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1、對應學生用書對應學生用書P P192 192 語法歸納歸納語法歸納語法 分類詳解分類詳解一、動詞的基本形式動詞有五種基本形式：動詞原形、第三人稱單數(shù)、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去式及過去分詞，它們單獨或與助動詞一起構成各種時態(tài)和語態(tài)。二、動詞的時態(tài)英語中表示不同時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，需用不同的時態(tài)。時態(tài)是動作在不同情況下發(fā)生或存在狀態(tài)的表現(xiàn)形式，從時間上分別有現(xiàn)在、過去、將來和過去將來等幾種時態(tài)；從動作上分別有一般、進行、完成和完成進行等幾種時態(tài)。各種時態(tài)的謂語構成列表如下：(以write為例)下面就常見的十一種時態(tài)進行介紹：1一般現(xiàn)在時：實義動詞謂語由動詞原形或第三人稱單數(shù)構成(1)表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性、

2、習慣性的動作I often go to work by bus.我經(jīng)常乘公交車上班。She usually reads English after supper.通常情況下，她晚飯后讀英語。(2)現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)I am a teacher and I teach English.我是老師，教英語。We all love sports.我們都熱愛運動。(3)普遍真理Light travels faster than sound.光速比聲速快。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太陽東升西落。2一般過去時：實義動詞謂語由動詞過去式構成(1

3、)表示在過去時間里發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)He bought a new bike last week.上周他買了輛新自行車。They lived in the village for half a year.他們在那個村里住過半年。(2)表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作When I was a small child，I often went to that park and played football there.我小的時候經(jīng)常去那個公園里踢足球。When he was at college，he often went to the English corner and talked wit

4、h native English speakers.他上大學時經(jīng)常去英語角與來自英語國家的人聊天。(3)表示發(fā)生在過去的一系列動作He entered the room，sat down，turned on his recorder and began to listen to English.他進入房間，坐下，打開錄音機，開始聽英語。She went to the shop，bought some flowers and sent them to her teacher.她到商店買了一些花送給了她的老師。(4)used to do和would do可以表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)He

5、used to swim in that river in winter.以前，他經(jīng)常冬天到河里去游泳。She would walk to the town when she was young.她年輕時經(jīng)常步行去鎮(zhèn)上。used to do(be)表示“過去常?！倍F(xiàn)在已不would do也表示“過去常常”但不涉及現(xiàn)在(5)Its(high)time.，I would rather.后的從句謂語一般用過去時Its time we had a rest.我們該休息一會兒了。I would rather you went there tomorrow.我希望明天你去那里。(6)暗含在語境中，“原本

6、”Im sorry.I didnt know you were here.很抱歉，我不知道你在這兒。I never thought he would give me a birthday present.我從沒想到他會給我生日禮物。(7)be about to do.when.，正要做某事，突然I was about to go out when the telephone rang.我正要出門時突然電話響了。We were about to play football when it began to rain.我們正要踢足球，突然下起雨來。3一般將來時表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)(1)w

7、ill/shall動詞原形I will go to Tibet by bike some day.有朝一日我將騎自行車去西藏。He will be busy tonight.今天晚上他會很忙。(2)be going to動詞原形打算、計劃做某事I am going to buy a dictionary tomorrow.我打算明天去買一本詞典。There is going to be a wonderful film in our school tonight.今天晚上學校有一場精彩的電影。即將、眼看要發(fā)生Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain

8、.看天上的烏云，眼看就要下雨。(3)be to動詞原形：安排好的事We are to study physics next term.我們下學期將開物理課。(4)be about to動詞原形：即將發(fā)生的事The train is about to start.火車馬上出發(fā)。(5)按時刻表進行的動作，可用現(xiàn)在時表示將來The plane takes off at a quarter past nine.飛機九點一刻起飛。Class begins at ten past eight.八點十分上課。(6)用進行時表示將來They are leaving for Washington tomorro

9、w.他們明天去華盛頓。常用動詞：come，leave，go，move，start，arrive，stay等(7)主句是將來時，狀語從句用現(xiàn)在時We will go to the park if it doesnt rain tomorrow.如果明天不下雨，我們就去公園。We will give it to him when he arrives.他一到我們就會把東西給他。One will not learn English well unless he studies hard.如果不努力，就學不好英語。I will tell her the news as soon as she come

10、s back.她一回來我就會告訴她這個消息。但：If she will make friends with him，I will tell him.如果她愿意與他交朋友，我會告訴他。If they will try it again，we will help them.如果他們愿意再試一次，我會幫助他們?！皐ill”表示愿意4現(xiàn)在進行時：am/is/are現(xiàn)在分詞(1)表示此時此刻正在進行的動作I am talking and you are listening to me.我在說，你們在聽我說。(2)表示目前這段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作He is writing a book this week

11、.這周他一直在寫書。Is my daughter working hard this term?我女兒這學期學習努力嗎？(3)與always連用表示贊揚、不滿等情緒The girl is always smiling happily.這個女孩總是面帶微笑。You are always making the same mistake.你怎么總犯同樣的錯誤。(4)現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來Hurry up，Tom！湯姆，快點。Im coming.我馬上來。(5)用進行時表示變化過程It is getting warmer and warmer in spring.春天天氣越來越暖和。She is find

12、ing that chemistry is much more difficult than biology.他逐漸感到化學比生物難學。(6)有些動詞不用現(xiàn)在進行時，它們是：感官動詞see，hear，smell，taste，notice，feel等；表態(tài)度的動詞believe，want，agree，like，hate，think等；另外還有have，belong to，consist，seem，depend，possess等5過去進行時：was/were現(xiàn)在分詞表示過去某一時刻或一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作He was watching TV when I came in.當我進來時他正在看電視。

13、He was reading an English novel in the library this morning.今天上午他一直在圖書館讀英文小說。Pardon? I wasnt listening just now.對不起請再講一遍，我剛才沒聽。6現(xiàn)在完成時：has/have過去分詞(1)表示動作已經(jīng)完成(強調(diào)發(fā)生在過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果)I have finished my work.我已做完了工作。He has found his lost key.他已經(jīng)找到了所丟失的鑰匙。(2)表示從過去某時開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)They have worked in that

14、 factory for ten years.他們已在那家工廠工作了十年。He has made a lot of friends since he came to Beijing.自從來到北京他已交了很多朋友。(3)have been與have gone的區(qū)別He has been to Washington twice.他已去過華盛頓兩次。(去過)He has gone to Washington.他去了華盛頓。(去了，現(xiàn)在不在這里)(4)Its the first/the second/the third/the last time that從句中用現(xiàn)在完成時Its the first

15、time that I have been here.這是我第一次來這里。Its the third time that he has made the same mistake.這已是他第三次犯同樣的錯誤。注意：延續(xù)性動詞與非延續(xù)性動詞延續(xù)性動詞：表示動作可以持續(xù)一段時間live，learn，watch，walk，teach，work，rain非延續(xù)性動詞：表示動作瞬間即完成buy，come，arrive，open，close，join，see，leave延續(xù)性動詞可以和時間段連用My grandparents have lived in the village for seventy ye

16、ars.我的祖父母已在這個小村莊住了七十年。He has worked in that office since last summer.去年夏天以來他一直在這里工作。非延續(xù)性動詞不與時間段連用他已經(jīng)來了半個小時了。He has come here for half an hour.(錯)He has been here for half an hour.他已經(jīng)去世15年了。He has died for fifteen years.(錯)He has been dead for fifteen years.He died fifteen years ago.非延續(xù)動詞的否定式可以與時間段連用

17、注意：一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的聯(lián)系與區(qū)別：聯(lián)系：動作均發(fā)生在過去區(qū)別：一般過去時只強調(diào)動作本身；現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響He came here yesterday.他昨天來到這里。(強調(diào)他昨天來過這里)He has come here.他已經(jīng)來了。(強調(diào)他現(xiàn)在還在這里)I bought a computer last month.我上個月買了一臺電腦。(強調(diào)我上月買了電腦)I have bought a computer我買了臺電腦。(強調(diào)已買了電腦)7過去完成時：had過去分詞(1)表示過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作或存在的狀態(tài)When I arrived there，the

18、 film had been on for ten minutes.當我到那里時電影已開演十分鐘了。They had learned Chinese for a year before they came to China.他們在來中國之前學過一年漢語。(2)表示愿望、打算的詞，如hope，expect，mean，suppose，want，intend等，過去完成時表示過去沒能實現(xiàn)I had hoped to go to Iraq.我本希望去伊拉克。She had meant to help you，but she had no time to spare then.她當時本想幫助你們但騰不出

19、時間。特殊句式：Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.我們剛一開始就被叫停。No sooner had the murderer come back home than he was arrested.殺人犯剛一進家門就被抓了。Hardly.when.；No sooner.than.“一就”。前一時態(tài)用過去完成時，后一時態(tài)用過去時8過去將來時：would動詞原形表示在過去某一時間看來將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)He said he would visit the Palace Museum the next week.他說下周去參觀故宮。He

20、 told me he would take me to the US the next month.他告訴我下月帶我去美國。They said they would not allow any reporter to enter their factory.他們說不允許任何記者進入他們工廠。9現(xiàn)在完成進行時：has/have been現(xiàn)在分詞從過去開始的動作不間斷地延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，有可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。We have been waiting for him for three hours.我們已在此等了他3個小時了。It has been raining since this Monday.本周

21、一以來一直在下雨。10將來完成時：will have過去分詞到將來某一時刻為止，某一動作將完成We will have completed the building by the end of next year.我們將在明年年底前把樓房建好。11將來進行時：will be現(xiàn)在分詞在將來的某一時刻或某個時間段內(nèi)，某個動作正在進行Please ask him not to phone me when he comes，I will be having a meeting.他來的時候告訴他別給我打電話，那時我正在開會。三、動詞的語態(tài)在英語當中，動詞有兩種語態(tài)，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是

22、動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。1被動語態(tài)的構成：助動詞be及物動詞的過去分詞2各種常用時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時：am/is/are過去分詞一般過去時：was/were過去分詞一般將來時：will be過去分詞現(xiàn)在進行時：am/is/arebeing過去分詞過去進行時：was/werebeing過去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時：have/hasbeen過去分詞過去完成時：hadbeen過去分詞情態(tài)動詞：must/can/maybe過去分詞3被動語態(tài)的用法(1)不知道或沒必要知道動作的執(zhí)行者The book was first published in 1932.此書是1932年出版的。He w

23、as asked many questions at the meeting.在會上有很多人向他提出問題。(2)不便說出動作的執(zhí)行者The plan is considered impractical.此計劃被認為不符合實際。(3)漢語中的一些無主句Smoking is not allowed in public places.公共場合不準吸煙。The books in the readingroom mustnt be taken away.書不準帶出閱覽室。Some measures must be taken to stop pollution.必須采取措施來防止污染。(4)強調(diào)動作的承

24、受者She is loved by all her students.她受到所有學生的愛戴。Tom，you are wanted on the phone.湯姆，你的電話。(5)為了主語一致She walked to the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.她走上舞臺受到熱烈歡迎。(6)常用句式：據(jù)說，據(jù)報道，眾所周知，It is said that the report has been given to the manager.據(jù)說報告已經(jīng)送到經(jīng)理手中。It is reported that Obama has been ree

25、lected President of America.據(jù)報道奧巴馬已再次當選美國總統(tǒng)。As is known to all，the sun is the nearest star to the earth.眾所周知，太陽是距地球最近的恒星。4主動句中省去的to，被動句中要寫出來The workers were made to work 14 hours a day.工人們每天被迫工作14個小時。5get過去分詞表被動He was caught in a big fire and got burnt.他遇上了火災，被燒傷了。He fell off the speeding truck and

26、got killed.他從高速行駛的卡車上掉下來摔死了。6有些動詞或動詞詞組不用被動語態(tài)happen，last，hold，have，suit，take place，belong to，break out，do ones best，make up ones mind，make room for，enjoy oneself7有些情況主動語態(tài)表被動意義sell，read，write，lock，wash，need等The soup tastes good.這湯很好喝。This kind of car sells well.這種車好賣。The door locks easily.這門好鎖。對應專題對應專題 分類訓練分類訓練 溫溫示示提提馨馨