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反意疑問(wèn)句 一，定義：當(dāng)我們陳述了一個(gè)事實(shí)，而又不是很有把握，就可以在陳述句后加一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句，稱(chēng)為反意疑問(wèn)句。 例如: She is a teacher, isn’t she? We are students, aren’t we? 二，反義疑問(wèn)句的結(jié)構(gòu) 結(jié)構(gòu)一：前肯，+后否 eg. He is a student, isn’t he? 結(jié)構(gòu)二：前否，+后肯 eg. He isn’t a student, is he? 三，反義疑問(wèn)句的做題步驟 {同學(xué)們看到反義疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，一定要想到以下這兩個(gè)步驟} 1， 判定。判斷用肯定還是否定。（前面的句子中有否定詞not, never, few, little, nothing的時(shí)候，后面用肯定：反之，則用否定） eg. He has never been to paris, has he ? She knows little English, does she? 2， 找動(dòng)詞。(用于提問(wèn)的動(dòng)詞有三種：be, do 和have。其中be 動(dòng)詞包括 am, is, are, was, were. Do包括do, does, did. Have包括have 和has，had.) eg. She is a doctor, isn’t she? (這里是be動(dòng)詞) She likes music, doesn’t she? (這里是一般性的行為動(dòng)詞，用do的各種形式來(lái)提問(wèn)) Mr. Smith has bought many books, hasn’t he? (這里是have表示完成時(shí)態(tài)) 注意：當(dāng)看到have的時(shí)候。同學(xué)們一定要注意，當(dāng)have表示“有”和“吃”的意思時(shí)，我們不用have，而是用do的各種形式。 例如：She has a book, doesn’t she? (有一本書(shū)) You have a good friend, don’t you？(有一個(gè)好朋友) He usually has dinner with his parents, doesn’t he ? 也就是說(shuō)： 當(dāng)看到have+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，表示完成時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)候，用have或has 的形式提問(wèn)。 當(dāng)have表示“有”和“吃”的意思時(shí)，我們用do的各種形式提問(wèn)。 名詞 一， 名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞 1， 只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的詞語(yǔ)有: many, many a(n), a good / great many, a (great / large) number of, scores of, dozens of 2， 只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞語(yǔ)有: much, a great deal of, a great / large amount of 3，既能修飾可數(shù)名詞又能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞語(yǔ)有: a lot of, lots of, plenty of 二，可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 規(guī)則變化： 1..一般情況加 s ： book—books，house---houses，girl---girls 2.以 s, sh, ch, x結(jié)尾的加es ： class--- classes, box----boxes, match----matches dish—dishes 3.輔音字母+ y結(jié)尾的變y為i加es： city---cities, country----countries , party----parties 4.以 o 結(jié)尾的+es的情況： heroes, tomatoes, potatoes (有生命的) 以 o 結(jié)尾+s的情況 ： radios, zoos, pianos , photos（無(wú)生命的） 5.以fe 結(jié)尾的 變fe為v +es ： wife—wives 不規(guī)則變化： man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, child—children, mouse—mice 單復(fù)數(shù)同行的有: sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese 合成詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式, 兩個(gè)詞都變化. 例如： man teacher—men teachers woman doctor—women doctors 代詞 主格 賓格 形容詞性物主代詞 名詞性物主代詞 反身代詞 I 我 me my mine myself You你 you your yours yourself He 他 him his his himself She她 her her hers herself It 它 it its its itself We我們 us our ours ourselves You你們 you your yours yourselves They他們 them their theirs themselves 用括號(hào)中人稱(chēng)代詞的適當(dāng)形式填空： 1.Her sister is helping _______（we）. 2. John and I are in the same school._____（we）go to school together. 3.Everyone likes_____(she)。 4. Danny gives the book to ______ (you). 5._ _____(I) have many friends. Some of_____（they）are good at English. 6. Jim is English. ________(I) like playing with _______(he). 7.I love ________（they）very much. 8.Miss Li often looks after________（she）. 9.They are waiting for__________（they）. 10.Do you like Li Ming? No, ______(I) don’t like _____(he). 介詞 1,具體在哪一天用介詞on 例如：在星期一 on Mondany, 在九月十號(hào) on September 10th 2, 在哪一年用介詞in 例如：在2012年, in 2012; 在1999年, in 1999 3, 穿什么顏色的衣服用介詞in 例如：She is dressed in green today. 4, 河上面有一座橋用介詞over There is a bridge over the river.（over 在什么上面，兩個(gè)物體不接觸） 5，表示一段時(shí)間，介詞for+時(shí)間 例如：I have worked here for three years. 6,about:關(guān)于 ；在…前面: in front of 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 一，英語(yǔ)中語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。（主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象) 例如： She wrote the book. 她寫(xiě)了這本書(shū)(主動(dòng)句) The book was written by her.這本書(shū)是被她寫(xiě)的（被動(dòng)句） 二， 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)：be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 二， 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的標(biāo)志性單詞：by 和with by引出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；with引出行動(dòng)使用的工具 例如：He was killed by a robber.他被一個(gè)強(qiáng)盜殺死了。（這里by引出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者：robber） He was killed with a knife.他被人用刀殺死的。（這里with引出行動(dòng)使用的工具：knife） 1 1. English ____ in Canada. A. speaks B. are spoken C. is speaking D. is spoken 2. This kind of car ___ in Japan. A, makes B. made C. is making D. is made 3 Our room must ___ clean. A. keep B. be kept C. to be kept D. to keep5 4 Doctors __ _ in every part of the world. A. need B. are needing C. are needed D. will need 5. New computers ___ all over the world. A. is used B. are using C. are used D. have used 6 A new house ___ at the corner of the road. A. is building B. is being built C. been built D. be building 數(shù)詞 一，基數(shù)詞one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve 序數(shù)詞first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth 二，序數(shù)詞的運(yùn)用 1.一般要加the表示順序,theFirstLesson,theThirdFloor 2.有限定詞時(shí)，不用the, 例如：ThisisLily’ssecondpen. It’sourfirstlesson. Maryismyfirstteacher. 三，dozen, hundred， thousand，million和billion 1,當(dāng)他們前面有數(shù)字時(shí)，后面不加S, 例如： 三打three dozen 三百three hundred 三千three thousand 2,當(dāng)他們后面有加S時(shí), 后面通常要跟of, 例如： hundreds of 數(shù)以百計(jì) thousands of 數(shù)以千計(jì) millions of 數(shù)百萬(wàn) dozens of 幾打 主謂一致 1、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。 2、由and或both……and連接的并列成分作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù) 但并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如： The poet and writer has come. 3、一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，如people, police, cattle, clothes等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。 4、集體名詞family, class, team, group 等看作整體時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；看作每一個(gè)成員時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 5、表時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡等的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。 6、由連詞not……but……, or, either……or, neither……nor, not only…but also,等連接的并列主語(yǔ)，如果一個(gè)是單數(shù)，一個(gè)是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞按就近一致原則，與最靠近它的主語(yǔ)一致。 7、There be句型、以here,there開(kāi)頭的句子,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和靠近的主語(yǔ)一致。 8、 many a ＋單數(shù)名詞 (許多……) ；作主語(yǔ)，盡管意思是復(fù)數(shù)，但謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是用單數(shù)。 　　Many a ship has been damaged in the storm. 考查主謂一致的常見(jiàn)題型有單項(xiàng)選擇，完型填空。做這類(lèi)題時(shí)，必須找出句子的真正主語(yǔ)，然后根據(jù)記憶的知識(shí)作出判斷。同時(shí)，要遵循三個(gè)原則：語(yǔ)法一致、意義一致和就近原則。 1）How time flies! Ten years ________ passed. 　A. have B. has C. is D. are 2) Not only his parents but also his brother ________to the Summer Palace. They haven’t been back. 　A. have been B. have gone C. has been D. has gone 3）Either Jane or Steven _____ watching TV now. A. were B.is C.are D. was 4) There _____ many new words in Lesson One. It is very easy. A. is B. aren’t C. isn’t D. are 5) The Olympic Games _______ held every______ years. 　 A. is，four B. are，four C. is，five D. are，five　　 6). Not only my brother but also I ______ good at painting. Both of us ______good painters. A. are...are B. am...are C. is...is D. are...is 7).------Two months _______ quite a long time. 　------Yes. I’m afraid that he will miss a lot of lessons. 　　A. is B. are C. was D. were 8）. Many a professor _____ looking forward to visiting Germany now. Many scientists _____ studied animals and plants in the last two years. 　　A. is; have B. is; has C. are; have D. is; are 9）.Two hundred and fifty pounds _____ too unreasonable a price for a second-hand car. 　A. is B. are C. were D. be 詞匯短語(yǔ)句型 1.So do I 我也是 2. There is something wrong with … ….出問(wèn)題了 3. What do you think of …..? 你認(rèn)為…怎么樣？ How do you think ? 你認(rèn)為怎么樣？ How do you like? 你認(rèn)為怎么樣？ 4. Help yourself 請(qǐng)自便 5. 打電話時(shí) 問(wèn)：Who is that speaking? 答：This is ….speaking. 6. 征求意見(jiàn) 問(wèn)：Would you mind……..? 答：Of course not. 7. Would rather sb. do sth. 寧愿某人做某事 8. The answer to the question 問(wèn)題的答案 the key to the door 門(mén)的鑰匙 9．How long 多長(zhǎng) how much 多少（+不可數(shù)名詞） how many多少（+可數(shù)名詞） how often 多久一次（表示頻率） how soon 多快 10. go fishing 釣魚(yú) go shopping 逛街 11. turn on打開(kāi) turn off 關(guān)掉 turn down調(diào)小，調(diào)低 turn up 開(kāi)大（聲音），出現(xiàn) 12. look for尋找 find out找出 look at 看一看 13. arrive in/ at 到達(dá) arrive in+大地方 arrive at+小地方 14. be good at擅長(zhǎng)… be bad at不擅長(zhǎng)… be good for 對(duì)…有益 be bad for對(duì)…有害 15. on duty 值日 I’m on duty today 今天我值日 16. as soon as 一…就 17. catch up with 趕上 ，追上 18. agree with sb 同意某人的意見(jiàn) 19. get on well with 與…和睦相處 20. set up：創(chuàng)立，設(shè)立 put up：舉起 抬起 pick up：拾起，撿起；無(wú)意間學(xué)會(huì)（一門(mén)語(yǔ)言） 21. too…to 太…以至于不能 She is too young to go to school. so…that… 如此….以至于 She is so young that she cannot go to school. 形容詞副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí) 關(guān)于形容詞副詞，考試時(shí)就主要考比較級(jí)和最高級(jí) 形容詞比較級(jí)的用法 “as +原級(jí)+as” She is as smart as you. “比較級(jí)+than” Jim is taller than Tom. 比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)：越來(lái)越….. bigger and bigger:越來(lái)越大 more and more difficult:越來(lái)越難 Her work is getting better and better. 她的工作干得越來(lái)越好 I become more and more forgetful as I’m getting old.隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，我變得越來(lái)越健忘了。 the +比較級(jí)+句子，the+比較級(jí)+句子. 越……越…… The more you get, the more you want. 得到的越多，想要的就越多。 The faster the air is moving, the stronger the wind is.空氣流動(dòng)地越快，風(fēng)就越大。 形容詞比較級(jí)前可用much, a lot, far, a bit 等詞修飾。 例如： a lot better好多了 much taller高多了 much more comfortable 舒服多了 也可以用數(shù)詞+名詞構(gòu)成 例如：two years younger 少兩歲 2 形容詞最高級(jí)的用法 通常由“+the+形容詞最高級(jí)+介詞短語(yǔ)” 例如：He is the tallest boy in our class. He is the most interesting teacher in our school 有時(shí)，最高級(jí)前有the second, the third等修飾 例如：Los Angeles is the second largest city in America. 洛杉磯是美國(guó)的第二大城市。 ( ) 2 Li Lei is___ student in our class. A. tall B. taller C. tallest D. the tallest ( ) 3 The fifth orange is____ of all. Give it to that small child. A. big B. bigger C. the bigger D. the biggest ( )4 Who is---of you three? A. the oldest B. much older C. oldest D. older ( ) 1 Tom is one of ____ boys in our class. A. tallest B. taller C. the tallest B. the tall ( ) 2 English is one of____ spoken in the world. A. the important languages B. the most important languages C. most important language D. the most important language ( ) 3 Beijing is one of____ in China. A. the largest city B. the large cities C. the larger cities D. the largest cities 動(dòng)詞和時(shí)態(tài) 終止性動(dòng)詞 → 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞： borrow → keep buy / get → ha die → be dead open → be open close → be closed begin / start (開(kāi)演) → be on finish / end / complete → be over leave / start (出發(fā)) → be away go to school → be at school join the army → be in the army join the Party → be in the Party fall asleep / get to sleep → be asleep receive / get a letter from // hear from → have a letter from 持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞后面可以加for+時(shí)間段 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1形式：have+過(guò)去分詞； has+過(guò)去分詞 Eg. I have finished my homework. 我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)完了我的家庭作業(yè) He has returned from school. 他已經(jīng)從學(xué)?；貋?lái) 2.用法 1.表示截止到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作 eg By now, I have collected all the data that I need. 2.表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去而對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響、帶來(lái)結(jié)果的動(dòng)作 eg She has been to the United States. 3.表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能還要延續(xù) eg I have learned English for 8 years. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)： had+ 過(guò)去分詞 1.發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去” eg When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 2.與一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用 eg Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 3.在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到這一時(shí)間 eg By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 1.賓語(yǔ)從句或間接引語(yǔ)中 eg He didnt expect that we would all be there. 2.表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作 eg During that period, he would do this every day. 3.表示過(guò)去的愿望、傾向，多用于否定句 eg They knew that we would never permit such a thing. 一般過(guò)去式 標(biāo)志性詞：yesterday, the day before yesterday, two years ago, last month the other day 不久前一 天 in 19999 （在過(guò)去的年月） 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 標(biāo)志性詞：now, look! Listen! Look, they are playing basketball. Listen, she is singing. 重要的動(dòng)詞 Keep的用法 1.keep +形容詞 2.keep+sth/sb +形容詞 3.keep +doing 一直做某事 4.keep ... from doing ... 阻止做某事。。。 5.keep a pet 飼養(yǎng)一個(gè)寵物 6.How long may I keep this book ？ keep指借。 Stop 的用法 1. stop … from + v.-ing “阻止”、“阻攔”“阻止……做某事”。 2. stop to do“停下來(lái)做某事”，強(qiáng)調(diào)停下來(lái)去做另外一件事。 3. stop doing“停止做某事”，強(qiáng)調(diào)停止正在做的事情。 Forget 和remember的用法 1，forget to do，忘記還沒(méi)做的事情 2，forget doing忘記已經(jīng)做過(guò)的事 1，remember to do，忘記還沒(méi)做的事情 2，remember doing忘記已經(jīng)做過(guò)的事 Buy 的用法 1. 用作動(dòng)詞，表示“買(mǎi)”，可帶雙賓語(yǔ)；若雙賓易位，通常要用介詞 for。如： 我叔叔為我買(mǎi)了本英語(yǔ)詞典。 正：My uncle bought me an English dictionary. 正：My uncle bought an English dictionary for me. 2. 表示向某人買(mǎi)某物，通常用介詞 from。如： He bought this watch from a friend. 他從一位朋友那兒買(mǎi)了這塊手表。 3. 表示用多少錢(qián)買(mǎi)某物，通常用介詞 for。如： I bought the computer for $600. 我花600美元買(mǎi)了這臺(tái)電腦。 He bought it for very little money. 他買(mǎi)它只花了一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)錢(qián)。 【注】有時(shí)也用介詞 at, 側(cè)重指價(jià)格。如(from www.yywords.com)： He bought them for [at] 10p each. 他以每個(gè)10 便士的價(jià)格買(mǎi)下了它們。 4. 是終止性動(dòng)詞，因此在肯定句中不宜與一段時(shí)間連用。如： 這房子我已買(mǎi)了十年。 正：I bought this house ten years ago. Borrow: 借入 borrow sth. from sb. Lend : 借出 lend sth. to sb. 由于時(shí)間有限，就總結(jié)這些知識(shí)給同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)了。祝同學(xué)好運(yùn)，考出好成績(jī)！