第四速及第五速變速叉的加工工藝及夾具設(shè)計【鏜82.2孔】,鏜82.2孔,第四,第五,變速,加工,工藝,夾具,設(shè)計,82.2 外文資料翻譯 Machinery manufacturing industry Prospects Machinery manufacturing industry as the area has developed a tradition of Le for many years, accumulated a lot of theory and practice, Jing Yan, but as society's development, people's standard of living increasingly improve, Gegefangmian of Ge Xing increasingly Jianglie of demand. As has been deep into all walks of life and has become the basic industries of machinery manufacturing industry is facing severe challenges. The concept of advanced manufacturing technology proposed for the development of machines specified in the right direction. Although there is no established definition of the term, but the currently accepted understanding is: advanced manufacturing technology is the traditional manufacturing technology continues to absorb the mechanical, electronic, information, materials, energy and modern management, the results and apply them to product design, manufacture, testing, management, sales, use, services, manufacturing the entire process to achieve high-quality, high efficiency, low consumption, clean, flexible production, with good technical and economic effect of the manufacturing technology of the general. It has the following features: 1. From a technology-centered to people-centered change, to make technology more in line with the needs of human society. 2. From an emphasis on specialization to the fuzzy division of labor and multiple changes, so that workers can be full intelligence. 3. Multi-layer pyramid structure from a flat network structure to change, to reduce the level and intermediate links. 4. From the traditional sequence of work in parallel ways to change, shorten cycle times, improve quality of work. 5. Classified according to function from a fixed form of organization departments to self-management of the group dynamic changes in working methods. 6. Machinery manufacturing technology trends can be summarized as: (1) manufacturing automation. (2) Precision Engineering. (3) Improvement of traditional processing methods and the development of non-traditional processing methods. The following discussion and on the prospects for automation technology. Manufacturing automation technology has always been the most active machine a research field. Manufacturing enterprises to improve productivity and also won the primary means of market competition. Manufacture and automation technology since 20 years since the emergence of this century, has gone through three stages, namely rigid automation, flexible automation and integrated automation. Automation often associated with computer-aided manufacturing, computing concepts associated with integrated manufacturing, it is the manufacturing technology, control technology, modern management techniques and information technology integration, aiming to increase manufacturing labor productivity and market responsiveness. First, integrated Computer integrated manufacturing (CIMS) is considered a major manufacturing enterprise in the 21st century mode of production. CIMS as a number of interrelated parts (subsystems), is usually divided into five parts: 1. Technical information subsystem 2. Including computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering analysis (CAE), Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP), computer aided tooling design (CATD) CNC Programming (NCP) and so on. 2. Management information subsystem (MIS) Including business management (BM), production management (PM), Materials Management (MM), personnel management (LM), Financial Management (FM) and so on. 3. Manufacturing automation subsystem (MAS) Including automation equipment and systems, such as computer numerical control (CNC), machining center (MC), flexible manufacturing cell (FMS), industrial robot (Robot), automatic assembly (AA), etc.. 4. Quality information subsystem Including computer-aided detection (CAI), computer-aided test (CAT), computer aided quality control (CAQC), coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and so on. 5. Computer network and database subsystem (Network & DB) It is a support system, used to link the above-mentioned sub-systems in order to achieve the integration of all subsystems. Second, intelligence ????Intelligent manufacturing systems can be understood to be intelligent machines and human experts composed of man-machine integration of intelligent system, which in the manufacturing process can be carried out intelligence activities, such as analysis, reasoning, judgments, ideas, decision-making. In intelligent systems, "smart" shows in the system has excellent "soft" characteristics (adaptability and friendliness). In the design and manufacturing process, a modular approach, so have greater flexible; for the people, intelligent manufacturing emphasis on security and friendliness; for the environment, requirements Zuodao pollution and saving energy and resources to fully recover; the community to promote reasonable cooperation and competition. Third, agile Agile manufacturing competitiveness and credibility is based on the composition of virtual companies choose partners, division of labor, for the same goal to work together to enhance the overall competition, rapid response to user needs in order to meet the needs of users. In order to achieve rapid response capabilities, the establishment of virtual enterprise is a key technology, virtual manufacturing technology at its core, that agile manufacturing is based on virtual manufacturing technology. Agile manufacturing is a modern integrated manufacturing system from development to enterprise integration information integration the only way, it represents the level of development of modern integrated manufacturing system level, is a modern integrated manufacturing system development. Agile manufacturing technology base include: 1. A wide range of communications infrastructure required to establish a nationwide network of factory information and time information system (Just-In-Time-Information). 2. Flexible, modular product design. 3. Highly flexible, modular, scalable manufacturing system. 4. To order the design and manufacture of production. 5. Task-based organization and management. 6. Employment relationship based on trust. 4, virtualization "Virtual manufacturing" concept in the early 20th century, made 90. Virtual manufacturing to system modeling and computer simulation technology based, set of modern manufacturing technology, computer graphics, information technology, concurrent engineering, artificial intelligence, multimedia technology, high-tech as a whole, is a multi-disciplinary knowledge by the formation of integrated system technology. Virtual manufacturing use of information technology, computer simulation technology to the manufacturing activities in real people, objects, information and manufacturing process for comprehensive simulation, in order to create the 可能 Faxian there a problem in the pre-production product Shiji preventive measures taken to achieve the disposable products manufacturing success, to achieve lower costs, shorten product development cycle, the purpose of enhancing the competitiveness of products. Fifth, cleaning ?Cleaner production means: the comprehensive prevention of environmental strategies and sustainable production processes and products used in order to reduce the risk of humans and the environment. The two basic objectives of cleaner production is a comprehensive resource utilization and environmental protection. The production process, the clean production requirements from raw material to infiltrate into the whole process of production of finished products, including raw materials and energy conservation, alternative raw materials and shortage of resources, toxic, secondary energy and renewable resource use, improved technology and equipment, and all the quantity and toxicity of emissions reduction before leaving the production process. For products, cleaner production constitutes a product covering all stages of the life cycle, from raw materials extraction to final disposal of products, including product design, production, packaging, transportation, distribution, sales and end of life, rational use of resources, and minimize the negative impact of humans and the environment. ????In summary, the machinery manufacturing industry development is the traditional manufacturing technology and modern information technology, management technology, automation technology, engineering technology, in combination, through computer technology is the product life cycle In the organization, operation, management and technology integration and optimization of organic operation, the enterprise product life cycle information, the intelligent, integrated optimization to market fast, good service and good quality low-cost end, and thus improve the business flexibility, robustness and agility, an enterprise in the fierce market competition in an invincible position. 機械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展前景 ??機械制造業(yè)作為一個傳統(tǒng)的領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)發(fā)展了很多年，積累了不少理論和實踐經(jīng)驗，但隨著社會的發(fā)展，人們的生活水平日益提高，各個方面的個性化需求越加強烈。作為已經(jīng)深入到各行各業(yè)并已成為基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)的機械制造業(yè)面臨著嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。 先進制造技術(shù)這個概念的提出為機械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展指明了方向。雖然這個名詞沒有確定的定義，但目前公認(rèn)的認(rèn)識是：先進制造技術(shù)是傳統(tǒng)制造技術(shù)不斷吸收機械、電子、信息、材料、能源和現(xiàn)代管理等方面的成果，并將其綜合應(yīng)用于產(chǎn)品設(shè)計、制造、檢測、管理、銷售、使用、服務(wù)的制造全過程，以實現(xiàn)優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效、低耗、清潔、靈活的生產(chǎn)，并取得理想技術(shù)經(jīng)濟效果的制造技術(shù)的總稱。它具有如下一些特點： 1． 從以技術(shù)為中心向以人為中心轉(zhuǎn)變，使技術(shù)的發(fā)展更加符合人類社會的需要。 2． 從強調(diào)專業(yè)化分工向模糊分工、一專多能轉(zhuǎn)變，使勞動者的聰明才智能夠得到充分發(fā)揮。 3． 從金字塔的多層管理結(jié)構(gòu)向扁平的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變，減少層次和中間環(huán)節(jié)。 4． 從傳統(tǒng)的順序工作方式向并行工作方式轉(zhuǎn)變，縮短工作周期，提高工作質(zhì)量。 5． 從按照功能劃分部門的固定組織形式向動態(tài)的自主管理的小組工作方式轉(zhuǎn)變。 6． 機械制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢可以概括為：（1）機械制造自動化。（2）精密工程。（3）傳統(tǒng)加工方法的改進與非傳統(tǒng)加工方法的發(fā)展。 下面對自動化技術(shù)給予論述和展望。 機械制造自動化技術(shù)始終是機械制造中最活躍的一個研究領(lǐng)域。也是制造企業(yè)提高生產(chǎn)率和贏得市場競爭的主要手段。機械制造自動化技術(shù)自本世紀(jì)20年代出現(xiàn)以來，經(jīng)歷了三個階段，即剛性自動化、柔性自動化和綜合自動化。綜合自動化常常與計算機輔助制造、計算集成制造等概念相聯(lián)系，它是制造技術(shù)、控制技術(shù)、現(xiàn)代管理技術(shù)和信息技術(shù)的綜合，旨在全面提高制造企業(yè)的勞動生產(chǎn)率和對市場的響應(yīng)速度。 一、 集成化 計算機集成制造（CIMS）被認(rèn)為是21世紀(jì)制造企業(yè)的主要生產(chǎn)方式。CIMS作為一個由若干個相互聯(lián)系的部分（分系統(tǒng)）組成，通常可劃分為5部分： 1． 工程技術(shù)信息分系統(tǒng) 包括計算機輔助設(shè)計（CAD），計算機輔助工程分析（CAE），計算機輔助工藝過程設(shè)計（CAPP），計算機輔助工裝設(shè)計（CATD）數(shù)控程序編制（NCP）等。 2． 管理信息分系統(tǒng)（MIS） 包括經(jīng)營管理（BM），生產(chǎn)管理（PM），物料管理（MM），人事管理（LM），財務(wù)管理（FM）等。 3． 制造自動化分系統(tǒng)（MAS） 包括各種自動化設(shè)備和系統(tǒng)，如計算機數(shù)控（CNC），加工中心（MC），柔性制造單元（FMS），工業(yè)機器人（Robot），自動裝配（AA）等。 4． 質(zhì)量信息分系統(tǒng) 包括計算機輔助檢測（CAI），計算機輔助測試（CAT），計算機輔助質(zhì)量控制（CAQC），三坐標(biāo)測量機（CMM）等。 5． 計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)和數(shù)據(jù)庫分系統(tǒng)（Network?&?DB） 它是一個支持系統(tǒng)，用于將上述幾個分系統(tǒng)聯(lián)系起來，以實現(xiàn)各分系統(tǒng)的集成。 二、 智能化 ???智能制造系統(tǒng)可被理解為由智能機械和人類專家共同組成的人機一體化智能系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)在制造過程中能進行智能活動，如分析、推理、判斷、構(gòu)思、決策等。 在智能系統(tǒng)中，“智能”主要體現(xiàn)在系統(tǒng)具有極好的“軟”特性（適應(yīng)性和友好性）。在設(shè)計和制造過程中，采用模塊化方法，使之具有較大的柔性；對于人，智能制造強調(diào)安全性和友好性；對于環(huán)境，要求作到無污染，省能源和資源充分回收；對于社會，提倡合理協(xié)作與競爭。 三、 敏捷化 ???敏捷制造是以競爭力和信譽度為基礎(chǔ)，選擇合作者組成虛擬公司，分工合作，為同一目標(biāo)共同努力來增強整體競爭能力，對用戶需求作出快速反應(yīng)，以滿足用戶的需要。為了達到快速應(yīng)變能力，虛擬企業(yè)的建立是關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，其核心是虛擬制造技術(shù)，即敏捷制造是以虛擬制造技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)的。敏捷制造是現(xiàn)代集成制造系統(tǒng)從信息集成發(fā)展到企業(yè)集成的必由之路，它的發(fā)展水平代表了現(xiàn)代集成制造系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展水平，是現(xiàn)代集成制造系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展方向。 實現(xiàn)敏捷制造的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)包括： 1． 大范圍的通訊基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，要求在全國范圍內(nèi)建立工廠信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)和準(zhǔn)時信息系統(tǒng)（Just-In-Time-Information）。 2． 柔性化、模塊化的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計方法。 3． 高柔性、模塊化、可伸縮的制造系統(tǒng)。 4． 為定單而設(shè)計、制造的生產(chǎn)方式。 5． 基于任務(wù)的組織與管理。 6． 基于信任的雇傭關(guān)系。 四、 虛擬化 ??“虛擬制造”的概念于20世紀(jì)90年代初期提出。虛擬制造以系統(tǒng)建模和計算機仿真技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)，集現(xiàn)代制造工藝、計算機圖形學(xué)、信息技術(shù)、并行工程、人工智能、多媒體技術(shù)等高新技術(shù)為一體，是一項由多學(xué)科知識形成的綜合系統(tǒng)技術(shù)。虛擬制造利用信息技術(shù)、仿真計算機技術(shù)對現(xiàn)實制造活動中的人、物、信息及制造過程進行全面的仿真，以發(fā)現(xiàn)制造中可能出現(xiàn)的問題，在產(chǎn)品實際生產(chǎn)前就采取預(yù)防的措施，從而達到產(chǎn)品一次性制造成功，來達到降低成本、縮短產(chǎn)品開發(fā)周期，增強產(chǎn)品競爭力的目的。 五、 清潔化 ??清潔生產(chǎn)是指：將綜合預(yù)防的環(huán)境戰(zhàn)略，持續(xù)應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)過程和產(chǎn)品中，以便減少對人類和環(huán)境的風(fēng)險。 ??清潔生產(chǎn)的兩個基本目標(biāo)是資源的綜合利用和環(huán)境保護。對生產(chǎn)過程而言，清潔生產(chǎn)要求滲透到從原材料投入到產(chǎn)出成品的全過程，包括節(jié)約原材料和能源，替代有毒的原材料和短缺資源，二次能源和再生資源的利用，改進工藝及設(shè)備，并將一切排放物的數(shù)量與毒性削減在離開生產(chǎn)過程之前。對于產(chǎn)品而言，清潔生產(chǎn)覆蓋構(gòu)成產(chǎn)品整個生命周期的各個階段，即從原材料的提取到產(chǎn)品的最終處理，包括產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計、生產(chǎn)、包裝、運輸、流通、銷售及報廢等，合理利用資源，并最大限度地減少對人類和環(huán)境的不利影響。 ???綜上所述，機械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展方向是將傳統(tǒng)的制造技術(shù)與現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)、管理技術(shù)、自動化技術(shù)、系統(tǒng)工程技術(shù)進行有機的結(jié)合，通過計算機技術(shù)是企業(yè)產(chǎn)品在全生命周期 中有關(guān)的組織、經(jīng)營、管理和技術(shù)有機集成和優(yōu)化運行，在企業(yè)產(chǎn)品全生命周期中實現(xiàn)信息化、智能化、集成優(yōu)化達到產(chǎn)品上市快、服務(wù)好、質(zhì)量優(yōu)成本低的目的，進而提高企業(yè)的柔性、健壯性和敏捷性，是企業(yè)在激烈的市場競爭中立于不敗之地。