資源目錄里展示的全都有，所見即所得。下載后全都有,請放心下載。原稿可自行編輯修改=【QQ：401339828 或11970985 有疑問可加】 PLC elementary knowledge synopsis In the automated control domain, PLC is one kind of important control device. At present, in the world has more than 200 factories to produce more than 300 varieties PLC product, applies in the automobile (23%), the grain processing (16.4%), chemistry/drugs manufacture (14.6%), the metal/mine (11.5%), the paper pulp/papermaking (11.3%) and so on the profession. In order to make fellow beginners conveniently to understand PLC, this article to the PLC development, the basic structure, the disposition, using and so on the elementary knowledge makes a synopsis. First, PLC development course In the industrial production process, the massive switches quantity sequential control, it carries on the smooth movement according to the logical condition, and defers to the logical relations to carry on the chain-like protection movement the control, and massive data acquisition. In the tradition, these functions are realize through air operated or the electricity control system. In 1968 American GM (general automobile) the company proposed the substitution continues the electricity control device the request, the second year, the American numeral company developed based on the integrated circuit and the electronic technology control device, used sequenced the method to apply for the first time to the electrical control, this was the first generation of programmable foreword controller, called Programmable Controller (PC). After the personal computer (is called PC) to develop, in order to be convenient, also in order to reflect the programmable controller the function characteristic, the programmable foreword controller chooses a name is Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), now, still frequently was called PLC PC. The PLC definition has many kinds. The international electrician committee (IEC) to PLC the definition is: The programmable controller is one kind of digital operation operation electronic system, specially for applies under the industry environment designs. It uses the programmable foreword the memory, uses for to carry out the logic operation, the sequential control in its internal storage, fixed time, counts with operation the and so on arithmetic operation instruction, and through digital, the simulation input and the output, controls each kind of type the machinery or the production process. The programmable foreword controller and its the related equipment, all should according to easy form a whole with the industry control system, is easy to expand its function the principle design. On the century 80's to the 90's intermediate stages, are PLC develop the quickest time, the yearly rate continuously maintenance are 30-40%. In this time, PLC in the processing simulation quantity ability, the digital operation ability, the man-machine connection ability and the networking capability obtains the large scale enhancement, PLC gradually enters the process control domain, substituted in certain applications has been at the dominant position in the process control domain the DCS system. PLC has the versatility strongly, the easy to operate, the adaption surface broad, the reliability high, the antijamming ability strong, the programming is simple and so on the characteristic. PLC in the industrial automation control specially is in the sequential control status, in future which may foresee, is unable to substitute. Second, PLC constitution From the structure the minute, PLC divides into the stationary type and the combined type (module type) two kinds. Stationary PLC including the CPU board, the I/O board, demonstrated the kneading board, the memory block, the power source and so on, these element groups synthesize a not dismantable whole. Module type PLC including the CPU module, the I/O module, the memory, the power source module, the ledger wall or the rack, these modules may defer to the certain rule combination disposition. Second, PLC constitution. Third, CPU constitution CPU is the PLC core, plays nerve center's role, every time wraps PLC at least to have CPU, it function receive and storage user program and data which entrusts with according to the PLC system program, with scanning way gathering the condition or the data which sends by the scene input device, and stores the stipulation in the register, simultaneously, diagnoses the power source and in the PLC internal circuit active status and the programming process grammatical error and so on. After enters the movement, reads from the user program memory by the strip takes the instruction, the duty which stipulated according to the instruction produces the corresponding control signal again after the analysis, directs the related control circuit. CPU mainly by the logic unit, the controller, the register and realizes the data, the control and the condition main line constitution which between them relates, the CPU unit also includes the periphery chip, the main line connection and the related electric circuit. The memory mainly uses in the stored routine and the data, is the PLC essential composition unit. Looked like in the user, nonessential multianalysis CPU internal circuit, but or should have the enough understanding to each part of work mechanism. The CPU controller controls the CPU work, reads by it takes the instruction, the interpretive order and carries out the instruction. But the work rhythm by shakes the signal control. The logic unit uses in to carry on the numeral or the logic operation, works under the controller direction. The register participation operation, coexists stores the operation the intermediate result, it also is works under the controller direction. The CPU speed and the memory capacity are the PLC important parameter, they are deciding the PLC working speed, the IO quantity and the software capacity and so on, therefore is limiting the control scale. Fourth, I/O module PLC and the electrical return route connection, is (I/O) completes through the input output unit. The I/O module integrated the PLC I/O electric circuit, its input temporary storage device reflection input signal condition, output point reflection output latch condition. The load module transforms the electrical signal the digital signal to enter the PLC system, the output module is opposite. I/O divides into the switch quantity input (DI), switch quantity output (DO), simulation quantity input (AI), simulation quantity output (AO) and so on module. The switch quantity is refers has and closes (or 1 and 0) two kind of conditions signals, the simulation quantity is only a quantity which refers continuously changes. Commonly used I/O classifies as follows: Switch quantity: Divides equally according to the voltage water, has 220VAC, 110VAC, 24VDC, divides according to the isolation way, has the relay isolation and the transistor isolation. Simulation quantity: Divides according to the signal type, has the electric current (4-20mA,0-20mA), the voltage (0-10V,0-5V, -10-10V) and so on, divides according to the precision, has 12bit,14bit,16bit and so on. Besides above general I/O, but also has the special I/O module, like module and so on thermal resistance, thermo-element, pulse. According to the I/O points determination module specification and the quantity, the I/O module may be many may be few, but its biggest number the basic disposition ability which can manage CPU, namely biggest ledger wall or rack Key slot number limit. Fifth, power source module The PLC power source uses in is the PLC various modules integrated circuit provides the work power source. At the same time, some also provides 24V for the input circuit the work power source. The mains input type includes: (What the alternating current supply (220VAC or 110VAC), the direct-current power supply is commonly used is 24VAC). Sixth, ledger wall or rack The majority module type PLC use ledger wall or the rack, its function is: On the electricity, realizes during various modules relation, enables CPU to visit on the ledger wall all modules, on the machinery, realizes during various modules connection, enable various modules to constitute a whole. Seventh, PLC system other equipment 1st, programs the equipment: The programming is the PLC development application, the monitor movement, the inspection maintains the essential component, uses in to program, makes some hypotheses to the system, monitors the system working condition which PLC and PLC controls, but it not directly participates in the scene control movement. Small programming PLC generally has the grasping programming, at present generally (movement programming software) acts as the programming by the computer. 2nd, man-machine contact surface: The simplest man-machine contact surface is the indicating lamp and the button, at present the liquid crystal screen (or touches screen) a formula writing style operator terminal application to be more and more widespread, (movement configuration software) acts as the man-machine contact surface by the computer extremely to popularize. 3rd, input-output device: Uses in permanently the memory user data, like EPROM, EEPROM reading in, bar code microreader, input simulation quantity potentiometer, printer and so on. Eighth, PLC correspondence networking Depends upon the advanced industry network technology to be allowed rapidly effectively to collect, the transmission produces and manages the data. Therefore, the network is more and more remarkable in the automated system integration project importance, even some people proposed the "network is the controller" viewpoint view. PLC has the correspondence networking the function, it causes between PLC and PLC, PLC and on between the position computer and all that intelligent equipment can exchange the information, forms a unified whole, the realization disperser common control. Most PLC has the RS-232 connection, but also has some in sets has supports respective correspondence agreement the connection. PLC correspondence, but also the realization mutually has not been operational, IEC had stipulated the many kinds of field bus standard, the PLC various factories have the use. (Specially is center large-scale control system) says regarding an automated project, the choice network count for much. First, the network will have to be open, facilitates the different equipment the integration and the future system scale expansion; Next, in view of the different network level transmission performance requirement, the choice network form, this must in thoroughly understand this network standard the agreement, under the mechanism premise carries on; Once more, the synthesis considered system cost, equipment compatibility, scene environment serviceable and so on concrete question, determined the different level uses network standard. PLC基礎知識簡介 在自動化控制領域，PLC是一種重要的控制設備。目前，世界上有200多廠家生產(chǎn)300多品種PLC產(chǎn)品，應用在汽車（23%）、糧食加工（16.4%）、化學/制藥（14.6%）、金屬/礦山（11.5%）、紙漿/造紙（11.3%）等行業(yè)。為了使各位初學者更方便地了解PLC，本文對PLC的發(fā)展、基本結(jié)構(gòu)、配置、應用等基本知識作一簡介。 一、PLC的發(fā)展歷程 在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中，大量的開關量順序控制，它按照邏輯條件進行順序動作，并按照邏輯關系進行連鎖保護動作的控制，及大量離散量的數(shù)據(jù)采集。傳統(tǒng)上，這些功能是通過氣動或電氣控制系統(tǒng)來實現(xiàn)的。1968年美國GM（通用汽車）公司提出取代繼電氣控制裝置的要求，第二年，美國數(shù)字公司研制出了基于集成電路和電子技術的控制裝置，首次采用程序化的手段應用于電氣控制，這就是第一代可編程序控制器，稱Programmable Controller（PC）。 個人計算機（簡稱PC）發(fā)展起來后，為了方便，也為了反映可編程控制器的功能特點，可編程序控制器定名為Programmable Logic Controller（PLC），現(xiàn)在，仍常常將PLC簡稱PC。 　　PLC的定義有許多種。國際電工委員會（IEC）對PLC的定義是：可編程控制器是一種數(shù)字運算操作的電子系統(tǒng)，專為在工業(yè)環(huán)境下應用而設計。它采用可編程序的存貯器，用來在其內(nèi)部存貯執(zhí)行邏輯運算、順序控制、定時、計數(shù)和算術運算等操作的指令，并通過數(shù)字的、模擬的輸入和輸出，控制各種類型的機械或生產(chǎn)過程?？删幊绦蚩刂破骷捌溆嘘P設備，都應按易于與工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)形成一個整體，易于擴充其功能的原則設計。 　　上世紀80年代至90年代中期，是PLC發(fā)展最快的時期，年增長率一直保持為30-40%。在這時期，PLC在處理模擬量能力、數(shù)字運算能力、人機接口能力和網(wǎng)絡能力得到大幅度提高，PLC逐漸進入過程控制領域，在某些應用上取代了在過程控制領域處于統(tǒng)治地位的DCS系統(tǒng)。 　　PLC具有通用性強、使用方便、適應面廣、可靠性高、抗干擾能力強、編程簡單等特點。PLC在工業(yè)自動化控制特別是順序控制中的地位，在可預見的將來，是無法取代的。 　　二、PLC的構(gòu)成 　　從結(jié)構(gòu)上分，PLC分為固定式和組合式（模塊式）兩種。固定式PLC包括CPU板、I/O板、顯示面板、內(nèi)存塊、電源等，這些元素組合成一個不可拆卸的整體。模塊式PLC包括CPU模塊、I/O模塊、內(nèi)存、電源模塊、底板或機架，這些模塊可以按照一定規(guī)則組合配置。 三、CPU的構(gòu)成 　　CPU是PLC的核心，起神經(jīng)中樞的作用，每套PLC至少有一個CPU，它按PLC的系統(tǒng)程序賦予的功能接收并存貯用戶程序和數(shù)據(jù)，用掃描的方式采集由現(xiàn)場輸入裝置送來的狀態(tài)或數(shù)據(jù)，并存入規(guī)定的寄存器中，同時，診斷電源和PLC內(nèi)部電路的工作狀態(tài)和編程過程中的語法錯誤等。進入運行后，從用戶程序存貯器中逐條讀取指令，經(jīng)分析后再按指令規(guī)定的任務產(chǎn)生相應的控制信號，去指揮有關的控制電路。 　　CPU主要由運算器、控制器、寄存器及實現(xiàn)它們之間聯(lián)系的數(shù)據(jù)、控制及狀態(tài)總線構(gòu)成，CPU單元還包括外圍芯片、總線接口及有關電路。內(nèi)存主要用于存儲程序及數(shù)據(jù)，是PLC不可缺少的組成單元。 　　在使用者看來，不必要詳細分析CPU的內(nèi)部電路，但對各部分的工作機制還是應有足夠的理解。CPU的控制器控制CPU工作，由它讀取指令、解釋指令及執(zhí)行指令。但工作節(jié)奏由震蕩信號控制。運算器用于進行數(shù)字或邏輯運算，在控制器指揮下工作。寄存器參與運算，并存儲運算的中間結(jié)果，它也是在控制器指揮下工作。 　　CPU速度和內(nèi)存容量是PLC的重要參數(shù)，它們決定著PLC的工作速度，IO數(shù)量及軟件容量等，因此限制著控制規(guī)模。 　　四、I/O模塊 　　PLC與電氣回路的接口，是通過輸入輸出部分（I/O）完成的。I/O模塊集成了PLC的I/O電路，其輸入暫存器反映輸入信號狀態(tài)，輸出點反映輸出鎖存器狀態(tài)。輸入模塊將電信號變換成數(shù)字信號進入PLC系統(tǒng)，輸出模塊相反。I/O分為開關量輸入（DI），開關量輸出（DO），模擬量輸入（AI），模擬量輸出（AO）等模塊。 　　開關量是指只有開和關（或1和0）兩種狀態(tài)的信號，模擬量是指連續(xù)變化的量。常用的I/O分類如下： 　　開關量：按電壓水平分，有220VAC、110VAC、24VDC，按隔離方式分，有繼電器隔離和晶體管隔離。 模擬量：按信號類型分，有電流型（4-20mA,0-20mA）、電壓型（0-10V,0-5V,-10-10V）等，按精度分，有12bit,14bit,16bit等。 　　除了上述通用I/O外，還有特殊I/O模塊，如熱電阻、熱電偶、脈沖等模塊。 　　按I/O點數(shù)確定模塊規(guī)格及數(shù)量，I/O模塊可多可少，但其最大數(shù)受CPU所能管理的基本配置的能力，即受最大的底板或機架槽數(shù)限制。 　　五、電源模塊 　　PLC電源用于為PLC各模塊的集成電路提供工作電源。同時，有的還為輸入電路提供24V的工作電源。電源輸入類型有：交流電源（220VAC或110VAC），直流電源（常用的為24VAC）。 　　六、底板或機架 　　大多數(shù)模塊式PLC使用底板或機架，其作用是：電氣上，實現(xiàn)各模塊間的聯(lián)系，使CPU能訪問底板上的所有模塊，機械上，實現(xiàn)各模塊間的連接，使各模塊構(gòu)成一個整體。 　　七、PLC系統(tǒng)的其它設備 　　1、編程設備：編程器是PLC開發(fā)應用、監(jiān)測運行、檢查維護不可缺少的器件，用于編程、對系統(tǒng)作一些設定、監(jiān)控PLC及PLC所控制的系統(tǒng)的工作狀況，但它不直接參與現(xiàn)場控制運行。小編程器PLC一般有手持型編程器，目前一般由計算機（運行編程軟件）充當編程器。 　　2、人機界面：最簡單的人機界面是指示燈和按鈕，目前液晶屏（或觸摸屏）式的一體式操作員終端應用越來越廣泛，由計算機（運行組態(tài)軟件）充當人機界面非常普及。 　　3、輸入輸出設備：用于永久性地存儲用戶數(shù)據(jù)，如EPROM、EEPROM寫入器、條碼閱讀器，輸入模擬量的電位器，打印機等。 　　八、PLC的通信聯(lián)網(wǎng) 　　依靠先進的工業(yè)網(wǎng)絡技術可以迅速有效地收集、傳送生產(chǎn)和管理數(shù)據(jù)。因此，網(wǎng)絡在自動化系統(tǒng)集成工程中的重要性越來越顯著，甚至有人提出"網(wǎng)絡就是控制器"的觀點說法。 　　PLC具有通信聯(lián)網(wǎng)的功能，它使PLC與PLC 之間、PLC與上位計算機以及其他智能設備之間能夠交換信息，形成一個統(tǒng)一的整體，實現(xiàn)分散集中控制。多數(shù)PLC具有RS-232接口，還有一些內(nèi)置有支持各自通信協(xié)議的接口。 　　PLC的通信，還未實現(xiàn)互操作性，IEC規(guī)定了多種現(xiàn)場總線標準，PLC各廠家均有采用。 　　對于一個自動化工程(特別是中大規(guī)模控制系統(tǒng))來講，選擇網(wǎng)絡非常重要的。首先，網(wǎng)絡必須是開放的，以方便不同設備的集成及未來系統(tǒng)規(guī)模的擴展；其次，針對不同網(wǎng)絡層次的傳輸性能要求，選擇網(wǎng)絡的形式，這必須在較深入地了解該網(wǎng)絡標準的協(xié)議、機制的前提下進行；再次，綜合考慮系統(tǒng)成本、設備兼容性、現(xiàn)場環(huán)境適用性等具體問題，確定不同層次所使用的網(wǎng)絡標準。 　　 9