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1、2020屆英語科5年高考3年模擬[浙江專版] 專題17 閱讀理解之主旨大意題 【備考策略】 這類題主要是測試學(xué)生對一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般針對某一語段或某一語篇的主題標(biāo)題或目的設(shè)題。常見的設(shè)題方式有： (1) Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage? (2) What is the writer trying to tell us? (3) Which of the following is the best title for the

2、 passage? (4) The purpose of the passage is. (5) The main (general) idea of the passage is. (6) The passage is mainly about. (7) What is mainly discussed in the passage? 這類題通常圍繞一個中心思想展開，一些文章一開頭便展示出文章的中心思想，第一段常常是內(nèi)容的梗概，同時又表達(dá)了中心思想，也有一些文章的中心思想貫穿全文，并沒有用一句話明確表達(dá)出來，這就要求學(xué)生學(xué)會歸納概括。每個段落往往也由一個主題句或幾個陳述句構(gòu)成，它們

3、在句中的位置不同，有時在開頭, 首先點(diǎn)明本段大意; 有時在結(jié)尾, 總結(jié)本段大意。 做這類題，首先要找出文章的主題句。找出文章的主題句，也就明確了文章要講什么，再通過速讀全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。 主題句在整個語段中起著通領(lǐng)全段的作用，其它句子都是用來闡述、解釋、支持或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想的，其位置一般位于段首，也見于段尾或段中。 另外在許多文段中，設(shè)有可以概括全段意義的主題句，必須根據(jù)文章中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)行全面分析，然后歸納成一般概念。但必須注意，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時過于寬泛，要恰如其分。 這就需要進(jìn)一步加工概括了。 〖第一招〗 在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀

4、說明文和議論文時，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過尋找短文的主題句來歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開頭、中間、結(jié)尾（含在開頭結(jié)尾同時出現(xiàn)、首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句）。因此仔細(xì)閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用瀏覽法。瀏覽時，一般不需逐句瀏覽，只需選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句。重點(diǎn)搜索主題線索和主題信息。 有些文章的主題句或者說“文眼”出現(xiàn)在文章的最后，此類文章往往以列舉事實(shí)開頭，通過論證，最后闡述核心觀點(diǎn)，或者引用某個人的話印證自己的觀點(diǎn)，以此歸納文章的主旨大意，所以有時要找出這樣的信息，從中提煉標(biāo)題或歸納大意。 〖第二招〗抓住文章段落大意，概括

5、中心思想 尋找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在尋找具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。各段落中心的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。在這個過程中，考生們不能只依據(jù)只言片語，或光看文章的某一些段落，而應(yīng)該觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，理解文章的重點(diǎn)，考慮文章中材料及支撐性細(xì)節(jié)是服務(wù)于什么的，分析故事的發(fā)展結(jié)局都是圍繞什么中心來安排的。最后用簡明扼要的文字將文章的中心思想表達(dá)出來。即不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時過于寬泛，要恰如其分。 〖第三招〗抓住文章主線和關(guān)鍵詞語，歸納文章中心 要注意不是所有的段落都有主題句，有時主題句暗含在句中。閱讀這樣的文章，就需要自己根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析

6、的方法是：先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納形成主題。 考點(diǎn)解析 該題型提問的形式主要有三類：第一類是Main Idea型；第二類是Topic/Title型；第三類是Purpose and Attitude型。 Ⅰ.Main Idea型 這種題型一般針對某一語段或某一語篇的主題思想或目的設(shè)題；有的也會針對文中的某一關(guān)鍵段落的思想和目的進(jìn)行設(shè)題。 Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage? The main (general) idea of the

7、 passage is ______. From the passage we know that ______. What's the main idea /topic / subject /point of this passage? What does the passage mainly deal with? The article is written to explain ______. All the details in this passage support the main idea ______. What does the last paragraph m

8、ainly discuss? The first paragraph mainly tells us ______. What's the main idea of the third paragraph? 1．首先要找出文章的主題句(Topic Sentence)，即中心思想，其他句子則為支撐句或擴(kuò)展句(Developing Details)，是用來闡述、解釋、支持或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想的。 2．在許多文段中，沒有可以概括全段意義的主題句，必須根據(jù)文章中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)行全面分析，然后歸納成一般概念。但必須注意：既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時過于寬泛，要恰如其分。 Ⅱ

9、.Topic/Title型 在閱讀理解的命題中，有時要求確定相應(yīng)的標(biāo)題，以考查考生對全文中心思想的理解。　　 The best title/ headline for this passage might be ______. The text (passage) could be entitled ______. What is the best title for the passage? Which of the following can be the best title for this passage? The topic of the passage is ____

10、__. 1．給文章加標(biāo)題，首先要把握好文章大意，不能把文章某一段的大意看做是整篇文章的大意，更不能把文章細(xì)節(jié)看成是文章大意，以防標(biāo)題的片面性。 2．注意文章的體裁及文章意圖。根據(jù)不同體裁，結(jié)合敘述的過程、說明的用途、議論的主題等，從而正確地確定標(biāo)題。 3．注意文章標(biāo)題本身的句法和語法特征：一是要言簡意賅，引人注目；二是要利用省略等修辭手段，盡量使標(biāo)題句法結(jié)構(gòu)正確。 Ⅲ.Purpose and Attitude型 每一篇文章都能體現(xiàn)出其寫作意圖、作者的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)。命題中常結(jié)合考生對文章的理解，考查對寫作目的和作者態(tài)度的理解。常見的設(shè)題方式有： The author's main pu

11、rpose in writing the passage is ______. The passage is meant to ______. The purpose of this article is ______. The author's attitude toward…is best described as one of ______. What might be the purpose of the author to write this passage? What is the author's main purpose in this passage 文章需要通

12、過細(xì)節(jié)來支撐文章的思想和大意，而作者正是通過這些思想和大意來體現(xiàn)其態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)和目的。因此，領(lǐng)會文章的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)和目的與文章的主旨大意是密不可分的。 【答案及解析】B　主旨大意題。文章第六、七兩段點(diǎn)出了文章的主題思想。The game between humans and their smart devices is amusing and complex. 人與科技之間的游戲既有趣又復(fù)雜，所以文章講的是人類與科技之間的關(guān)系。 五年高考 A組 2020年全國高考題組 1.【2020浙江卷C 】 Two friends have an argument that bleak

13、s up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, "In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of childre

14、n and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence". Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit? First of all, students need to realize

15、 that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each luncht

16、ime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict. Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解決) stay calm.

17、Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fir On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.

18、 After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution; listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-

19、threatening questions to clarify the speaker's position. Then the two people should change roles. Finally, students need f. consider what they are hearing. This doesn't mean trying to figure out what's wrong with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides ar

20、e trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves questions such as these: How did this start? What do I really want? What am I afraid off As the

21、issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesn't, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution. There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution pr

22、ogram, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, "64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves". Learning to resolve conflicts c

23、an help students deal with friends,. teachers. parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country. 50. This article is mainly about . A. the lives of school children B. the cause of arguments in schools C. how

24、 to analyze youth violence D. how to deal with school conflicts 50.【答案】D 【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?和整體理解，可知答案D符合文意。 2.【2020天津卷 A】 Bicycle S

25、afety Operation Always ride your bike in a safe, controlled manner on campus(校園). Obey rules and regulations. Watch out for walkers and other bicyclists, and always use your lights in dark conditions. Theft Prevention Always securely lock your bicycle to a bicycle rack---even if you are only awa

26、y for a minute. Register your bike with the University Department of Public Safety. It’s fast, easy, and free. Registration permanently records your serial number, which is useful in the possible recovery of the bike stolen. Equipment Brakes Make sure that they are in good working order and adjus

27、ted properly. Helmet A necessity, make sure your helmet meets current safety standards and fit properly. Lights Always have a front headlight---visible at least 500 feet in front of the bike. A taillight is a good idea. Rules of the Road Riding on Campus As a bicycle rider, you have a respon

28、sibility to ride only on streets and posted bicycle paths. Riding on sidewalks or other walkways can lead to a fine. The speed limit for bicycles on campus is 15mph, unless otherwise posted. Always give the right of ways to walkers. If you are involved in an accident, you are required to offer appro

29、priate aid, call the Department of Public Safety and remain at the scene until the officer lets you go. Bicycle Parking Only park in areas reserved for bikes. Trees, handrails, hallways, and sign posts are not for bicycle parking, and parking in such posts can result in a fine. If Things Go Wrong

30、 If you break the rules, you will be fined. Besides violating rules while riding bicycles on campus, you could be fined for: No bicycle registration---------------------------------------------------$25 Bicycle parking banned--------------------------------------------------$30 Blocking path wit

31、h bicycle ---------------------------------------------$40 Violation of bicycle equipment requirement -------------------------$35 40. What is the passage mainly about? A. A guide for safe bicycling on campus. B. Directions for bicycle tour on campus. C. Regulations of bicycle race on campus.

32、 D. Rules for riding motor vehicles on campus. 3. 【2020湖南卷 B】 Still seeking a destination for your weekend break? There are some places which are probably a mere wall away from your college. King’s Art Centre A day at the Centre could mean a visit to an exhibition of the work of one of the most

33、 interesting contemporary artists on show anywhere. This weekend sees the opening of an exhibition of four local artists. You could attend a class teaching you how to ‘learn from the masters’ or get more creative with paint – free of charge. The Centre also runs two life drawing classes for which

34、there is a small fee. the Botanic Garden The Garden has over 8,000 plant species; it holds the research and teaching collection of living plants for Cambridge University. The multi-branched Torch Aloe here is impressive. The African plant produces red flowers above blue-green leaves, and is not o

35、ne to miss. Get to the display house to see Dionaea muscipula, a plant more commonly known as the Venus Flytrap that feeds on insects and other small animals. The Garden is also a place for wildlife-enthusiasts. Look for grass snakes in the lake. A snake called ‘Hissing Sid’ is regularly seen lyin

36、g in the heat of the warm sun. Byron’s Pool Many stories surround Lord Byron’s time as a student of Cambridge University. Arriving in 1805, he wrote a letter complaining that it was a place of “mess and drunkenness”. However, it seems as though Byron did manage to pass the time pleasantly enough.

37、I’m not just talking about the pet bear he kept in his rooms. He spent a great deal of time walking in the village. It is also said that on occasion Byron swam naked by moonlight in the lake, which is now known as Byron’s Pool. A couple of miles past Grantchester in the south Cambridgeshire country

38、side, the pool is surrounded by beautiful circular paths around the fields. The cries of invisible birds make the trip a lovely experience and on the way home you can drop into the village for afternoon tea. If you don’t trust me, then perhaps you’ll take it from Virginia Woolf – over a century afte

39、r Byron, she reportedly took a trip to swim in the same pool. 65. What is the passage mainly about? A. Some places for weekend break. B. A way to become creative in art. C. The colourful life in the countryside. D. Unknown stories of Cambridge University. 4. 【2020全國新課標(biāo) D】 Grown-ups are of

40、ten surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can

41、play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears. One explanation is the law of overlearning, which c

42、an be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(嘗試) increase the length of time we will remember it. In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen

43、to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn. The multiplication tables(乘法口訣表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, be

44、cause they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood. The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突擊學(xué)習(xí))for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on

45、the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development. 【文章大意】本文是一篇議論文。成年人常常驚嘆他們能很好地記著兒時學(xué)過的東西。作者認(rèn)為這是兒時過度學(xué)習(xí)的結(jié)果，是因為當(dāng)我們兒時學(xué)會一樣?xùn)|西的時候，我們不是就此停止，而是繼續(xù)練習(xí)，才使我們記憶深刻。文章用例證法說明了“過度學(xué)習(xí)”的概念。 最后作者談到了“過度學(xué)

46、習(xí)”的好處和突擊學(xué)習(xí)的弊端。 67. What is the main idea of paragraph 1? A. People remember well what they learned in childhood. B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups. C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words. D. Stories for children are easy to remember. 【答案】A 【解析】根據(jù)文章的第一段的“Grown-ups are often

47、 surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.”可知：文章講得是成年人常常驚嘆他們非常好的記著兒時學(xué)過的東西。C、D斷章取義，講得太具體，B項錯誤，因為那是過度學(xué)習(xí)的結(jié)果，不是兒時記憶力好。所以A正確。 【考點(diǎn)定位】考查主旨要義。 5. 【2020陜西卷 D】 Spring is coming, and it is time for those about to graduate to look for jobs. Co

48、mpetition is tough, so job seekers must carefully consider their personal choices. Whatever we are wearing，our family and friends may accept us, but the workplace may not. A high school newspaper editor said it is unfair for companies to discourage visible tattoos (紋身）nose rings, or certain dress s

49、tyles. It is true you can’t judge a book by its cover, yet people do “cover” themselves in order to convey (傳遞)certain messages. What we wear, including tattoos and nose rings, is an expression of who we are. Just as people convey messages about themselves with their appearances? so do companies. Dr

50、ess standards exist in the business world for a number of reasons, but the main concern is often about what customers accept. Others may say how to dress is a matter of personal freedom, but for businesses it is more about whether to make or lose money. Most employers do care about the personal app

51、earances of their employees (雇員),because those people represent the companies to their customers. As a hiring manager I am paid to choose the people who would make the best impression on our customers. There are plenty of well-qualified candidates, so it is not wrong to reject someone who might dis

52、appoint my customers. Even though I am open-minded, I can’t expect all our customers are. There is nobody to blame but yourself if your set of choices does not match that of your preferred employer. No company should have to change to satisfy a candidate simply cause he or she is unwilling to respe

53、ct its standards, as long as its standards are legal. 59. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. Employees Matter B. Personal Choices Matter C. Appearances Matter D. Hiring Managers Matter 59【答案與解析】C 主旨大意題。本文大意是關(guān)于員工的著裝問題，即員工的外貌問題，故本題選C。 6. 【2020山東卷 B】 One of th

54、e greatest contributions to the first Oxford English Dictionary was also one of its most unusual. In 1879, Oxford University in England asked Prof. James Murray to serve as editor for what was to be the most ambitious dictionary in the history of the English language. It would include every English

55、word possible and would give not only the definition but also the history of the word and quotations (引文)showing how it was used. This was a huge task. So Murrary had to find volunteers from Britain, the United States, and the British colonies to search every newspaper, magazine, and book ever writ

56、ten in English. Hundreds of volunteers responded, including William Chester Minor. Dr. Minor was an American Surgeon who had served in the Civil War and was now living in England. He gave his address as “Broadmoor, Crowthorne, Berkshire,” 50 miles from Oxford. Minor joined the army of volunteers se

57、nding words and quotations to Murray. Over the next years, he became one of the staff’s most valued contributors. But he was also a mystery. In spite of many invitations, he would always decline to visit Oxford. So in 1897， Murray finally decided to travel to Crowthorne himself. When he arrived, he

58、 found Minor locked in a book-lined cell at the Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally insane. Murray and Minor became friends, sharing their love of words. Minor continued contributing to the dictionary, sending in more than 10,000 submissions in 20 years. Murray continued to visit Minor regularly, s

59、ometimes taking walks with him around the asylum grounds. In 1910, Minor left Broadmoor for an asylum in his native America. Murray was at the port to wave goodbye to his remarkable friend. Minor died in 1920, seven years before the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary was completed. The

60、 12 volumes defined 414,825 words, and thousands of them were contributions from a very scholarly and devoted asylum patient. 66. What does the text mainly talk about? A. The history of the English language. B. The friendship between Murray and Minor C. Minor and the first Oxford English Diction

61、ary D. Broadmoor Asylum and is patients 66.【答案】C 【解析】文章的關(guān)鍵詞有兩個：Minor和Oxford Dictionary，主要講述Mr. Minor的特別之處和他對Oxford Dictionary的貢獻(xiàn)，因此文章的大意應(yīng)該把這兩個詞都包括進(jìn)去。 【考點(diǎn)定位】考查文章的主旨大意。 B組 2020年全國高考題組 1.【2020浙江卷A】 One evening in February 2020, a student named Paula Ceely brought her car to a stop on a re

62、mote road in Wales. She got out to open a metal gate that blocked her path .That’s when she heard the whistle sounded by the driver of a train. Her Renault Clio was parked across a railway line. Seconds later, she watched the train drag her car almost a kilometre down the railway tracks. Ceely’s ne

63、ar miss made the news because she blamed it on he GPS (導(dǎo)航儀). She had never driven the route before. It was dark and raining heavily. Ceely was relying on her GPS, but it made no mention of the crossing. “I put my complete trust in the device and it led me right into the path of a speeding train,” sh

64、e told the BBC. Who is to blame here? Rick Stevenson, who tells Ceely’s story in his book When Machines Fail Us, points the finger at the limitations of technology. We put our faith in digital devices, he says, but our digital helpers are too often not up to the job. They are filled with small prob

65、lems. And it’s not just GPS devices: Stevenson takes us on a tour of digital disasters involving everything from mobile phones to wireless keyboards. The problem with his argument in the book is that it’s not clear why he only focuses on digital technology, while there may be a number of other poss

66、ible causes. A map-maker might have left the crossing off a paper map. Maybe we should blame Ceely for not paying attention. Perhaps the railway authorities are at fault for poor singalling system. Or maybe someone has studied the relative dangers and worked out that there really is something specific wrong with the GPS equipment. But Stevenson doesn’t say. It’s a problem that runs through the book. In a section on cars, Stevenson gives an account of the advanced techniques that criminals use t