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1、對(duì)應(yīng)學(xué)生用書(shū)對(duì)應(yīng)學(xué)生用書(shū)P P201 201 語(yǔ)法歸納歸納語(yǔ)法歸納語(yǔ)法 分類詳解分類詳解一、不定式(一)不定式的時(shí)態(tài)不定式有：一般式、完成式、進(jìn)行式：時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成一般式完成式進(jìn)行式to doto have doneto be doing1一般式(1)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生或存在，用一般式。Im glad to see you.見(jiàn)到你很高興。I saw her enter the room just now.我剛才見(jiàn)她進(jìn)了房間。(2)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之后也用一般式。My uncle asked me to see

2、 him this summer.我叔叔讓我今年夏天去看他。Im glad to take my sister to the countryside.我很樂(lè)意帶我妹妹去鄉(xiāng)下。2完成式不定式所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前，用完成式。Im glad to have seen your mother yesterday.我很高興昨天見(jiàn)到了你母親。They thought it a pity not to have invited us.沒(méi)邀請(qǐng)我們令他們遺憾。3進(jìn)行式當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，用進(jìn)行式。They seemed to be talk

3、ing about you.他們好像在議論你。The two cheats pretended to be working hard.兩個(gè)騙子假裝拼命工作。(二)不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)不定式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用于兩種時(shí)態(tài)即：一般式和完成式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成一般式to be done完成式to have been done在下列情況下不定式要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，如：The girl is glad to be taken to the Summer Palace.能去頤和園小女孩很高興。The book is said to have been put into English.據(jù)說(shuō)

4、此書(shū)已譯成英語(yǔ)。注意：Have you anything to be done this afternoon?今天下午你有什么事情要人做嗎？Have you anything to do this afternoon?今天下午你有什么事情要(自己)做嗎？(三)不定式的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)代替被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1不定式與最近的名詞(代詞)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且與句中另一名詞(代詞)有主謂關(guān)系He has nothing to eat.他沒(méi)有東西可吃。Ill give you a book to read.我給你本書(shū)讀。Would you bring a bench to sit on?能拿來(lái)個(gè)長(zhǎng)凳坐嗎？2在“主語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)(形容詞

5、)to do”中，主語(yǔ)也是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí)This text is easy to recite.這篇課文容易背。John is difficult to deal with.約翰很難對(duì)付。3to let，to blameThe house is to let.這房子要出租。You are to blame.你要受責(zé)備。(四)不定式的用法1做主語(yǔ)To know oneself is difficult.要認(rèn)識(shí)自己很難。To get up early makes us healthy.早起使我們健康。以不定式作主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；也可用it作形式主語(yǔ)，把真正的主語(yǔ)放在句尾。2作賓語(yǔ)I lik

6、e to go at this time.我喜歡此時(shí)去。He intends to try it.他打算試一下。常接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：want，like，hope，wish，expect，desire，intend，decide，try，manage，refuse，.否定詞要放在不定式to的前面：We decided not to go.我們決定不去。it作形式賓語(yǔ)，真正的賓語(yǔ)是后面的to v. 能夠這樣用的動(dòng)詞有：find，think，believe，consider，make，take，regard.I think it better not to go.我想最好不去。We consi

7、der it our duty to observe the laws.我們認(rèn)為遵守法律是我們的職責(zé)。3作表語(yǔ)To see is to believe.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。His wish is to become a scientist.他的理想是成為科學(xué)家。4作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)They think him to be honest.他們認(rèn)為他很誠(chéng)實(shí)。I expect him to be a doctor.我猜他是醫(yī)生。5作定語(yǔ)I have some clothes to wash.我有些衣服要洗。This is the best way to cure a headache.這是治療頭痛的最好辦法。6疑問(wèn)

8、詞to do作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)Please tell me where to go next.請(qǐng)告訴我下次去哪。Sam is learning how to drive a car.山姆在學(xué)開(kāi)車。When to turn the corner is a difficult problem.何時(shí)拐彎還是個(gè)難題。注意：沒(méi)有whyto do的形式。7不定式作狀語(yǔ)(1)作目的狀語(yǔ)I come to see you.I come in order to see you.I come in order that I may see you.I come for the purpose of seeing

9、you.我來(lái)看你。(In order to)To let some fresh air in，I opened the window.為了讓新鮮空氣進(jìn)來(lái)，我打開(kāi)了窗戶。目的狀語(yǔ)位于句首不能用so as to替換。(2)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)He studied so hard as to pass the examination.He studied so hard that he passed the examination.He studied hard enough to pass the examination.他很用功以致能通過(guò)考試。You are too young to drive.You

10、are so young that you cant learn to drive.You are not old enough to learn to drive.你年紀(jì)太小不能學(xué)開(kāi)車。I heard my name called.我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人喊我的名字。注意：變被動(dòng)需要加toShe was seen to enter this room last night.有人見(jiàn)她昨夜進(jìn)了這個(gè)房間。2使役動(dòng)詞have/make/let sb.doI will have him come over.我要讓他過(guò)來(lái)。He made me tell the truth.他強(qiáng)迫我說(shuō)出了實(shí)情。注意：變被動(dòng)需加toI

11、was made to tell the truth.我被迫講出了實(shí)情。3do nothing but do但nothing but之前的動(dòng)詞，若不是do，則nothing but后要用to.The baby does nothing but cry.嬰兒一直在哭。He desires nothing but to live happily.他的愿望就是生活幸福。4省略to后的動(dòng)詞部分，避免重復(fù)，但要保留toHe asked her to go to the movies，but she didnt want to.他請(qǐng)她去看電影，但她不想去。二、動(dòng)名詞(一)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)(以write為

12、例)主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written1動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)(1)一般式時(shí)間觀念不明確的動(dòng)名詞，與謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后的動(dòng)名詞都用一般式。The students are all interested in climbing mountains.學(xué)生們都喜歡爬山。The engineer suggested bringing out a new type of computer.工程師建議推出新款電腦。(2)完成式動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之

13、前I regret not having taken my assistants advice.我后悔沒(méi)采納助手的建議。有時(shí)(特別在口語(yǔ)中)，一般式可以代替完成式Excuse me for coming(having come)late.請(qǐng)?jiān)徫襾?lái)晚了。2動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是該動(dòng)名詞所表示動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)動(dòng)名詞要用被動(dòng)式These books must be returned to the library after being read.書(shū)看完后要?dú)w還圖書(shū)館。I forget having been told about it.我忘了有人告訴過(guò)我這件事。3動(dòng)名詞的否定形式not d

14、oingI must apologize for not letting you know ahead of time.沒(méi)讓你事先知道我一定道歉。4動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)(1)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須用名詞或代詞的所有格形式。(2)動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)既可用名詞或代詞的所有格形式，也可用其賓格形式。(3)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)為無(wú)生命的名詞或抽象名詞時(shí)，則用原來(lái)形式，不必加s.Johns coming back tomorrow excited all of us.明天約翰就要回來(lái)了，我們都很興奮。Im sure of my brothers/brother passing the exam.我

15、弟弟肯定能通過(guò)考試。There is little chance of his/him being elected Mayor of the city.他競(jìng)選市長(zhǎng)機(jī)會(huì)渺茫。(二)動(dòng)名詞的語(yǔ)法功能1作主語(yǔ)Laying eggs is her fulltime job.她的職責(zé)就是產(chǎn)卵。(1)用it代替動(dòng)名詞作形式主語(yǔ)，如：Its a waste of time arguing with him about it.與他爭(zhēng)論等于浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。(2)作there be no句型中的主語(yǔ)There is no good smoking too much.吸煙不好。2作表語(yǔ)The real problem i

16、s getting to know the needs of the people.真正的問(wèn)題是了解人民群眾的需求。Our aim is building socialism.我們的目標(biāo)是建設(shè)社會(huì)主義。這時(shí)表語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)可以互換，如上兩句可以換成：Getting to know the needs of the people is a real problem.Building socialism is our aim.但如果動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)具體的、個(gè)別的動(dòng)作，還是以不定式為宜。如：The work of the second week is to arrange the class meeting.第

17、二周的工作是安排班會(huì)。注意：習(xí)慣上主語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí)，表語(yǔ)也用不定式。主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞時(shí)表語(yǔ)也用動(dòng)名詞。To see is to believe.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。Studying is working.學(xué)習(xí)就是工作。3作賓語(yǔ)You must not give up studying.你不應(yīng)該放棄學(xué)習(xí)。(1)只接動(dòng)名詞，不接不定式的動(dòng)詞有：complete完成finish完成enjoy非常喜歡mind介意practise練習(xí)resist抵抗risk冒險(xiǎn)suggest建議understand了解report報(bào)告excuse原諒delay耽擱imagine想像miss錯(cuò)過(guò)prevent阻止give up放棄can

18、t help情不自禁put off推遲get through完成burst out突然consider考慮(2)用作介詞的賓語(yǔ)：be(get)used to習(xí)慣于come to談到add to加上look forward to期待devote to獻(xiàn)身于stick to堅(jiān)持lead to導(dǎo)致insist on堅(jiān)持get down to開(kāi)始以上短語(yǔ)中，to和on為介詞，后接動(dòng)名詞。They insisted on going there on foot.他們堅(jiān)持步行。The students are used to living here.學(xué)生們習(xí)慣于生活在這里。4作定語(yǔ)(1)動(dòng)名詞和名詞一樣可

19、用作形容詞修飾名詞，表示該名詞的用途。(2)現(xiàn)在分詞用作形容詞修飾名詞則表示該名詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。比較：動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)：a sleeping cara car for sleepingdrinking waterwater for drinkinga swimming poola pool for swimming現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)：a sleeping childa child who is sleepinga dancing girla girl who is dancinga drinking horsea horse which is drinking三、分詞分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞，其否定

20、形式為not分詞。(一)分詞的形式例 語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)do( vt.)rise( vi.)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)現(xiàn)在分詞一般doingbeing donerising無(wú)完成having donehaving been donehaving risen無(wú)過(guò)去分詞無(wú)donerisen無(wú)(二)現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別1現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)比較：The professor entered the hall，following his assistant.教授跟在助手的后面進(jìn)入大廳。The professor entered the hall，followed by his assistant.教授進(jìn)入

21、大廳，后面跟著他的助手。2現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成He looked at the falling leaves and realized the autumn was here.他看著滿天的落葉突然意識(shí)到秋天來(lái)了。The dustmen are cleaning the fallen leaves.清潔工正在清掃落葉。Look out！This is boiling water.小心！這是開(kāi)水。Please give me some boiled water.請(qǐng)給我一些涼開(kāi)水。(三)分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)(1)一般式現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，用一般式

22、。I heard someone playing the piano in the next room.我聽(tīng)到有人在隔壁彈鋼琴。The building being built now is our physics lab.正在建的樓是物理實(shí)驗(yàn)室。(2)完成式現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，用完成式。Having realized his mistake，he made an apology.意識(shí)到自己錯(cuò)了，他向大家道歉。Having been sent to the countryside，he had to leave the city.由于被派往鄉(xiāng)下，他不得不離開(kāi)城市。2過(guò)去分詞

23、只有一般式，及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞一般既表示完成也表示被動(dòng)，不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞一般只表示完成The building built last year is our teaching building.去年建成的這座樓是我們的教學(xué)樓。Given more water，the flowers would have grown better.多澆點(diǎn)水，花會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。the fallen leaves 落葉a retired worker 一名退休工人(四)分詞的語(yǔ)法功能1分詞具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，所以可以有自己的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，也可以有狀語(yǔ)修飾它2分詞具有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可在句中作表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)(

24、1)分詞作表語(yǔ)Im very interested in his speech.我對(duì)他的演講很感興趣。What you said is really inspiring.你所說(shuō)的真令人鼓舞。(2)分詞作定語(yǔ)分詞作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，一般情況下單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)前置，分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)后置。He is a promising man.He is a man who is promising.他是個(gè)很有前途的人。There is a wallet lying on the ground.There is a wallet which is lying on the ground.地上有個(gè)錢包。(3)分

25、詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)I couldnt make myself understood.我無(wú)法被人理解。He felt his heart beating wildly.他感到心臟在劇烈跳動(dòng)。(4)分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Having finished his homework，he went to sleep.After he finished his homework，he went to sleep.做完作業(yè)，他就去睡覺(jué)了。When the earth is seen from a spaceship，the earth looks just like a blue green white ball.

26、Seen from a spaceship，the earth looks just like a blue green white ball.從飛船上看，地球像個(gè)彩球。條件狀語(yǔ)Working hard，you will pass the exam.If you work hard，youll pass the exam.努力學(xué)習(xí)就會(huì)通過(guò)考試。Having considered everything，we can start.As long as we have considered everything，we can start.只要考慮周全了，就可以開(kāi)始。If water is heate

27、d，it will become steam.Heated，water will become steam.加熱，水就會(huì)變成汽。伴隨狀語(yǔ)The students came into the classroom laughing and talking.學(xué)生們說(shuō)著笑著走進(jìn)了教室。The old lady was telling stories，surrounded by a lot of children.老太太在講故事，身邊圍了一圈孩子。原因狀語(yǔ)He wandered down the street，not knowing where to go.由于不知去哪里，他在大街上徘徊。Serious

28、ly injured，he had to be taken to hospital.由于傷得嚴(yán)重，只好把他送往醫(yī)院。結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)He dropped the glass，breaking it into pieces.他把杯子摔碎了。His old grandma died，leaving Peter a lot of money.他的奶奶去世了，留給彼得一大筆錢。讓步狀語(yǔ)Warned of danger，he still went skating on the thin ice.Though he was warned of danger，he still went skating on the thin ice.盡管受到警告，他仍舊去滑冰。注意：當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)不一致，且沒(méi)有主、被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，分詞要保留其邏輯主語(yǔ)。His mother being ill，he was absent.他母親病了，他沒(méi)來(lái)。There are 50 students in our class,15 girls included.班里有50名學(xué)生，包括15個(gè)女生。對(duì)應(yīng)專題對(duì)應(yīng)專題 分類訓(xùn)練分類訓(xùn)練 溫溫示示提提馨馨