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專 題 一 介詞 介詞雖然是一種小詞，只有幾十個，但其作用卻不可小視。首先，離開了介詞的連接，就無法表達某些最基本的思想或概念。其次，介詞在使用上也十分復(fù)雜，他們可以同其他詞類靈活搭配，構(gòu)成很多短語。難怪有語言學(xué)家這樣說過，“英語是介詞(English is a language of prepositions.)。” 一、介詞的概念 英語的介詞是一種虛詞，它不能單獨用作句子成分，通常用于名詞或代詞(以及相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞語)之前，表示其后詞語與句中其他詞語之間的關(guān)系。英語比較常用的介詞大約只有三十多個，根據(jù)其結(jié)構(gòu)特點，介詞可分為簡單介詞(如on)、合成介詞(如inside)、分詞介詞(如including)和成語介詞(如instead of)等。 二、介詞的賓語 英語中能夠帶賓語的詞語只有兩種，一種是及物動詞，另一種就是介詞?？梢杂米鹘樵~賓語的語法結(jié)構(gòu)不多，主要有以下幾種： 1.名詞或代詞　　能夠用作介詞的賓語最常用的詞語是名詞或代詞。如： We swam in the river.我們在河里游泳。 There aren’t enough chairs for everyone.沒有足夠的椅子給每個人坐。 第一句中的名詞the river用作介詞in的賓語，第二句中的代詞everyone用作介詞for的賓語。 注意：如果是人稱代詞用作介詞賓語，要注意用賓格。如： The shelf is too high for me to reach.架子太高我夠不著。 句中的for me不能改為for I，因為me在此用作介詞for的賓語，所以只能用賓格。 2.動名詞 當(dāng)一個動詞用于介詞后作賓語時，該動詞習(xí)慣上要用動名詞。如： He left without paying his bill.他沒有付賬就走了。 I’m sorry for breaking your window.對不起，我打碎了你的窗戶。 第一句中的pay…用作介詞without的賓語，所以要用動名詞paying，不能用原形pay，也不能用不定式to pay；第二句中的break…用作介詞for的賓語，所以要用動名詞breaking，不能用原形break，也不能用不定式to break。 3.從句 當(dāng)一個從句用作介詞賓語時，這個從句就叫賓語從句。能夠引導(dǎo)一個從句用作介詞賓語的詞語不多，常見的有who, which, whose, what, when, where, why, whether等。如：　　 I’m sorry for what has happened.我對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事很抱歉?！　? 句中的what引導(dǎo)一個句子，用作介詞for的賓語?！　? I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我很擔(dān)心是否傷了她的感情。　　 句中的whether引導(dǎo)一個句子用作介詞about的賓語，注意此處的whether不能換成if，因為按英語習(xí)慣，在介詞后引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，可用whether，但不能用if?！　? 4.兩個例外 (1)介詞后接不定式：在通常情況下，介詞后接動詞作賓語時，動詞要用動名詞，不用不定式，但有一個例外，就是表示“除……之外”的介詞but和except后接動詞作賓語，動詞通常用不定式，而不用動名詞。如： I had no choice but to wait.除了等，我沒有別的選擇。 It had no effect except to make him angry.除惹他生氣外，沒產(chǎn)生任何效果。 當(dāng)介詞but和except前面出現(xiàn)動詞do(包括does, did, done等變化形式)時，其后用作賓語不定式通常省略不定式符號to。如： I can do everything except cook.除了做飯我什么事都會做。 He never did anything but watch TV.除了看電視，他從不干任何事。 (2)介詞后接that從句：按英語習(xí)慣，介詞后通常不能接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，遇此情況應(yīng)在that前加上the fact，如： They were worried over the fact that you were sick.他們?yōu)槟闵“l(fā)愁。 但是，這種用法限制對于表示“除……之外”的except來說，又是一個例外，即介詞except后完全可以自由接that從句作賓語。如： The two books are the same except that this one has an answer key at the back.除了這本書后面有問題答案以外，這兩本書完全一樣。 三、介詞短語 什么叫介詞短語？介詞連同它的賓語就構(gòu)成了介詞短語。如in是介詞，in the room就是介詞短語，其中the room是介詞in的賓語。 1.句法功能 介詞短語在句子中可以用作狀語、表語、定語、補語等，但一般不用作主語、謂語或賓語。如： There was a rainbow in the sky.天上有一道彩虹。 Our office is on the 9th floor.我們的辦公室在9樓。 The rooms in Judy’s house are very small.朱迪家的房間很小。 A cold kept him in bed for three days.一次感冒讓他臥床三天。 第一句中的介詞短語in the sky用作狀語，表示地點；第二句中的介詞短語on the 9th floor用作表語；第三句中的介詞短語in Judy’s house用作定語，修飾名詞the rooms，其意為“朱迪家的房間”；第四句中的介詞短語in bed用作賓語補足語，補充說明賓語him。 2.特例 上面提到介詞短語一般不能用作賓語，但有一個特例，就是介詞短語有時可用作某些特殊介詞(如from, until, since等)的賓語。如： Come out from under the table.從桌子下邊出來。 He walked out from among the crowd.他從人群中走出來。 請比較下面兩句： She won’t go home until the exam.她要等考試的時候再回家。 She won’t go home until after the exam.她要考完試之后再回家。 一．根據(jù)句意，填上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。 1. Don’t forget to wash hands ____________ meals. 2. Please turn __________ Page 20. 3. Now the students go to school ___________Monday _______ Friday. 4. There is a big market ____ the end of the road. 5. ----Is your brother in, Kate? ----Yes, he is ________ home 6. My mother is waiting _____ the bus ____ line ______ the bus stop. 7. He’ll give us a talk _________ the history of our party. 8. Mrs Green will hold the class instead ______ Mr Zhang. 9. China is one ______ the biggest countries ______ the world. 10. Mike came to China ________ March, 1993. He has been in China _____ 13 years. 11. What’s the Great Wall made ____? 12. I prefer fruit ____ beef. Miss Zhou agrees ______ me. 13. It’s very kind _____ you to carry the box ______ me. 14. The students ____ old clothes will go to the farm. 15. Don’t read ______ the sun. It’s bad ________ your eyes. 16. I saw your name _________ today’s newspaper. 17. I dropped the key ______ the school gate. 18. I saw an old man ______ grey hair ____ the street. 19. Go _____ the gate and you’ll find it. 20. We were sad ____ hearing such bad news 二．用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空： It was raining lightly when I arrived in Yangshuo just(1)___ dawn. But I didn’t care. A few hours earlier, I’d been at home in Hong Kong, (2)___ its choking smog. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain. I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place (3)___ tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters (4)___ the Li River which are pictured (5)____ artists in so many Chinese paintings. Instead, I ‘d head straight (6)____ Yangshuo. For those who fly (7)____ Guilin, it’s only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city. Yangshuo is really beautiful. A study of travelers conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo (8)____ one of the top 10 destinations in the world. And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company (9)___ Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here (10)___ people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong. 三. 請把下列句子翻成英語，句中必須用介詞。 1. 他站在那里，背靠著墻。 2． 元旦早上,人們醒來便可以聽到鞭炮聲. 3. 我走進房間時,看見一個男人站在窗前. 4. 一路上，湯姆游過了三條河，爬過了五座山，穿過了八個城市。 5. 我要就這件事向經(jīng)理投訴。 6. 我們在當(dāng)?shù)貓蠹埳系橇艘粍t廣告 7. 計劃的第一部分已順利完成。 8. 我向后仰(lean back)想看得清楚些, 可卻從椅子上摔了下來. 9. 晚飯以后,我們外出到超級市場上買點巧克力 10. 這個公園美得無法形容. 感受文化背景 Break a Leg This is a strange but traditional good luck wish to an actor about to go on. Highly superstitious theater people think that if people wish for good luck, something bad will surely happen. So they wish for bad luck instead, and hope that the result will just be the opposite. There are some other superstitious beliefs among actors. It is good luck, for example, to have their shoes squeak(發(fā)出吱吱聲) during an entrance, and it is good luck to have a theater cat. But bad luck comes from all directions: fro whistling in the theater, fro repeating the last line of a play at rehearsal(排演),from certain shades(色調(diào)) of yellow, and from being forced to appear on a set with a picture of an ostrich(駝鳥). These traditional beliefs may come from the artistic temperament(性情), which tends to be full of strange idea. Or, they may have uch to do with the unfavorable situations of actors: the high tension of the stage, the instability(不穩(wěn)定) of the profession, and the low social status(地位) until quite recent times. When your livelihood(生計)depends on satisfying the public by pretending to be someone yu are not, it is no wonder you are always expecting disaster. Choose one best answer for each question: 1. One should say ____ to an actor as a good luck wish. A. “Wish you success” B. “Good luck” C. “Break a leg” D. “May you be successful” 2. Actors or actressess wish for bad luck before they get on the stage because_____. A. they hope to suffer something B. they hate each other. C. they are competing with each other D. they superstitiously believe that good luck wishes would bring about something wrong. 3. According to the passage, actors believe that all these things will bring them bad luck except__. A. a theater cat B. certtain shades of yellow C. whistling in the theater D. a set with a picture of an ostrich 4. This tradition may come from the fact that _________. A. actors like to show differences form average people. B. actors usually live under high stress C. actors usually like to suffer disasters D. actors want to behave in a strange way.  專題一 介詞 一．1. before 2. to 3. from...to.. 4. at 5. at 6. for; in; at 7. on 8. of 9. of; in 10. in; for 11. of 12. to; with 13. of; for 14. in 15. in; for 16. in 17. about 18. with; in 19. through 20. at 二． (1) before (2)with (3)for (4)of (5)by (6)for (7)to (8)as (9)in (10)for 三． 1. He stood there, with his back against the wall. 2. Onthemorningof New YearsDay,peoplewoketothesoundoffirecrackers. 3. WhenIenteredtheroom, Isawamanstandingatthewindow. 4. Tom swam across three rivers, climbed over five hills and went through eight cities on the way. 5. Im going to complain to the manageraboutthis. 6. We put an adinthe local paper. 7. The first partofthe plan has been safely accomplished. 8. Ileanedbacktogetabetterview, butfelloffthechair. 9. Afterdinner, wesetoutforthesupermarkettobuysomechocolate. 10. Theparkisbeautifulbeyonddescription. 感受背景文化Answer: 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B