking distance extended: more than general braking distance. So, we can imagine to have installed ABS system of the car safety is very important. 2．the ASR drive torque control system ABS are used to prevent car braking process wheel lock, will wheel sliding rate control in ideal range, so as to shorten the braking distance, improve automobile braking direction stability and steering control, so as to improve the safety of the car. Along with the increase of vehicle performance requirements, not only in braking process required to prevent wheel lock, and asked the driver to prevent drive roller skating turn in the process, making cars in the direction stability, driving process steeringAutomotive safety systems and technology research and analysis As traffic tools of the modernization and absolute number increase sharply, traffic accidents are also increasing. Car accident has become severe global social issues. Undoubtedly, advanced auto safety facilities are the driving safety indispensable safeguard. So, we should start, from technology to research and development of high performance, high safety car, also want to strengthen the regular inspection in cars, so timely maintenance investigation, make cars often in good technical status, so as to improve the safety performance of the car. Here we introduced active safety technology and automobile car passive safety technology. Auto safety is according to the traffic accident happened before and after the classified. One is in a traffic accident take safety measures, especially before immediately will produce risk condition, drivers manipulate the steering wheel avoid or emergency brake to avoid traffic accidents. In the car, drive in usually to ensure the basic manipulation stability, drivers on the surrounding environment and to ensure the visual recognition sex drive the car itself, developed the basic performance ant-lock braking system (ABS), prevent slippery drive system (ASR), active suspension, power steering and four-wheel drive (4WD), four-wheel steering (4WS), lighting system, wiper, the rearview mirror, prevent from rear-end collision car alarm system and laser radar, etc. These security devices and technology, called active safety system, can also be called preventive security system. On the other hand, in order to reduce traffic accidents and company by personnel directly suffer degree, ensure company take staff and pedestrian safety, says the security for passive safety, can also be called conflict safety. When after the accident, in order to prevent disasters, including prevent the expansion of fire and make crew from traffic accident can extricate the security devices and systems, called prevent disaster expand security system. One．Automobile active security technology 1. ABS braking system Ant-lock Braking System (Braking System, lock do by ABS computers as ABS), hydraulic device, the wheel speed sensors, brake hydraulic pipeline and electrical wiring etc. Their structures are shown below. ABS tasseled for the car in various driving conditions braking performance and brake safety particularly important, especially is emergency braking, can make full use of the peak between tire and road surface adhesion properties, improve performance and reduce automobile fight sideslip braking distance, give full play to the braking performance, but also increase the automobile braking process control. So as to reduce the possibility of car accidents. No installation ABS car, if the driving force trample brake pedal, wheel will rapidly lower speed, and finally wheels stop turning, but body because of inertia remains forward sliding. This phenomenon was at the wheel and pavement occur between larger "slip", appear this kind of situation, the car tires of automobile lateral spreads almost disappear, so poor force will appear the following phenomena: (1)Steering stability fall: the steering wheel is ineffective, vehicle tail manipulation of curl, serious when vehicle circles or appear folding phenomenon; (2)Handling fall: manipulate the steering wheel and short of steering requirements; (3)Braking distance extended: more than general braking distance. So, we can imagine to have installed ABS system of the car safety is very important. 2．the ASR drive torque control system ABS are used to prevent car braking process wheel lock, will wheel sliding rate control in ideal range, so as to shorten the braking distance, improve automobile braking direction stability and steering control, so as to improve the safety of the car. Along with the increase of vehicle performance requirements, not only in braking process required to prevent wheel lock, and asked the driver to prevent drive roller skating turn in the process, making cars in the direction stability, driving process steering control ability and acceleration performance, so are improved by the car drive torque steering system ASR (Accelerations Regulation) Slip. ASR is the perfect complement and ABS ASR, but most alone is set with ABS combined together, commonly used ABS/ASR says, called antiskid control system. ASR is mainly used to prevent car in the beginning, accelerate the wheels, guarantee slip in the car accelerated rate and improve the stability in bad pavement drive attached conditions. It makes no difference speed in the car lock ice roads and muddy road started and to improve its capacity, also can prevent high in speed by turning cars gliding pavement and rear lateral spreads phenomenon. Anyhow, prevent the wheel because ASR slip, can maximize the engine driving moment of cars had enough, ensure the longitudinal force, lateral force and manipulation of power, make cars in starting, steering and accelerate the process, in gliding and muddy road, in a mountain area downhill process can steadily driving, guarantees the safety, reducing tire wear and fuel consumption, and improves the car driving capability. Car cruising system (CCS) role is required by the driver: after a normally-closed switch, no speed on the accelerator pedal can automatically keep the speed, make the vehicle with the fixed speed. Using this device, when on the highway after a long time, the driver driving not have to control the accelerator pedal, reduce fatigue, while reducing unnecessary speed change, can reduce save fuel. Auto cruise control system is the earliest development of the automotive electronic control system. This system USES another speed sensor, will speed signal input engine control microcomputer, by microcomputer control vacuum system work. This system can make use of the server, speed control switch lever and brake pedal on vacuum lift switches etc, its function and basic system the same. In this system, electronic control device can accord change of driving resistance, automatic regulation engine throttle Angle, make the speed constant. Such not only reduce unnecessary speed change, which saves fuel, also reduced the driver's burden. The electronic cruise control system which is shown in figure 2. Two. Automobile passive safety technology 1. Seat belt Car seat belt is a safety device, it can in car collision or sharp turn, make crew to keep its original position as possible without mobile and rotation, avoid collision with in-car hard parts caused damage. Seat belts and airbags, as modern cars are safety devices, but the long history of the former, popularize the scope. The seemingly simple seat belt actually not "simple". Attention has been at the forefront of traffic safety, through the analysis of general motors after a car accident found: seat belt not only makes people protect the lives, can be in more than half of the accident to reduce or even eliminate drivers, motorists are the chance of injury. Car collision or unexpected emergency braking force generated great inertia, will allow the driver and passenger and car windscreen, steering wheel, seat, collision happened objects such as secondary to drive is caused extremely easily crew serious damage, even drive occupant seats or threw the apex, seat belts can will ride in the seat. Bondage personnel When has the accident, which can effectively prevent the collision, and its buffer role can absorbs a great deal of kinetic energy, reduce rides personnel extent of the injuries. Fasten your seat belt airbags play our role is also an important condition. Because the airbag to maximize role for the ride in the impact of the physical location, sitting instant action have extremely strict and the requirements. Otherwise, the airbag started strong instantaneous wallops to head are fragile site, may cause serious damage, especially for children, this damage can be fatal. Even the most ordinary three belts, try a can timely in crash that lived rides the bundle, ensure the upper part of a ride in the airbag fully extended range, make the airbag most effectively play efficacy. Accordingly, must not because the car is equipped with airbags and feel carefree seat belt fastened, only to reduce or eliminate the traffic accident happen. 2. The airbag When the front collision happened strong, because inertia, who rides the body forward fast moving, then seat belts and will try to "pull" rides on person the body, absorb some of the impact energy, while the airbag with "the eyepiece trend" inflatable and completely open; Then the rides the upper body will sink to airbags, gas also began from the vent air uniform escaping, and absorbed most of the impact energy; Subsequently, the ride back seat and return to the body. Above the whole process is almost always happens in a flash, who rides the completely in passive situation, in this case, the passive rely on auxiliary occupant protection system is the only option. Airbags development design is based on the protection on seat belt Co., LTD; they cooperate with each other to ride the play the auxiliary protective effect. Seat belt usage in under the condition of the crew, balloon help reduce chest, head and facial injuries in the seriousness of the collision. When car collision happened before, the first is the car to stop motion, car under the action of inertial force crews to go forward with the original speed still sport. Not wearing a seat belt crews will and steering dish, front windscreen together, so it can be severely hurt; Wearing a seat belt as car stop the crew can stop moving forward movement and gradually. If collision violent, crew forward movement of the seat belts, even faster in the complete stop before motion, still and in-car things together. If this fashion in steering the disk or within the pop up balloon inflated dash, it can protect the occupant reduce the possibility of car together with things, more uniform dispersion head, chest, absorb the impact energy of movement, thus crew has added effect of seat belts. In addition to seat belts and airbags outside car passive safety technology includes car bumper, automobile safety glass, security body, occupant head and neck protection system(WHIPS), etc. These vehicles to improve the safety performance has very important contribution. 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 評 語 外文翻譯成績： 指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 年 月 日 注：1. 指導(dǎo)教師對譯文進(jìn)行評閱時應(yīng)注意以下幾個方面：①翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)與畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的主題是否高度相關(guān)，并作為外文參考文獻(xiàn)列入畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）的參考文獻(xiàn)；②翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)字?jǐn)?shù)是否達(dá)到規(guī)定數(shù)量（3 000字以上）；③譯文語言是否準(zhǔn)確、通順、具有參考價值。 2. 外文原文應(yīng)以附件的方式置于譯文之后。 共 5 頁 第 8 頁