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1、2020;2020屆高考英語專題總復(fù)習(xí)非謂語動詞語法精講
動詞除了在句子中充當謂語外,還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質(zhì)動詞的非謂語形式,可在句中作主語、表語、賓語、定語、補語和狀語等,稱作非謂語動詞,包括動詞不定式、分詞和動名詞。
高考重點要求:
2、區(qū)分不定式、分詞作定語和狀語的異同 3、掌握不定式、動名詞作賓語,不定式和分詞作賓補的慣用結(jié)構(gòu)
4、注意非謂語動詞與句子謂語動詞的時間關(guān)系,以確定非謂語動詞的時態(tài)形式
5、弄清非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系,以確定非謂語動詞的語態(tài)形式
第一節(jié) 知識點概述
(二)動詞不定式的時態(tài)和被動形式
動詞不定式是非謂語動詞的一種,由不定式符號(t
2、o)加動詞原形構(gòu)成。不定式的形式有五種:
一般式to do
例如:I like to read English.
進行式to be doing 例如:He seemed to be reading something at that time.
完成式to have done 例如:He seemed to have cleaned the room.
被動式to be done 例如:The work is to be done soon.
完成被動式to have been d
3、one 例如:The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday.
二、分詞
分詞是動詞非謂語形式的一種,包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。現(xiàn)在分詞表示:主動,動作正在進行。過去分詞表示:被動,動作已經(jīng)完成。
(一)分詞的作用
分詞在句中可以作定語、表語、狀語和賓語補足語。例如:
I heard him singing a song in the classroom.
We found the ground covered with snow.
4.作狀語
While lying in bed, he listened
4、 to some music.
Seen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful.
分詞作狀語時,它的邏輯主語就是句子的主語,否則分詞前面必須有自己的主語。
(二)分詞的時態(tài)
現(xiàn)在分詞分一般式和完成式,而過去分詞則沒有時態(tài)形式的變化。
現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式表示動作與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生,或在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生。例如:
Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations.
現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時,表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。常用作狀語。例如:
Havi
5、ng finished his homework, he went to bed.
(三)現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式
被動一般式 being done 被動完成式 having been done
This is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city.
Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine.
(四)分詞的否定形式
分詞的否定式,由not+分詞構(gòu)成,例如: Not having heard the news. I wrote to
6、him again.
Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help.
(五)分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
當分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時,帶邏輯主語的分詞短語成為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),在句法功能上起狀語作用。例如:
Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum.
The meeting being over, they all left the room.
一、復(fù)習(xí)時需注意的要點
動詞不定式一般式表示的動作可能
7、與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生,也可能在其之后發(fā)生。
例如:I saw the young man enter the house.(同時發(fā)生) I hope to go there next time.(之后發(fā)生)
2.不定式完成式表示不定式的動作在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生。
例如:I’m sorry to have broken your glasses.
3.不定式進行式表示不定式的動作,與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生。
例如:When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table.
4.不定式的被動式有兩種形式:to be done表示將要被做,
8、to have been done表示已被做。
例如:The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large. The cinema is said to have been built last year.
5. 在表示情緒的動詞,如like, love, hate, prefer等后,用動名詞作賓語表示一般傾向,用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式
例如:I hate eating the same food every day.
9、 Would you like to watch TV in the evening?
6. 在動詞need, want, require后用動名詞表示被動含義,相當于動詞不定式的被動式;而用動詞不定式的主動式表示主動含義。
例如:The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be cleaned. He needs to clean the house first.
7. 在介詞后一般用動名詞作賓語,但在少數(shù)介詞,如but, except后用動詞不定式作賓語,但要注意“to”的省略,如but前有“do”則省去“to”。
10、
例如:I have done nothing but help him with his luggage. I have no choice but to wait for him at the bus stop.
8. 分詞的完成式一般不用來作定語,因此,要表示完成主動的意思常用定語從句。
例如:The accident which happened yesterday was very serious.
9. 如果分詞短語的邏輯主語與句子不是相同的,則要用從句或分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來表示。
例如:Weather permitting, we will go to the Center Park.
10. 分詞作狀語時, 分詞的邏輯主語要與句子的主語相一致。若它們之間的關(guān)系是主謂關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞,而動賓關(guān)系則用過去分詞。如果分詞的動作先于謂語,分詞要用完成時。
例如:Having finished his composition, he went home.
While looking through the paper, he found some errors.