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1、第二十二節(jié) 主謂一致在英語句子中，謂語受主語支配，由于單、復(fù)數(shù)的不同，謂語動(dòng)詞則表現(xiàn)出相應(yīng)的變化，這種現(xiàn)象我們稱之為“主謂一致”。尋其規(guī)律，大致可歸納為三個(gè)原則，即語法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致。一、 語法一致原則語法一致就是指謂語動(dòng)詞和主語在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。1.一般主語為單數(shù)名詞或代詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Anna is a little girl.She likes singing songs.安娜是個(gè)小女孩。她喜歡唱歌。They are my friends.All of them come from Shanghai.他們是我的朋友。他

2、們都來自上海。2.動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)或動(dòng)詞-ing 形式作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：To learn math well is not easy for me.對我來說學(xué)好數(shù)學(xué)不容易。Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.看太多電視對你的眼睛不好。3.and 或 both.and.連接名詞、代詞或并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Lucy and Lily are twins.露西和莉莉是雙胞胎。Both Dave and John enjoy thrillers. 戴夫和約翰都喜歡恐怖片。Reading and writing

3、 are very important.讀寫很重要。4.當(dāng)主語后面跟有 with, together with, except, as well as 等詞引導(dǎo)的短語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與這些詞前面的主語保持一致。如：The teacher together with some of his students is visiting thefactory.老師和他的一些學(xué)生正在一起參觀工廠。Gina as well as her friends wants to go boating.吉娜和她的朋友們想去劃船。5.some, any, every, no 等構(gòu)成的不定代詞以及代詞 each 作主語時(shí)

4、，謂語動(dòng)詞需用單數(shù)形式。如：Something is wrong with the bike.這輛自行車有點(diǎn)兒問題。Is everybody here today？今天所有人都在嗎？Each of us has a new book.我們每個(gè)人都有一本新書。6.在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞 that, who, which 等作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。如：Sonia is one of my friends who are working hard.索尼亞是我的努力學(xué)習(xí)的朋友之一。Jenny is the only one of my friends who is work

5、ing hard.珍妮是我的唯一一個(gè)努力學(xué)習(xí)的朋友。二、意義一致原則意義一致是指謂語動(dòng)詞和主語一致不是取決于主語的語法形式，而是由其意義決定。1.表示時(shí)間、重量、長度、貨幣等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體。如：A thousand miles is a long distance.一千英里是一段很長的距離。Twenty years is a short time in ones life.二十年在人的一生中是一段短暫的時(shí)間。200 dollars is a big sum of money for the boy.對這個(gè)男孩來說兩百美元是一大筆錢

6、。2.某些集體名詞(如 family, class, team, group 等)指整體時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如果指集體中的個(gè)體成員時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：My family is a big one.我的家庭很大。His family were having dinner at that time. 他的家人那個(gè)時(shí)候正在吃晚餐。3.某些名詞(如 people, police 等)形式上是單數(shù)，但意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，因此，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式(people 指“民族”時(shí)例外)。如：All the people are working hard.所有人都努力工作。The police are r

7、unning after the thief.警察正在追趕小偷。4.一些以-s 結(jié)尾的名詞(如 maths, politics, physics 以及 news等)都屬于形式上似復(fù)數(shù)，實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)的名詞，它們作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Physics is my favorite subject.物理是我最喜歡的科目。No news is good news.沒有消息就是好消息。5.glasses, shoes, pants 等詞作主語時(shí)，謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但如果這些名詞前有 this/that pair of, this/that kind of 等修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。

8、如：Where are my glasses？我的眼鏡在哪里？My pants are out of style.我的褲子過時(shí)了。This pair of shoes looks cool.這雙鞋子看起來很酷。6.“the形容詞”(表示一類人)以及“the姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：The rich are not always happy though they have a lot ofmoney.富人不總是快樂，盡管他們有很多錢。The Greens are enjoying their dinner now.格林一家現(xiàn)在正享受晚餐。7.such, the rest

9、 (of.)等在句中作主語時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)其所指代的名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)來決定謂語的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Such is our plan.這就是我們的計(jì)劃。Such are his words.這些就是他的話。The rest of her money is still in the purse.她剩下的錢還在錢包里。The rest of the students go to play basketball outside. 剩下的學(xué)生到外面打籃球。8.代詞 what, which, who, some, any, more, most, all 等作主語時(shí)，謂語的單、復(fù)數(shù)由這些代詞所指代的名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)

10、而定。如：Which is your book？哪本是你的書？Which are your books？哪些是你的書？9.“the number of復(fù)數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；“a number of復(fù)數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：The number of the students in my class is 45.我班里的學(xué)生數(shù)是四十五。A number of visitors come to the Great Wall every day.每天有許多游客來到長城。10.“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)，如果名詞是單數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞就用單數(shù)形式；如果名

11、詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：About three-fourths of paper is made of grass. 大約四分之三的紙是草做的。One fifth of the books are worth reading. 五分之一的書值得讀。70% of the earths surface is covered with water. 地球表面的70%被水覆蓋。85% of the smokers are male.85%的吸煙者是男性。11.從句作主語時(shí)，后面的謂語動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但從句若表示的是復(fù)數(shù)意義，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：What he sai

12、d is right.他說的是對的。What I bought yesterday were some books. 我昨天買的是一些書。12.population 作主語，當(dāng)指“人口數(shù)”時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；當(dāng)指某一地區(qū)“居民”時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：What is the population of China？中國的人口是多少？The population of the city all like him.這個(gè)城市的居民都喜歡他。三、就近一致原則就近一致指的是謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語保持一致。1.not only.but also., neither.nor.和 not.bu

13、t.分別連接兩個(gè)并列主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)當(dāng)與 but also, nor 和 but 后面的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。如：Not only the students but also their teacher is in the classroom.學(xué)生和老師都在教室里。Neither she nor they have made such mistakes.既不是她也不是他們犯了這些錯(cuò)。2.or 或 either.or.連接兩個(gè)并列主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)當(dāng)與or 后面的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。如：They or she is going to look after the sick man.他們

14、或者她將去照顧病人。Either Jim or his brothers have traveled round China. 要么吉姆要么他的兄弟們周游過中國。3.在 there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中，be 動(dòng)詞的數(shù)一般應(yīng)與其相鄰近的主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。如：There is a teacher and two students in the office. 有一個(gè)老師和兩個(gè)學(xué)生在辦公室。There are some books and a pen on the desk.桌上有一些書和一支筆。一、并列連詞 and 連接并列主語的幾種情況1.兩個(gè)或多個(gè)單數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞或代詞并列共同作主語時(shí)，

15、謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Tom and Jim are going to Beijing tomorrow.湯姆和吉姆明天將要去北京。2.當(dāng) and 連接的兩個(gè)名詞指同一人或物(即 and 后無冠詞)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。如：The worker and writer is coming tomorrow.那位工人兼作家明天將要過來。3.當(dāng) and 連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞前都有 every, each 或 no 修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：Each boy and each girl is going to take part in the sportsmeeting next week.

16、每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩下周都要參加運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)?！纠?1】The teacher and singer _ to visit our school.B.are comingD.comingA.is comingC.have come【答案】A謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式 遵循就近原則either ofboth ofeither.or.neither ofboth.and.neither.nor.二、either of, neither of, both of, neither.nor., either.or.,both.and.連接主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式【例 2】(1)Neither y

17、ou nor I _ a student.A.isB.areC.amD.were(2)Both of my parents _ teachers.A.isB.areC.amD.was【答案】【答案】(1)C (2)B三、“a number of/a few/many名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；“the number of/a little/much名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。【例 3】The number of people invited _ fifty，but anumber of them _ absent for different reasons.B.was; was

18、D.were; wereA.were; wasC.was; were【答案】【答案】C四、“one of名詞復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞”表示“其中之一”，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式?！纠?4】One of the women _ from America.B.areD.beingA.isC.has【答案】【答案】A五、“so助動(dòng)詞/be 動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語”與“so主語助動(dòng)詞/be 動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)在倒裝句中，“so助動(dòng)詞/be 動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語”表示“某人(物)也是這樣”；“so主語助動(dòng)詞/be 動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”表示“某人(物)確實(shí)如此”，是對第一句話的進(jìn)一步肯定，前后兩句的主語是同一個(gè)人(物)。如：Tom is an American.湯姆是一個(gè)美國人。So he is.的確如此。【例 5】(1)I liked to play basketball when I was young._.A.So he wasC.So did heB.So was heD.So he did(2)I hear Mary is going abroad next year._.B.So she isD.So she willA.So is sheC.So will she【答案【答案】(1)C (2)B