《2020高考英語大二輪復(fù)習(xí) 沖刺經(jīng)典專題 語篇部分 專題一 閱讀理解 第3講 主旨大意類教學(xué)案》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《2020高考英語大二輪復(fù)習(xí) 沖刺經(jīng)典專題 語篇部分 專題一 閱讀理解 第3講 主旨大意類教學(xué)案（18頁珍藏版）》請?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、第3講　主旨大意類 題型概述 題型破解 　 1 尋找主題句確定文章大意 解題指導(dǎo)　文章由段落組成，段落的中心思想服務(wù)于文章的中心思想，因此找到每個段落的主題句，總結(jié)概括后便不難得出文章的主旨大意。一般情況下，段落的主題句通常在該邏輯段落的首尾，但也有些難度較大的試題會隱含在段落之中，此時要理解全文結(jié)構(gòu)，找到支撐性細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。考生速讀文首文尾、段首段尾，搜索主題線索及信息便可快速找到主題句，以下為找到主題句的5個小竅門：1.段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in cont

2、rast等)時，其后的句子通常為主題句；2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該句的回答很可能就是主題句；3.作者有意識地反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞(主旨句通常包含關(guān)鍵詞)；4.首段出現(xiàn)具體例子或假設(shè)時，例子或假設(shè)后的內(nèi)容通常為主題句；5.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore, in short, conclude, conclusion, thus等詞。 [典例]　(2019·全國卷Ⅱ·C篇) Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly

3、reading her e－book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel's “me” time. And like more Americans, she's not alone. A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half (53 percent) have breakfast alone and nearly half (46

4、percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report. “I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know？” Bechtel said, looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lun

5、ch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself，” she said. Just two seats over, Andrew Mazole

6、ny, a local video－grapher, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first－name basis if he wants to have a little interaction (交流). “I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week，” he s

7、aid. “It's a chance for self－reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.” That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to k

8、eep us company at the table. “It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，” said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the report. 31．What is the text mainly about? A．The trend of having meals alone. B．The importance of self－reflection. C．Th

9、e stress from working overtime. D．The advantage of wireless technology. 解析　A　第一段最后一句，第五段第一句分別是第一段和第五段的主題句，結(jié)合全文尤其是第二段的描述及其中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞“eaten alone”，“have breakfast alone”“have lunch by themselves”(一般與主旨相關(guān))，由此可知，本文主要說了獨(dú)自用餐已經(jīng)逐漸成為一種趨勢，故答案為A。 2 通過結(jié)構(gòu)或暗示概括段落大意 解題指導(dǎo)　1.根據(jù)邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)概括段落大意：要準(zhǔn)確概括段落大意，務(wù)必知道該段

10、落的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。如該段為總分順序組織，則主題句在段首；如該段為分總順序組織，則主題句在段尾；如該段為分總分順序組織，則主題句在段中；如該段對比各事物，則其異同點(diǎn)即為該段大意。2.通過暗示揣摩段落大意：有時，作者不直接寫出主題句，而是通過情感態(tài)度等方法暗示性地體現(xiàn)主題，此時要根據(jù)文中所敘述的事實(shí)和線索綜合判斷去揣摩并概括出段落大意。 [典例]　(2019·全國卷Ⅰ·D篇) During the rosy years of elementary school (小學(xué)), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep

11、my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself. Popularity is a well－explored su

12、bject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers. The likables' plays－well－with－others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump－start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are emp

13、loyed ever after in life and work. Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence：status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. ... 33．What is the second paragraph mainly about? A．The classification of the popular. B．The characteristics of adolescents. C．The importance

14、 of interpersonal skills. D．The causes of dishonorable behavior. 解析　A　根據(jù)第二段第二句可知Dr Prinstein，一位臨床心理學(xué)教授將受歡迎的人分為兩類，第三句和第四句分別用“The likables' ... ”和“Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence ...”引出后文內(nèi)容，恰恰就是介紹了受歡迎的兩類人：討人喜歡型和追求地位型。同時本段第二句中的關(guān)鍵詞sort ... into ... (把……分成……)與A項(xiàng)中的classif

15、ication相呼應(yīng)，所以A項(xiàng)可以概括本段大意。 3 三大方法定標(biāo)題 解題指導(dǎo)　1.最佳標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備以下三大特征：①概括精準(zhǔn)而簡潔；②針對性強(qiáng)，標(biāo)題外延與文章內(nèi)容恰好相符；③醒目，能引發(fā)讀者閱讀欲望。2.三大方法：①正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個選項(xiàng)能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨；②方面否定法：撇開原文，設(shè)想各選項(xiàng)寫出來應(yīng)是什么樣的文章，然后和原文比對，逐一排除不符項(xiàng)；③研讀備選項(xiàng)：認(rèn)真研讀備選項(xiàng)里的中心詞、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性、修飾詞的變化，查看與中心思想是否相符。 [典例]　(2019·全國卷Ⅱ·D篇) Bacteria are an annoying problem for

16、 astronauts. The microorganisms (微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It's turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It is

17、 depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York. HUNCH is designed to connect high school class-rooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon's students have been studying

18、ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they're close to a solution (解決方案). “We don't give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers，” says Florence Gold, a project manager. “There are no tests，” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no

19、 grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal？’ Basically, it's ‘I've got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year, present it to NASA.’Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and ... it's not a very nice thing at times. It's a hard business review of your product.”

20、 Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact (影響) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don't teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, read

21、ying a workable solution to test in space. 35．What is the best title for the text? A．NASA: The Home of Astronauts B．Space: The Final Homework Frontier C．Nature: An Outdoor Classroom D．HUNCH: A College Admission Reform 解析　B　本文主要介紹了一個項(xiàng)目：把高中的教室教學(xué)與太空的研究聯(lián)系起來，使學(xué)生們得到NASA工程師們的指導(dǎo)。因此在選標(biāo)題時既要有太空，還要有學(xué)生，分析選

22、項(xiàng)可知，只有B能將其完美地結(jié)合起來，故答案選B。 過關(guān)檢測(限時：35分鐘) Next time you go shopping, keep in mind that there may be hidden cameras analyzing your habits. According to a 2015 survey of 150 managers from Computer Services Corporation, a quarter of British shops use facial recognition software to collect data on s

23、hopper behavior. With concerns that face－recognition cameras “are kind of invasive (侵犯的)”， British analysis firm Hoxton Analytics has come up with a new way of measuring footfall (客流量)—by filming people's shoes. The technology can collect a large amount of personal information. “We have camer

24、as at 50 cm off the ground and they point down so they are less invasive than facial recognition，” Duncan Mann, Hoxton's officer said. As modern cities get fuller—70 percent of the population will live in urban areas by 2050—cameras and other technologies are taking over public spaces and colle

25、cting our data. Their purpose is to keep people safe, provide efficient services and prevent disasters and crimes. But some are not happy with the cameras as far as their privacy (隱私) is concerned. “Very few of us have any real concept of what data smart cities are gathering，” said Renate Samso

26、n. We begin giving away data as soon as we wake up. When we enter the transport system, we are giving away even more details about ourselves through smart cards, mobile phones or credit cards. Nick Millman, director at a consulting firm thinks statistics are the key to the privacy concern. He used

27、 the example of Google Maps, which is to monitor the flow of traffic in Stockholm. He explained, “It is basically adding privacy controls to statistics so that you only see the data you need to know about.” In this case, Google gets enough data to improve traffic but not so much that it shows indivi

28、dual journey patterns. 篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說明文，主要討論了在現(xiàn)代生活中，人們對于個人信息以科技途徑泄漏的狀況的擔(dān)憂和可能的解決方法。 1．What is the article mainly about? A．An introduction to collecting shoppers' data. B．The concerns about giving away personal data. C．The problems caused by imbalanced distribution of population. D．An invention re

29、cording and collecting customers' information. 答案：B　主旨大意題。第二段第一句中的“With concerns that face－recognition cameras ‘a(chǎn)re kind of invasive (侵犯的)’”，第四段首句中But后的內(nèi)容以及第五段關(guān)鍵詞“giving away data”并結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要講的是對于泄露個人信息這一問題的擔(dān)憂，故選B。 2．The new technology invented by Hoxton Analytics ________. A．can gather a lot

30、of people's personal data from their shoes B．uses cameras fitted on the ground to collect customers' data C．has improved the accuracy of facial recognition software D．offers a perfect solution to customers' privacy concerns 答案：A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段前三句可知，Hoxton Analytics公司所發(fā)明的新技術(shù)通過分析客人的鞋子而收集有關(guān)他們的大量個人信息，故

31、選A。 3．According to the author, cameras in modern cities ________. A．cause a huge waste of public spaces B．help reduce the size of population in urban areas C．a(chǎn)re likely to help improve traffic conditions D．a(chǎn)re to avoid crimes and disasters and provide efficient services 答案：D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Th

32、eir purpose is to keep people safe, provide efficient services and prevent disasters and crimes.”可知，作者認(rèn)為攝像頭在現(xiàn)代城市應(yīng)用是為了避免犯罪、災(zāi)難并提供有效服務(wù)，故選D。 4．What is Renate Samson's attitude toward the rise of smart cities? A．Worried. B．Optimistic. C．Confused. D．Uninterested. 答案：A　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段內(nèi)容可推知，Renate Samso

33、n對于智能城市的出現(xiàn)是很擔(dān)憂的，這與本段最后一句“‘Very few of us have any real concept of what data smart cities are gathering，’ said Renate Samson.”呼應(yīng)，故選A。 (2019·華中師大附中高三模擬)Those who claim bananas are fattening argue that bananas cause the body to make lots of insulin (胰島素), and insulin causes fat growth. How much ins

34、ulin we produce is related to how fast food becomes sugar in our bloodstream. How can you know if food makes a lot of sugar quickly? The glycemic index (血糖指數(shù)), or GI rating tells us. Foods with GI scores above 75 are considered high－GI foods, leading to faster sugar development. Bananas have a GI of

35、 62, which is considered low. Weight loss can be a struggle for anyone, but it is especially hard for diabetics (糖尿病患者). A study looked at how the starch from unripe bananas affected the weight of a group of obese diabetics. After four weeks of a diet high in bananas, diabetics lost significantly m

36、ore weight than on a control diet. They also saw improvements in insulin sensitivity from the banana diet. What's more, bananas have been shown to cut risks of strokes, diabetes and cancers (Bananas are the most powerful fruit for lowering the risk of kidney cancer.). Bananas are also a rich source

37、 of fiber, which has been shown to help weight loss. Bananas that still have some green on the skin are even higher in fiber. Skins from green bananas can be taken and, after removing the stem and dark tip, cut into small pieces 2－3 inches long and 1/2 inch wide. These pieces can be made into a tea

38、 or added to a dish. When you eat the skins, be sure you are eating organic bananas. The flesh of regular bananas is low in pesticides, but the skins are not. 篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章反駁了“吃香蕉會使人發(fā)胖”這一錯誤觀點(diǎn)，告訴大家香蕉不會使身體分泌很多胰島素而導(dǎo)致脂肪增加，相反，香蕉對身體健康有著諸多好處。 5．What conclusion can we draw from Paragraphs 1 & 2? A．Ban

39、anas are likely to make people fat. B．Insulin determines the amount of sugar. C．Low－GI foods can turn into sugar more slowly. D．The faster the food becomes sugar, the less insulin. 答案：C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“How can you know if food makes a lot of sugar quickly? The glycemic index (血糖指數(shù)) ... faster suga

40、r development. Bananas have a GI of 62, which is considered low.”可知，血糖指數(shù)高的食物往往能更快地轉(zhuǎn)化成糖分，反之，血糖指數(shù)低的食物轉(zhuǎn)化成糖分的速度較慢。故選C。 6．What does the author say about bananas? A．Including bananas in diets is good for health. B．Bananas can cure people suffering kidney cancer. C．Eating organic bananas protect people

41、 from strokes. D．Bananas' abundant fiber improves insulin sensitivity. 答案：A　推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段中的“After four weeks of a diet high in bananas, diabetics lost significantly more weight than on a control diet. They also saw improvements in insulin sensitivity from the banana diet”及第四段中的“bananas have been s

42、hown to cut risks of strokes, diabetes and cancers ... weight loss”可知，香蕉可以幫助人們減肥，也能降低人們患中風(fēng)、糖尿病及癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，由此可得出這樣的結(jié)論：將香蕉列入日常飲食對人們的健康有益，故選A。 7．What is discussed in the last paragraph? A．The use of banana skins. B．The benefits of banana skins. C．The importance of banana skins.

43、 D．The ways of choosing organic bananas. 答案：A　段落大意題。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容尤其是“... can be made into a tea or added to a dish”可知，本段主要講的是香蕉皮的用途。故選A。 8．In which section of a newspaper can we read this passage? A．Education. B．Health. C．Culture. D．Science. 答案：B　推理判斷題?？v觀全文可知，香蕉不僅有助于減肥，還能降低人們患中風(fēng)、糖尿病及癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而且香

44、蕉皮也有用處。由此可知，本文最有可能出現(xiàn)在報(bào)紙的健康專欄。故選B。 (2019·北京高考)By the end of the century, if not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study. At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms (海洋微生物) called phytoplankton. Because of the wa

45、y light reflects off the organisms, these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spo

46、ts, leading to changes in the ocean's appearance. Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But

47、 phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients. Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT's Center for Global Change Sci

48、ence, built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃， it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some

49、waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing，” she said, “but the type of phytoplankton is changing.” And why does that matter? Phytoplankton are t

50、he base of the food web. If certain kinds begin to disappear from the ocean, Dutkiewicz said, “it will change the type of fish that will be able to survive.” Those kinds of changes could affect the food chain. Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too

51、 gradual and unnoticeable, but they could mean significant changes. “It'll be a while before we can statistically show that the changes are happening because of climate change，” Dutkiewicz said, “but the change in the colour of the ocean will be one of the early warning signals that we really have c

52、hanged our planet.” 篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說明文。調(diào)查表明，由于氣候變暖，全球的海洋將會變得更藍(lán)、更綠。 9．What are the first two paragraphs mainly about? A．The various patterns at the ocean surface. B．The cause of the changes in ocean colour. C．The way light reflects off marine organisms. D．The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplank

53、ton. 答案：B　段落大意題。文章第一段點(diǎn)題：由于氣候變暖，全球的海洋將會變得更藍(lán)、更綠。第二段介紹由于光從生物體反射的方式，這些浮游植物在海洋表面形成了五顏六色的圖案；氣候變化又使得這些浮游植物在某些區(qū)域加速生長而在其他地方有所減少，導(dǎo)致海洋表面的顏色變化。由此可知前兩段講了海洋顏色變化的原因，故B項(xiàng)正確。 10．What does the underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Sensitive. B．Beneficial. C．Significant. D．Unnoticeable.

54、答案：A　詞義猜測題。畫線詞后一句提到，氣候變暖改變了海洋的主要特點(diǎn)并能影響浮游植物的生長，因?yàn)樗鼈円L不僅僅需要陽光和二氧化碳，也需要營養(yǎng)。由此可知，這些浮游植物對海洋變暖很敏感，故A項(xiàng)正確。 11．What can we learn from the passage? A．Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem. B．Dutkiewicz's model aims to project phytoplankton changes. C．Phytoplankton have been used to c

55、ontrol global climate. D．Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener. 答案：D　推理判斷題。文章倒數(shù)第二段提到這些浮游植物是海洋食物鏈的基礎(chǔ)，如果某些種類的浮游植物消失了，會影響能存活的魚的類型，從而影響海洋食物鏈，并結(jié)合文章第四段倒數(shù)第二句可知浮游植物多的區(qū)域海水會變得更綠，故D項(xiàng)正確。 12．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes. B．To analy

56、se the composition of the ocean food chain. C．To explain the effects of climate change on oceans. D．To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton. 答案：C　主旨大意題。通讀全文并由第二段最后一句，第四段第一句及最后一段第二句(主旨句及關(guān)鍵詞)可知，文章主要論述了隨著氣候變暖，全球的海洋將會變得更藍(lán)、更綠，即氣候變化對海洋有影響，故C項(xiàng)正確。 3D printing is becoming more and more popular

57、. We are now able to create things we need very quickly and easily using 3D prinlers. But can you imagine printing food? Some scientists are trying to revolutionize the dining experience by doing this. They hope that having a 3D printer in the kitchen will be as common as the microwave oven or blen

58、der. Scientists say that it'll be quite easy: you simply have to sclect a recipe and put the raw food ‘inks’ into the printer. You can also modify the instructions to make the food exactly how you want it. This means that it would be very quick and easy to create tasty and nutritious meals. Using

59、3D printers to create your meals would also be saving the environment. There would be less need for traditional growing, transporting and packaging processes as food production would be a lot more efficient. For example, alternative ingredients (原料) such as proteins from algae, beetroot leaves and

60、 insects could be converted into tasty products. Printing food could also help people who suffer from dysphasia (a swallowing disorder). They could program the printer to print softer versions of their favorite foods so that they would not have trouble in swallowing them. However, some people thin

61、k that a future of 3D food printing would be a disaster. It could take away many jobs, including those for growing, transporting and packaging food. Imagine a world where there was no need for farming or growing crops and the same tastes could be printed from a raw “food ink\”. Likewise, tradition

62、al cafes and restaurants might lose business. Also, there are concerns about the nutritional value of printed food: is it really possible to be get the nutrients we need from foodbased inks and gels (凝膠)? What's more, cooking and eating together with family and friends has long been a traditional a

63、nd enjoyable activity. It is hard to imagine a world where the pleasure of cooking is dead and meals can be created at the touch of a button. 篇章導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說明文，文章介紹了一項(xiàng)新技術(shù)——3D食物打印，它是一種能像打印文件一樣把食物“印”出來的技術(shù)。 13．Which of the following best describe 3D food printing? A．Quick and popular. B．Easy and effic

64、ient. C．Nutritious and tasty. D．Soft and convenient. 答案：B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“This means that it would be very quick and easy to create tasty and nutritious meals.”可知，3D食物打印很快、很容易就能創(chuàng)造出好吃、有營養(yǎng)的食物。故選B。 14．Why do some think that 3D food printing would be a disaster? A．Traditional food would disappear.

65、 B．Many people could lose their jobs. C．It would affect the people's health. D．We could all eat the same food. 答案：B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段前兩句可知，一些人認(rèn)為3D食物打印在未來將會是一個災(zāi)難，因?yàn)樗鼤屓藗兊娘埻搿热缡澄锏姆N植、運(yùn)輸、打包工作，故選B。 15．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．3D food printing will replace traditional cooking. B．Th

66、e future of 3D food printing is uncertain. C．It would hurt our tradition of food culture. D．3D food printing would be a failure. 答案：C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可知，烹飪和聚餐是人類的傳統(tǒng)活動，很難想象3D食物打印帶來的按鈕世界，在此，烹飪的樂趣完全喪失。由此可推知，3D食物打印的應(yīng)用會破壞我們的傳統(tǒng)飲食文化。故選C。 16．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．3D Food Printing: Coming to the Kitchen B．Can 3D Printing Create Everything? C．3D－Printing Food Will Be in Fashion! D．The Disadvantages of 3D Food Printing 答案：A　標(biāo)題判斷題。通讀全文并結(jié)合主題句：第一段和第二段的最后一句可知，本文講述了一項(xiàng)