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1、SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS: Quick Quizzes 1. Figure 1 shows the demand curve for turkey. The price of turkey is P1 and the consumer surplus that results from that price is denoted CS. Consumer surplus measures buyers’ willingness to pay (measured by the demand curve) minus the amount the buy

2、ers actually pay. Figure 1 Figure 2 2. Figure 2 shows the supply curve for turkey. The price of turkey is P1 and the producer surplus that results from that price is denoted PS. Producer surplus measures the amount sellers are paid for a good minus the sellers’ cost (measured by the

3、 supply curve). Figure 3 3. Figure 3 shows the supply and demand for turkey. The price of turkey is P1, consumer surplus is CS, and producer surplus is PS. Producing more turkey would lower total surplus because the value to buyers would be less than the cost to sellers.  Questions

4、for Review 1. Buyers willingness to pay, consumer surplus, and the demand curve are all closely related. The height of the demand curve represents the willingness to pay of the buyers. Consumer surplus is the area below the demand curve and above the price, which equals each buyers willingness

5、to pay less the price of the good. 2. Sellers costs, producer surplus, and the supply curve are all closely related. The height of the supply curve represents the costs of the sellers. Producer surplus is the area below the price and above the supply curve, which equals the price minus each sel

6、lers costs. Figure 4 3. Figure 4 shows producer and consumer surplus in a supply-and-demand diagram. 4. An allocation of resources is efficient if it maximizes total surplus, the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus. But efficiency may not be the only goal of economic policymak

7、ers; they may also be concerned about equitythe fairness of the distribution of well-being. 5. The invisible hand of the marketplace guides the self-interest of buyers and sellers into promoting general economic well-being. Despite decentralized decisionmaking and self-interested decisionmakers,

8、 free markets lead to an efficient outcome. 6. Two types of market failure are market power and externalities. Market power may cause market outcomes to be inefficient because when firms influence prices they cause price and quantity to differ from the levels they would be under perfect competit

9、ion, which keeps total surplus from being maximized. Externalities are side effects that are not taken into account by buyers and sellers. As a result, the free market does not maximize total surplus. Problems and Applications 1. If an early freeze in California sours the lemon crop, the s

10、upply curve for lemons shifts to the left, as shown in Figure 5. The result is a rise in the price of lemons and a decline in consumer surplus from A + B + C to just A. So consumer surplus declines by the amount B + C. Figure 5 In the market for lemonade, the higher cost of lemons reduce

11、s the supply of lemonade, as shown in Figure 6. The result is a rise in the price of lemonade and a decline in consumer surplus from D + E + F to just D, a loss of E + F. Note that an event that affects consumer surplus in one market often has effects on consumer surplus in other markets. Fig

12、ure 6 2. A rise in the demand for French bread leads to an increase in producer surplus in the market for French bread, as shown in Figure 7. The shift of the demand curve leads to an increased price, which increases producer surplus from area A to area A + B + C. Figure 7 The increase

13、d quantity of French bread being sold increases the demand for flour, as shown in Figure 8. As a result, the price of flour rises, increasing producer surplus from area D to D + E + F. Note that an event that affects producer surplus in one market leads to effects on producer surplus in related ma

14、rkets. Figure 8 3. a. Bert’s demand schedule is: Price Quantity Demanded More than $7 0 $5 to $7 1 $3 to $5 2 $1 to $3 3 $1 or less 4 Bert’s demand curve is shown in Figure 9. Figure 9 b. When the price of a bottle of water is $4, Bert buys two bo

15、ttles of water. His consumer surplus is shown as area A in the figure. He values his first bottle of water at $7, but pays only $4 for it, so has consumer surplus of $3. He values his second bottle of water at $5, but pays only $4 for it, so has consumer surplus of $1. Thus Bert’s total consumer

16、 surplus is $3 + $1 = $4, which is the area of A in the figure. c. When the price of a bottle of water falls from $4 to $2, Bert buys three bottles of water, an increase of one. His consumer surplus consists of both areas A and B in the figure, an increase in the amount of area B. He gets consu

17、mer surplus of $5 from the first bottle ($7 value minus $2 price), $3 from the second bottle ($5 value minus $2 price), and $1 from the third bottle ($3 value minus $2 price), for a total consumer surplus of $9. Thus consumer surplus rises by $5 (which is the size of area B) when the price of a bot

18、tle of water falls from $4 to $2. 4. a. Ernie’s supply schedule for water is: Price Quantity Supplied More than $7 4 $5 to $7 3 $3 to $5 2 $1 to $3 1 Less than $1 0 Ernie’s supply curve is shown in Figure 10. Figure 10 b. When the price of a bottle of water is $4, Ernie

19、 sells two bottles of water. His producer surplus is shown as area A in the figure. He receives $4 for his first bottle of water, but it costs only $1 to produce, so Ernie has producer surplus of $3. He also receives $4 for his second bottle of water, which costs $3 to produce, so he has producer

20、 surplus of $1. Thus Ernie’s total producer surplus is $3 + $1 = $4, which is the area of A in the figure. c. When the price of a bottle of water rises from $4 to $6, Ernie sells three bottles of water, an increase of one. His producer surplus consists of both areas A and B in the figure, an in

21、crease by the amount of area B. He gets producer surplus of $5 from the first bottle ($6 price minus $1 cost), $3 from the second bottle ($6 price minus $3 cost), and $1 from the third bottle ($6 price minus $5 price), for a total producer surplus of $9. Thus producer surplus rises by $5 (which is

22、 the size of area B) when the price of a bottle of water rises from $4 to $6. 5. a. From Ernie’s supply schedule and Bert’s demand schedule, the quantity demanded and supplied are: Price Quantity Supplied Quantity Demanded $ 2 1 3 4 2 2 6 3 1 Only a price of $4 brings supply a

23、nd demand into equilibrium, with an equilibrium quantity of 2. b. At a price of $4, consumer surplus is $4 and producer surplus is $4, as shown in problems 3 and 4. Total surplus is $4 + $4 = $8. c. If Ernie produced one fewer bottle, his producer surplus would decline to $3, as shown in prob

24、lem 4. If Bert consumed one fewer bottle, his consumer surplus would decline to $3, as shown in problem 3. So total surplus would decline to $3 + $3 = $6. d. If Ernie produced one additional bottle of water, his cost would be $5, but the price is only $4, so his producer surplus would decline b

25、y $1. If Bert consumed one additional bottle of water, his value would be $3, but the price is $4, so his consumer surplus would decline by $1. So total surplus declines by $1 + $1 = $2. 6. a. The effect of falling production costs in the market for stereos results in a shift to the right in th

26、e supply curve, as shown in Figure 11. As a result, the equilibrium price of stereos declines and the equilibrium quantity increases. b. The decline in the price of stereos increases consumer surplus from area A to A + B + C + D, an increase in the amount B + C + D. Prior to the shift in supply

27、, producer surplus was areas B + E (the area above the supply curve and below the price). After the shift in supply, producer surplus is areas E + F + G. So producer surplus changes by the amount F + G – B, which may be positive or negative. The increase in quantity increases producer surplus, wh

28、ile the decline in the price reduces producer surplus. Since consumer surplus rises by B + C + D and producer surplus rises by F + G – B, total surplus rises by C + D + F + G. c. If the supply of stereos is very elastic, then the shift of the supply curve benefits consumers most. To take the mo

29、st dramatic case, suppose the supply curve were horizontal, as shown in Figure 12. Then there is no producer surplus at all. Consumers capture all the benefits of falling production costs, with consumer surplus rising from area A to area A + B. Figure 11 Figure 12 7. Figure 13 s

30、hows supply and demand curves for haircuts. Supply equals demand at a quantity of three haircuts and a price between $4 and $5. Firms A, C, and D should cut the hair of Riki, Jerry, and Montel. Oprah’s willingness to pay is too low and firm B’s costs are too high, so they do not participate. The

31、 maximum total surplus is the area between the demand and supply curves, which totals $11 ($8 value minus $2 cost for the first haircut, plus $7 value minus $3 cost for the second, plus $5 value minus $4 cost for the third). Figure 13 8. a. The effect of falling production costs in t

32、he market for computers results in a shift to the right in the supply curve, as shown in Figure 14. As a result, the equilibrium price of computers declines and the equilibrium quantity increases. The decline in the price of computers increases consumer surplus from area A to A + B + C + D, an inc

33、rease in the amount B + C + D. Figure 14 Prior to the shift in supply, producer surplus was areas B + E (the area above the supply curve and below the price). After the shift in supply, producer surplus is areas E + F + G. So producer surplus changes by the amount F + G – B, which may

34、be positive or negative. The increase in quantity increases producer surplus, while the decline in the price reduces producer surplus. Since consumer surplus rises by B + C + D and producer surplus rises by F + G – B, total surplus rises by C + D + F + G. Figure 15 b. Since adding machi

35、nes are substitutes for computers, the decline in the price of computers means that people substitute computers for adding machines, shifting the demand for adding machines to the left, as shown in Figure 15. The result is a decline in both the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of adding m

36、achines. Consumer surplus in the adding-machine market changes from area A + B to A + C, a net change of C – B. Producer surplus changes from area C + D + E to area E, a net loss of C + D. Adding machine producers are sad about technological advance in computers because their producer surplus dec

37、lines. c. Since software and computers are complements, the decline in the price and increase in the quantity of computers means that the demand for software increases, shifting the demand for software to the right, as shown in Figure 16. The result is an increase in both the price and quantity

38、 of software. Consumer surplus in the software market changes from B + C to A + B, a net change of A – C. Producer surplus changes from E to C + D + E, an increase of C + D, so software producers should be happy about the technological progress in computers. d. Yes, this analysis helps explain

39、 why Bill Gates is one the world’s richest men, since his company produces a lot of software that is a complement with computers and there has been tremendous technological advance in computers.  Figure 16 9. a. Figure 17 illustrates the demand for medical care. If each procedure has a pric

40、e of $100, quantity demanded will be Q1 procedures. Figure 17 b. If consumers pay only $20 per procedure, the quantity demanded will be Q2 procedures. Since the cost to society is $100, the number of procedures performed is too large to maximize total surplus. The quantity that maximizes

41、 total surplus is Q1 procedures, which is less than Q2. c. The use of medical care is excessive in the sense that consumers get procedures whose value is less than the cost of producing them. As a result, the economy’s total surplus is reduced. d. To prevent this excessive use, the consumer

42、must bear the marginal cost of the procedure. But this would require eliminating insurance. Another possibility would be that the insurance company, which pays most of the marginal cost of the procedure ($80, in this case) could decide whether the procedure should be performed. But the insurance

43、company does not get the benefits of the procedure, so its decisions may not reflect the value to the consumer. 10. a. Figure 18 illustrates the effect of the drought. The supply curve shifts to the left, leading to a rise in the equilibrium price from P1 to P2 and a decline in the equilibrium q

44、uantity from Q1 to Q2. Figure 18 b. If the price of water is not allowed to change, there will be a shortage of water, with the shortage shown on the figure as the difference between Q1 and Q3. c. The system for allocating water is inefficient because it no longer allocates water to tho

45、se who value it most highly. Some people who value water at more than its cost of production will be unable to obtain it, so society’s total surplus is not maximized. The allocation system seems unfair as well. Water is allocated simply on past usage, rewarding past wastefulness. If a family’s

46、 demand for water increases, say because of an increase in family size, the policy doesn’t allow them to obtain more water. Poor families, who probably used water mostly for necessary uses like drinking, would suffer more than wealthier families who would have to cut back only on luxury uses of wat

47、er like operating backyard fountains and pools. However, the policy also keeps the price of water lower, which benefits poor families, since otherwise more of their family budget would have to go for water. d. If the city allowed the price of water to rise to its equilibrium price P2, the alloca

48、tion would be more efficient. Quantity supplied would equal quantity demanded and there would be no shortage. Total surplus would be maximized. Whether the market allocation would be more or less fair than the proportionate reduction in water under the old policy is difficult to say, but it is

49、likely to be fair. Notice that the quantity supplied would be higher (Q2) in this case than under the water restrictions (Q3), so there is less reduction in water usage. To make the market solution even more fair, the government could provide increased tax relief or welfare payments for poor families who suffer from paying the higher water prices. 144 / 14文檔可自由編輯打印