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專題07 情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣 1. This does not mean that we have to write or call our friends every day.It does mean，however，that we care enough about our friends to find out how they are doing from time to time. 【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞。根據(jù)語境特別是前面的have to可知，此處需要一個情態(tài)動詞，should應(yīng)該，語氣合適；如用must，語氣太強；may/can語氣太弱。 【答案】should 2. I was really happy to be writing a detective story.But after the first few pages，I just write any more. 【答案】couldnt 3. Im Captain John Blanchard.You be Miss Hollis.I am glad to meet you here. 【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞。你一定是Hollis女士。根據(jù)語境可知此處要用must表示肯定推測。 【答案】must 4. He walked in as if he (buy) the school，and the word quickly got around that he was from New York City. 【解析】考查虛擬語氣。在人稱代詞he后，顯然是作謂語；又因他不可能是買下了這個學(xué)校，故應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，與過去事實相反，故填had bought。 【答案】had bought 5. I recommend that you (try) Baihe.com. 【解析】考查虛擬語氣。recommend, suggest, request, command等后面的賓語從句使用虛擬語氣，即should ＋動詞原形，should可省略。 【答案】(should) try 6. Tom：Sandy.It seems that only half of the students passed the final exam. Sandy：Really? The exam have been very difficult this time. 【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞。答句意為“這次的考試一定很難”。must have done肯定……，表示對過去的肯定猜測。 【答案】must 7. Its a pity you were late，otherwise you (see) the film star Rain from Korea. 【解析】考查虛擬語氣。根據(jù)otherwise判斷此處是含蓄型的虛擬語氣，表示對過去的虛擬時，主句用would have done。 【答案】would have seen 8. All the students put on masks before going to school in case they are infected with flu virus. 【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞。所有學(xué)生應(yīng)在去學(xué)校之前帶上口罩以防感染禽流感。shall用于第二、第三人稱，表示說話人給對方命令、警告、允諾或威脅。 【答案】shall 9. Had the government limited the sales of cars much earlier，traffic jam and pollution not be so serious now. 【答案】would 10. If you will stay here longer，you may.But you leave before this weekend. 【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞。根據(jù)but可知，此處強調(diào)說話人主觀上認為“必須”做某事，要求對方必須在周末前離開。must必須。 【答案】must 易錯起源1、情態(tài)動詞的詞匯義辨析 例1．I have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me. 【解析】句意：在來到新學(xué)校前我本不必擔(dān)心，因為在新學(xué)校我的同班同學(xué)對我很友好?？疾榍閼B(tài)動詞。neednt have done...本不必做的事做了。 【答案】neednt 【名師點睛】情態(tài)動詞的基本用法 I.can(could) 1.表示體力或腦力方面的能力，或根據(jù)客觀規(guī)定律能做某事的能力，意思是“能夠”。can表“能夠” 時，既可指將來，也可指現(xiàn)在。be able to 在表示能 力時與can同義，但可用:于各種時態(tài)，強調(diào)通過努力克服困難成功地做某事，相當(dāng)managed to do 或succeeded in doing.例如:No one can (is able to) finish such a difficult thing. He can speak English. I can go there now. With the help of the fire men ,the the trapped peopel was able to leave the burning buildung(不能用could) 2.表示許可、允許，在疑問句中表示 “請求，許可”，否定句中表示 “不許”，此時可與may通采用，有時cannot可以表示 “禁止”，相當(dāng)于“mustn’t”,例如: May(Can)I help you? That sort of thing can’t go on ! You can’t ( mustn’t, are not allowed to ) play computer games again. 3.表示推測，強調(diào)客觀可能性“可能、會”，can多用于疑問句和否定句，表示猜測時，情態(tài)動詞后可用進行式或完成式。 —There comes a man. Who can it be? —It must be our English teacher. —No, it can’t be him. He has gone to America! He can’t have gone there alone. 4.could表示“能力”“可能性”“許可”，為can的過去式。一般用于委婉、客氣地提出問題或陳述看法，此時can，could并沒有時間上的差別，只是 could的語氣更客氣些?；卮饡r用原形回答。 —Could I borrow your English dictionary? —Of course you can. Go ahead. Ⅱ.may,might( might 為 may 的過去式) 1.表示許可，有“可以”的意思，詢問或說的一件事可不可以做，有時可以用can互換。其否定式 may not表示“不可以、禁止、阻止”等，常用must not =mustn’t代替，may用于疑問句中，回答這種問題時，多避免用may，而用其他形式，以免顯得口氣太嚴峻或不客氣。 例如: —Mum, may I go to the cinema tonight? —Yes, you may. (No, you mustn’t/ you’d better not. ) 比較:—Yes, please/please don’t. 2.表推測、或許、可能的意思，表示一件事或許會發(fā)生，只用在陳述包中。 例如: Her parents may come to see her tomorrow. 3.may句式用來表示祝愿。例如: May you succeed! = I hope you may succeed. May you be happy, healthy and wealthy! 4.might是may的過去式，表示可以做的事或可能發(fā)生的事；主句謂語動詞是過去時態(tài)時用 might不用may。might一般用于比may的口氣委婉，或表示現(xiàn)實的可能性更小一些的語境中. 例如: Our teacher suggested a few books which I might buy. I wonder if I might buy some sugar now. Ⅲ.must 1.表示必須要做的事，意為“必須”，否定式 mustn’t表示“不應(yīng)該，不許可，禁止”等。因此，在回答帶有must的問句時，不用mustn’t，而用 needn’t或don’have to.例如: —Must I hand in the paper now? ——Yes,you must. —No,you needn’t./you don’t have to. 2.must在表示“必須”時與have to相近，have to比較強調(diào)客觀的需要，must著重主觀看法。另外 must不像have to那樣能有更多的時態(tài)。例如: Tom, you must stay at home. (命令或叮囑) I have to stay at home to look after my baby. (客觀需要) 3.表推測，暗含很大的可能性，意為“一定”只用于“肯定句”中。例如: I think there must be a mistake. 4.偏偏、硬要、干嘛(指做令人不快的事)。例如: Hey, beys Must you shout so loudly? Ⅳ.Shall 1.用于二、三人稱陳述句中。表示說話人給對方的命令、許諾、警告、強制、威脅、決心等。在疑問句中，表示征詢聽話人是否愿意。例如: You shall have my answer tomorrow. (允許) He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. (警告) You shall do as I tell you. (命令或分咐) Shall you go with me? (征詢意見) 2.用于一、三人稱的疑問句中，表示說話人征求對方的意見和向?qū)Ψ秸埵?。例? Shall we begin our class? When shall my father be able to leave hospital? V. should 和 ought to should表示勸告、建議常作“應(yīng)當(dāng)”講，與ought to有時可互換，ought to更注重一些責(zé)任義務(wù)。 should表示預(yù)測可能性，并譯作“可能，(按道理)應(yīng)該”；而ought to則表示非常可能。Should用于委婉、謙遜地提出意見或建議，ousht to可表示因責(zé)任、義務(wù)等該做的事。例如: We should (ought to) help each other in work.( ought to 的語氣要強) They should come here now. (按道理應(yīng)該到了) I am your teacher, I ought to help with your study.(表示有這個責(zé)任) Ⅵ.will和would will可以表示意愿、意志和決心，適用于各種人稱?？梢杂脕肀硎靖鞣N傾向或習(xí)慣動作。有時還用來表示“難免”。其過去式是would，也可以是單獨的情態(tài)動詞，在表示委婉提出請求、建議或看法時，語氣比will委婉，肯定的回答時用will。 例如: Don’t worry. He will do his best. Where there is a will, there will be a success.(表示習(xí)慣) Accident will happen. ( 難免 ) Would you please do me a favor? 易錯起源2、情態(tài)動詞對話情景中的用法 例2．—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again. —Oh, its too bad.You have made full preparations. 【答案】should 【名師點睛】 情態(tài)動詞中三組表達方式的用法區(qū)別 1.would與used to的區(qū)別。 在表示過去重復(fù)的習(xí)慣時，used to可用Would代替。used to強調(diào)過去的行為同現(xiàn)在的對比，含有“過去怎樣，而現(xiàn)在卻不這樣了”的含義；而Would則單純表示過去的習(xí)慣動作，常與often，everyday連用，當(dāng)只是表示過去的狀態(tài)時，只能用used to. 例如: They would have a drind in the bar at noon. Thy used to have a drink in the bar at noon.(現(xiàn)在右能不了) China is not what it used to be.(表示對比，不能用would) Every evening,she would sit in frnt of the door to wait for her son .(表示過去的習(xí)慣動作，不能用used to) They used to be a temple on the to of the mountain.(表示過去的狀態(tài)，不能用would) 2.表示“寧愿做某事”時，有下列句式結(jié)構(gòu): would rather do something would do sth. rather than do sth. Would rather sb. did sth. prefer to do sth. Prefer to do sth. Rather than do sth. prefer to do sth. to doing sth. 【錦囊妙計，戰(zhàn)勝自我】 情態(tài)動詞否定式所表達的含義 may not,might not 或許不，可能不 can’t can not(= be not able to)不能說 can’t,can not 不可能 may not,can’t, can not, mustn’t (= be not allowed to)不許可 need’t(= don’t have to)不必 shouldn’t,oughtn’t to (= be not supposed to)不應(yīng)該 易錯起源3、情態(tài)動詞+have 例3．You be Carol.You havent changed a bit after all these years. 【解析】句意：你一定是Carol，這些年以來你一點都沒變。must一定，表示推測，符合句意。 【答案】must 【名師點睛】 “情態(tài)動詞 +過去分詞”用法 1.must have done表示對過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的行為進行推測，意思是“想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定做了某事”。 例如: It must have rained last night, for the ground was quite muddy. The lights were out. They must have been asleep. 2.may／might have done表示對過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生行為韻推測；意思是“也許；或許、已經(jīng)(沒有)…”。 一般只用于肯定句或否定句中，不用于疑問句。用 might 表示語氣更加不肯定。 例如: It’s too late. I think he may have gone to bed. He may not have finished the work. She might have caught a cold. 3.might have done表示“本來可能；…”，但實際上沒有發(fā)生的事情。還可以表示“本來應(yīng)該或可以做某事”的意思；有輕微的責(zé)備語氣。例如: You should not have swum in that river. You might have been eaten by fish. You might have given him more help, though you were busy. 4.could have done用于肯定句中，表示“可能已經(jīng)……”的意義，也可以表示過去沒有實現(xiàn)的可能性，意思為“本來可以……”。 例如: You could have done better, but you were too careless. I went to New York last summer and stayed at a hotel, but I could have stayed with my brother. I saw his father just now. He couldn’t have gone to Shanghai. 5.should／ougt to have done用于肯定句時，表示本該做某事，但實際上沒做；用于否定句時，則表示不該做的事反而做了。 例如: You should/ ought to have come to the meeting earlier. He ought not to have treated his parents like that. 6.needn’t have done表示本來不必去做的事但做了。但是didn’t need to表示”沒有必要做而實際上也沒有做”。 例如: You needn’t have taken a taxi here, for it was very near to my house. I didn’t need to clean the room. My mother did it. 【錦囊妙計，戰(zhàn)勝自我】 can…h(huán)ave done和can not have done表示對過去發(fā)生的行為的懷疑和不肯定。 例如: He cannot have taken away the magazine. Can he have gone home? 易錯起源4、虛擬語氣的一些特殊句式 例4． If I (see)it with my own eyes, I wouldnt have believed it. 【答案】hadnt seen 【名師點睛】 虛擬語氣中的幾種特殊情況 1.if省略句 在條件句中，可省略if把were，had，should提到句首，變?yōu)榈寡b句式。如果謂語動詞是否定形式時，不能用動詞的縮略形式。 例如: Should it (If it should) rain tomorrow; we would not go fishing. Were it not (if it were not)the expense, I would go abroad now. (不能用 weren’t) 2.在would rather后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣形式用動詞的過去式，在It is(hish) time (that)…句型中，從句中的謂語動詞用過去式，或 should + 動詞原形，但should不能省略。例如: It is high time that you went to school. It is high time we should start out. I would rather they didn’t hear of the news. 3.在口語中，虛擬語氣的省略情況 口語中，虛擬語氣的省略情況要注意。如果是一般過去時，只保留did，could，were等助動詞、情態(tài)動詞或系動詞如果是過去完成時，要保留had；如果是過去將來時，要保留would／might.同時還要注意被動情況。例如: ①—Have you found the answer to the question? —I wish I had( found the answer to the question). ②I can’t go to Beijing with you, but I wish I would (go to Beijing with you). ③—Have you finished your homework? —I would have ( finished my homework) if I had not gone to the cinema last night. ④—The liitle boy who dark the poison by mistake died if he had been sent to the hospital earlier. —Well. he should have been (sent to the hospital earlier). 【錦囊妙計，戰(zhàn)勝自我】 if only和 only if 句型 (1)if only可以用來表示對現(xiàn)在或未來的愿望,也可以表示與過去事實相反的愿望。例如: If only I could swim.(現(xiàn)在的愿望) If only they would tell me what they have decided. (將來的愿望) If only they had remembered to buy some fruit just now. (與過去事實相反的愿望) (2)only if用于句首，后接從句主謂倒裝，意思是“只要，只有”。例如: Only if the red light comes on is there any danger to employees. Only if a teacher has given permissionis a student allowed to enter this room. 1.—Cant you stay a little longer? —Its getting late.I really go now.My daughter is home alone. 【解析】句意：——你不能再多待一會兒嗎？——天要黑了，我真的現(xiàn)在必須走了，我的女兒獨自呆在家 里。must必須。 【答案】must 2. It was so noisy that we not hear ourselves speak. 【答案】could 3. You feel all the training a waste of time，but Im a hundred percent sure later youll be grateful you did it. 【解析】句意：你也許會認為所有的培訓(xùn)都是浪費時間，但是我百分之百的保證你以后會感激你所做的事 情。考查情態(tài)動詞。根據(jù)后文的描述可以看出此處培訓(xùn)還沒有結(jié)束，是一種不肯定的推測語氣。 【答案】may 4. You be careful with the camera.It costs! 【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞。句意：你一定要非常小心對待照相機，它很昂貴。此處表示命令語氣。 【答案】must 5.— you interrupt now? Cant you see Im on the phone? —Sorry Sir, but its urgent. 【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞。句意：——你現(xiàn)在一定要打斷我嗎？難道你沒有看到我在打電話嗎？——對不起， 先生，事情很急。根據(jù)語境應(yīng)填must表“非要，硬要”。 【答案】Must 6.It be the postman at the door.Its only six oclock. 【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞的用法。句意：不可能是郵遞員在門口，才六點鐘呢。根據(jù)后一句中“現(xiàn)在僅僅六 點”，only一詞表明語氣強烈，前一句為“門外的絕不可能是郵遞員”。故用cant。 【答案】cant 7. Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway (write)his famous novel A Farewell to Arms. 【答案】wouldnt have written 8. Ellen is a fantastic dancer.I wish I (dance)as well as her. 【解析】句意：艾倫是一位出色的舞者，我希望我能像他跳的那么好?？疾樘摂M語氣。wish后跟賓語從句時，從句中需要用虛擬語氣，從句中用did表示對現(xiàn)在事實的虛擬。 【答案】danced 9. I wish I (be)at my sisters wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then. 【解析】句意：我希望上個星期二我出席了姐姐的婚禮，但那時我正在紐約出差中?？疾樘摂M語氣。wish后的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣，對過去發(fā)生過的事情的虛擬要用過去完成時。 【答案】had been 10.It is lucky we booked a room, or we (have)nowhere to stay now. 【解析】句意：很幸運我們訂了一個房間，否則我們現(xiàn)在將無處可住?？疾樘摂M語氣。引導(dǎo)含蓄虛擬條件句，or后面是主句，相當(dāng)于if we hadnt booked a room, we would have nowhere to stay now，根據(jù)“now”可知，是對現(xiàn)在進行虛擬，因此用would＋動詞原形。 【答案】would have 11. He commanded that all the gates (shut) when it was getting dark in case thieves came in. 【答案】(should)be shut 12. Tom：Did you visit the famous cultural relics last month? Mary：No，we (visit) it，but we spent too much time shopping. 【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞。我們“本能夠”去的，但是我們花太多時間購物，所以沒能去。could have done本能夠做某事(但沒做成)。 【答案】could have visited 13.It is necessary that the government (find) solutions for the problems of air pollution to create a clear environment. 【解析】考查虛擬語氣。在句型“it is necessary＋ that從句”中，謂語動詞應(yīng)該用should ＋動詞原形，should可以省略。 【答案】(should) find 14. It has been suggested the sports meeting (put) off till the smog is not so severe. 【解析】考查虛擬語氣。在 “It is suggested that ＋從句”中謂語動詞應(yīng)該用should＋動詞原形，should可以省略，根據(jù)句意應(yīng)該用被動形式。 【答案】(should) be put 15.And a similar number of students believe that a good university produce graduates who are particularly sought after by employers. 【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞。句意：同樣數(shù)量的學(xué)生認為一個好的大學(xué)應(yīng)該培養(yǎng)雇主們追求的畢業(yè)生。should應(yīng)該，應(yīng)當(dāng)，表示義務(wù)、責(zé)任，符合語境。 【答案】should 16. Curiosity sometimes be foolish or wrong.Some people with nothing to do are full of curiosity about what their neighbors are doing. 【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞。句意：那些無所事事的人對他們的鄰居正在做什么感到好奇。好奇有時可能是愚蠢的或者說是錯誤的。can在肯定句中表可能性時表示理論上的可能性，而不是表示具體某事發(fā)生的可能性。 【答案】can 17. you please help me get him back into his wheelchair? 【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞。句意：你可以幫助我將他弄回到輪椅上嗎？Would you please...？請你……好嗎？表示婉轉(zhuǎn)的請求。 【答案】Would 18.Columbus could never have found America if he (not be) curious. 【解析】考查虛擬語氣。句意：哥倫布如果不曾好奇，就不會發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸。對過去的虛擬，從句要用過去完成時，主句要用could/should/might/would ＋ have done結(jié)構(gòu)。 【答案】had not been 19. Joseph Addison once said，“Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.” I am sure you have heard this quote. 【解析】考查情態(tài)動詞。句意：我確定你一定或可能聽過這句話。情態(tài)動詞表推測可用must/may/might/can/could。 【答案】must/may/might/can/could 20.Only by pursuing our dreams we enjoy a meaningful and fulfilled life. 【答案】can