2t叉車工作裝置總體設計【三級門架】【含CAD圖和說明書】,三級門架,含CAD圖和說明書,叉車,工作,裝置,總體,設計,三級,CAD,說明書 大連交通大學信息工程學院2011屆本科生畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文翻譯 The forklifts With the development of our economy, the equipment manufacturing develops faster too. The forklifts play an increasingly important part in logistics. In order to make better use of forklifts and make our forklifts known by the international countries, we need to get better understanding of basic knowledge of forklifts, some regulations, and try to find out the strategies for our forklifts moving to the international. This essay will focus on these three parts. A forklift (also called a lift truck, a high/low, a stacker-truck, trailer loader, side loader, fork truck, tow-motor or a fork hoist) is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport materials. The modern forklift was developed in the 1920s by various companies including the transmission manufacturing company Clark and the hoist company Yale & Towne Manufacturing。 The forklift has since become an indispensable piece of equipment in manufacturing and warehousing operations. Forklift truck is used in project for forking, lifting and stowing things. It is small, light, tight in structure and easy to operate which can work in narrow space. Industrial handling vehicles are widely used in ports, railway stations, airports, freight yard, factory workshops, warehouses, distribution centers etc，and they also can enter the cabin, the compartment within the tray and container cargo handling, handling operations. It is an essential equipment of pallet transportation , container transportation. Forklift plays a very important role at the enterprise's logistics system as the main force in the material handling equipment. It is widely used in railway stations, ports, airports, factories, warehouses, and other national economic sectors, and performances as the important equipment in mechanical handling, stacking and short-distance transportation. Forklift has a long history. Self-propelled forklift trucks appeared in 1917. During World War II, forklifts develops. The middle nineteenth century through the early twentieth century saw the developments that led to today's modern forklifts. The Pennsylvania Railroad in 1906 introduced battery powered platform trucks for moving luggage at their Altoona, Pennsylvania train station. World War I saw the development of different types of material handling equipment in the United Kingdom by Ransomes, Sims and Jeffries of Ipswich. This was in part due to the labor shortages caused by the war. In 1917 Clark in the United States began developing and using powered tractor and powered lift tractors in their factories. In 1919 the Towmotor Company and Yale & Towne Manufacturing in 1920 entered the lift truck market in the United States. Continuing development and expanded use of the forklift continued through the 1920s and 1930s. World War II, like World War I before, spurred the use of forklift trucks in the war effort. Following the war, more efficient methods for storing products in warehouses were being implemented. Warehouses needed more maneuverable forklift trucks that could reach greater heights. New forklift models were made that filled this need. In 1956 Toyota introduced its first lift truck model, the Model LA, in Japan and sold its first forklift in the United States in 1967. Now look back to China forklifts, since1950s, manufacturing forklifts appeared in China . Especially with the rapid development of China's economy, most enterprises have been out of the original material handling manual handling, and is replaced by mechanized transport such as forklifts. Therefore, in the past few years, China's demand for forklift trucks reaches a double-digit annual growth. With the development of economy and the industries, many types of forklifts appear to acquire the needs of the markets. Based upon the structure, forklift trucks are of the following types: Standard Trucks: These are the large, sturdy forklift trucks, that are used in warehouses. Standard trucks can lift weights that range between 3,000 to 4,000 pounds. The blades can lift cargo up to a height of 20 feet. Reach Truck: These are narrow-aisled forklifts that usually run on electricity. They are designed for pallet storage, and can lift loads up to a height of 40 feet. If you are looking to lift and unload weights quickly over long distances, reach truck is not the one for you. Order Selector: These are very narrow-aisled trucks that are useful for moving racked loads which are smaller than the pallet size. They can lift both the load as well as the truck operator to a height of 40 feet. Motorized Pallet Trucks: These trucks are also known as walkies, riders or walkie riders. These vehicles derive their names from the fact that the operator does not have to sit inside the vehicle to operate it. In fact, he walks along the side of the truck as it moves the load. Swing Mast Trucks: These are vehicles with a narrow aisle. They are similar in appearance to standard trucks. However, their masts can swing up to 90 degrees in one direction only. Turret Trucks: Turret trucks also have very a narrow aisle. Like the order selector, they can lift both the load as well as the operator. However, in addition to that, turret trucks can swing the forks 90 degrees on either side. Based on whether gas or electricity is used to run the forklifts, there are two types of forklifts: Internal Combustion Forklifts: These vehicles run on gas, liquid propane, diesel or CNG (compressed natural gas). Although the forklifts that run on liquid propane can be used indoors, the gas-run forklifts are meant to be mainly used outdoors as they emit pollutants, and also can work even when it is raining. They can lift weights that range between 15,000 to 35,000 pounds. These vehicles cost less than the electric-run forklifts. However, effectively they are more expensive to use than the electric forklifts due to the fuel and maintenance costs. Electric Forklifts: These run on batteries that need to be charged electrically. As they do not burn any fuel, there are no polluting emissions from these vehicles. Due to this reason, these are more suitable to be used indoors than the internal combustion forklifts. Also, these are quieter and do not require fuel storage units. However, they can't lift loads greater than 15,000 pounds, and have a slower acceleration than the those that run on gas. These two different types have different advantages and disadvantages, people can choose them according to different occasions. Gasoline or propane forklifts are sometimes stronger or faster than electric forklifts, but they are more difficult to maintain, and fuel can be costly. Electric forklifts are great for warehouse use because they do not give off noxious fumes like gas powered machines do. Forklifts have made moving heavy loads very easy and quick for us. However, as is the case with other vehicles, forklift accidents are also common. There are certain safety rules that need to be followed, the most important of which is recruiting a trained operator. Whether you called them jitneys, forklifts or lift trucks, powered industrial trucks are as widely used as your debit card. It seems everywhere you looked these days. Lift trucks are unloading trailers at department stores, tiering product in a warehouse, or loading material at a construction site. Powered industrial trucks are also moving lumber in a sawmill and dropping stock in a grocery store aisle. With over one million lift trucks in operation today, emphasis must be placed on both worker and pedestrian safety. Therefore, the lift truck operators and other affected employees must get the professional training about the operation fork truck and have a good understanding of the safety and health regulations of lift trucks. It is important for forklift operators to follow all safety precautions when using a forklift. Drivers should be careful not to exceed the forklift's weight capacity. Forklift operators also need to be able to handle forklift's rear wheel steering. Driving a forklift is similar to driving a car in reverse, meaning that the driver must constantly steer to keep it moving in a straight line. The driver must be aware of the forklift's ever-changing center of gravity and avoid making any quick sharp turns or going too fast. It is advisable that anyone who operates a forklift be fully trained and licensed. And then about the working environment, ensure that workplace safety inspections are routinely conducted by a person who can identify hazards and conditions that are dangerous to workers .e.g. obstructions in the aisle, blind corners and intersections, and forklifts that come too close to workers on foot .Install the workstations, control panel, and equipment away from the aisle when possible. Do not store bins, racks, or other materials at corners, intersections, or other locations that obstruct the view of operators or workers at workstations. Enforce safe driving practices such as obeying speed limits stopping at stop signs, and slowing down and blowing the horn at intersections. Repair and maintain cracks, crumbling edges, and other defects on loading docks, aisles, and other operating surfaces. With the development of globalization, our industries are recognized by many other countries. However the industries of forklifts still have many problems, we need to find out some strategies to figure out these problems and make our forklifts recognized by the world. We can see that the companies are facing the all round competition with the intercultural companies in forklift industries. These competitions not only lie on the products but also the talents and the ability to invent. Therefore, it is a must for our companies to enter the international market. Through the former experience, there are four tackles we need to solve when we enter the world. First is certification, whether our forklifts are recognized by the ISOC is a difficult question. Only we get the EC certification, can we be known by the European countries and the united states. It is the key point for our export. The second is quality. The international market demand higher on quality than our national market. If the quality of our products can not pass the standard of the world, our forklifts are difficult to be receipted by the international customers. And the problems caused by quality also can destroy the reputation of companies, and affects the exports. The third is the services. The companies should keep continuing after services after the selling. The time and quality are also some questions customers considering in the purchasing. Now some companies and districts have also built a complete system for providing after services in our countries, which makes a better foundation for sustaining development. The fourth is intellectual property. The international market especially the developed countries have a strict system for protecting property. For example, in the united states, if a product is against the regulation of the intellectual property, the International Committee of the United States will distribute general orders and all related products will be excluded out of the American market. In order to gain a firm foot hood in the international market, some companies are trying to invent some better products and have got some achievements. Once be accepted by the international market, the exports and earnings of the forklifts manufacturing will maintain a rapid sustain growth. Forklifts have revolutionized warehouse work. They made it possible for one person to move thousands of pounds at once. Well-maintained and safely operated forklifts make lifting and transporting cargo infinitely easier. We need to make better use of it. And get better understanding of forklifts and notice the safety when using forklift trucks, and try to manufacture products of high quality to enter the international market. Only have a basic knowledge of the forklifts and the rules of the international market, can we get some achievements and reach our goals. 7 叉車 隨著經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，我國的裝備制造業(yè)也得到了快速發(fā)展，叉車在物流運輸中起著越來越重要的作用，為了更好的利用和發(fā)展叉車制造業(yè)，使得我國的叉車能夠走向國際，我們應該全面的掌握叉車的基本知識，以及它的使用注意事項，同時也要找出我國叉車走向國際的策略。本文將著重從這三個方面介紹叉車。 叉車（又稱叉架起貨機，又名鏟車，推高機）是指企業(yè)內(nèi)對成件托盤貨物進行裝卸、堆垛和短距離運輸作業(yè)的各種輪式搬運車輛。國際標準化組織ISO/TC110稱為工業(yè)車輛。叉車的發(fā)展于1920年代，今天在生產(chǎn)和倉儲運營過程中它已成為不可或缺的設備。 叉車是用于叉取、搬運、堆垛等作業(yè)的一種工程車輛。它體積小、重量輕、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊操作靈活,可以在工作場地狹小的空間作業(yè)。工業(yè)搬運車輛廣泛應用于港口、車站、機場、貨場、工廠車間、倉庫、流通中心和配送中心等，并可進入船艙、車廂和集裝箱內(nèi)進行托盤貨物的裝卸、搬運作業(yè)。是托盤運輸、集裝箱運輸必不可少的設備。 叉車在企業(yè)的物流系統(tǒng)中扮演著非常重要的角色，是物料搬運設備中的主力軍。廣泛應用于車站、港口、機場、工廠、倉庫等國民經(jīng)濟各部門，是機械化裝卸、堆垛和短距離運輸?shù)母咝гO備。叉車的歷史發(fā)展久遠，自行式叉車出現(xiàn)于1917年。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，叉車得到發(fā)展。世界叉車的發(fā)展追溯到早期發(fā)現(xiàn)十九世紀，直至今天的現(xiàn)代叉車。在1906年賓夕法尼亞州火車站推出行李平臺車電池用于搬運行李。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)出現(xiàn)了不同的材料的設備機這是由英國Ransome ，Sims和伊普斯維奇杰弗里斯發(fā)明的。產(chǎn)生這些的部分原因是由于戰(zhàn)爭造成勞工短缺。美國的克拉克在1917年開始在他們的工廠開發(fā)和使用馬力拖拉機和供電拖拉機。 1919年，Towmotor公司及耶魯湯制造業(yè)在1920年進入了美國叉車市場。叉車的使用繼續(xù)發(fā)展和擴大一直持續(xù)到20世紀20年代和30年代。二戰(zhàn)像第一次世界大戰(zhàn)一樣，刺激了叉車用在戰(zhàn)爭的作用。戰(zhàn)后，更有效的存儲倉庫物品的方法正在運行。 倉庫需要更有效的機動叉車以便適應更高的高度運輸。因此新的叉車品種被發(fā)明制造出來以適應這一需求。在1956年日本的豐田推出它的第一個叉車模型, 并于1967年在美國售出第一輛叉車。而中國從20世紀50年代初開始制造叉車。特別是隨著中國經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展，大部分企業(yè)的物料搬運已經(jīng)脫離了原始的人工搬運，取而代之的是以叉車為主的機械化搬運。因此，在過去的幾年中，中國叉車市場的需求量每年都以兩位數(shù)的速度增長。 隨著經(jīng)濟以及叉車制造也的發(fā)展，根據(jù)不同的市場需求，社會上出現(xiàn)了各種模式的叉車。叉車的品種繁多，根據(jù)叉車的結(jié)構(gòu)可以講叉車分為一下種類： 標準形叉車卡車：這是大的，堅固的叉車，是在倉庫使用。標準的叉車可以舉起的重量是3000至4000磅。它的貨架可以舉起貨物至20英尺高的高度。 到達形叉車：這是一種通過電力發(fā)動的叉車，他們是用于托盤搬運的，可以提升貨物至40英尺的高度，他不適合用于長途搬運卸載貨物。 選擇性叉車;這種類型的叉車適用于搬運小型貨物，它可以同時將貨物和機艙提成至40英尺的高度。 電動托盤車：這種車因為其操作系統(tǒng)得名而來。駕駛員可以不用坐在駕駛室里操縱叉車，只需站在車旁指揮車的裝卸。 擺動型大型叉車：這種車和普通的大型卡車類似，但是她的門架可以在同一方向擺動至90度。 塔車：這種車和選擇型車型類似，可以將貨物提升至很高的高度，但是她的伸縮臂可以在任意方向神說至90度。 根據(jù)叉車是使用氣題還電力來發(fā)動，可以講其分為兩類： 內(nèi)燃叉車：一般采用柴油、汽油、液化石油氣或天然氣發(fā)動機作為動力，載荷能力 1.2～8.0噸，作業(yè)通道寬度一般為3.5～5.0米，考慮到尾氣排放和噪音問題，通常用在室外、車間或其他對尾氣排放和噪音沒有特殊要求的場所。由于 燃料補充方便，因此可實現(xiàn)長時間的連續(xù)作業(yè)，而且能勝任在惡劣的環(huán)境下（如雨天）工作。但是考慮到氣的費用，內(nèi)燃叉車一般比電動叉車費用更高。 以電動機為動力，蓄電池為能源。承載能力 1.0～4.8噸，作業(yè)通道寬度一般為3.5～5.0米。由于沒有污染、噪音小，因此廣泛應用于對環(huán)境要求較高的工況，如醫(yī)藥、食品等行業(yè)。由于每個電池一般在工作約8小時后需要充電，因此對于多班制的工況需要配備備用電池。同時由于沒有污染，因此是室內(nèi)等的搬運的最佳選擇。 這兩種車型各有利弊，可以根據(jù)場地，費用等來自行選擇。 叉車使得我們搬運貨物變得非常簡單容易，但是像其他車輛一樣，叉車事故也是很常見的，因此，必須要遵守一定的規(guī)章制度，其中最重要的是需要聘用一個經(jīng)過訓練的駕駛員。不管你腳踏叉車，鏟車還是起重機，這種大型搬運機已經(jīng)像我們的信用卡一樣被廣泛應用與我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪校钪须S處可見。叉車用于叉取、搬運、堆垛等作業(yè)。鑒于社會上100萬的叉車使用量，叉車的使用安全需要再次被強調(diào)。因此，叉車駕駛員以及其他的工作人員都需要對叉車以及安全知識有一個全面的了解，同時要熟悉各項規(guī)章制度。駕駛員應該注意叉車的裝載量，不應超載。駕駛叉車與駕駛一輛在玩到行駛的車一樣，需要非常的靈活同時又要做到穩(wěn)重。駕駛員需要經(jīng)過訓練同時執(zhí)有執(zhí)照才可以上崗。其次，關于工作環(huán)境，工作車間需要有一定的工作人員來觀察和調(diào)查周圍的危險排除障礙。比如一些道路上的攔路虎，盲區(qū)的細節(jié)。不要將一些棒棍子等放在妨礙駕駛員和工作人員的角落里?？傊{駛與運行叉車都需要十分的小心和謹慎，每一個細節(jié)都很重要。 經(jīng)濟全球化的到來加速了我國走出去的步伐，制造業(yè)在出口的比重也越來也重要，然而我國的叉車在世界范圍內(nèi)的競爭力仍然比較薄弱，因此，我們應該提出相應的策略，來推動叉車的發(fā)展，以便走向國際。 可以看到, 國內(nèi)叉車企業(yè)正面臨與跨國叉車巨頭們的全方位競爭 不僅僅是產(chǎn)品, 還包括資金研發(fā)能力管理理念和人才培養(yǎng)等 因此,開拓國際市場, 對本土叉車公司來說, 已經(jīng)是必走之途 但是從以往的經(jīng)驗來看, 國內(nèi)叉車企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品要 想打人國際市場, 必須突破以下四個關口: 一是認證關我國叉車產(chǎn)品能否獲得有關國際標準認證是出口的一大難關其中EC 認證標志是被允許進人歐盟市場銷售的通行證EC 認證是用以證實該產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)通過了相應的合格評定程序或制造 商的合格標志性聲明,無論在歐洲美國日本或其他國家都能獲得很好的出口效應,取得相關國家的認證是影響叉車產(chǎn)品進人這些市場的關鍵。二是質(zhì)量關 國際市場對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的要求比國內(nèi)市場高如果產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不能達到國際通行的標準, 就很難被國外客戶接受，而由產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量導致的問題會損害害企業(yè)的聲譽, 使出口業(yè)務受到影響 國內(nèi)企業(yè)通常采用的方式是出口產(chǎn)品使用國外進口的關鍵零部件同時提升企業(yè)自主研發(fā)的能力國產(chǎn)化率的提高能夠大大降低產(chǎn)品成本. 三是服務關叉車在銷售之后,通常還保持持續(xù)的售后服務, 服務的及時性和品質(zhì)也是影響客戶購買的重要因素現(xiàn)在看來,通過當?shù)氐拇砩踢M行售后服務是國際上比較通行的做法 目前, 我國已經(jīng)有部分企業(yè)在主要國家和地區(qū)市場上建立了比較完善的售后服務網(wǎng)絡, 為持續(xù)發(fā)展打下了良好的基礎。四是知識產(chǎn)權(quán)關 國際市場尤其是發(fā)達國家市場對于知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護非常嚴格 例如在美國, 如果某一個產(chǎn)品侵犯美國訴方的知識產(chǎn)權(quán),致使美國國際委員會發(fā)布普遍排除令,那么與之相關的所有企業(yè)都將會被排除在美國市場之外。為了在國際市場站穩(wěn)腳跟, 許多國內(nèi)企業(yè)都正在加快自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)產(chǎn)品的研發(fā)工作, 并且取得了一定的成效不過,一旦產(chǎn)品能夠被國際市場所接受, 那么在此后一段時期內(nèi), 叉車企業(yè)的出口收人以及利潤都將會保持快速增長。 叉車使得我們?nèi)祟惸軌蛞淮呜撝貛浊О踔匚锏脑竿辛藢崿F(xiàn)的可能。因此，我們?nèi)祟悜摮浞掷盟鼇頌槲覀兊纳罱?jīng)濟發(fā)展做出貢獻。只有對叉車充分的了解，對叉車使用安全知識的掌握才能使我們更好的運行它。同時，在經(jīng)濟全球化的大趨勢下，只有了解國際形勢，制訂出相應的應變策略，我們的叉車制造業(yè)才能在國際市場站穩(wěn)腳跟。