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定語(yǔ)從句 考點(diǎn)清單 定語(yǔ)從句的基本用法 一． 定語(yǔ)從句的基本知識(shí) 1．定義：　定語(yǔ)從句在句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞詞 組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞 或關(guān)系副詞）引出。 關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等。 2. 定語(yǔ)從句的位置: 定語(yǔ)從句的位置只能放在它所修飾詞的后面。 Tom, who is 17, is my classmate. Tom is my classmate, who is 17. 3．定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu): 被修飾的名詞 / 代詞 + 關(guān)系代詞 + 從句 “被修飾的名詞/代詞”= “先行詞” 這兒要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是先行詞只能是名詞或代詞 4．定語(yǔ)從句的分類: 限定性定語(yǔ)從句與非限定性定語(yǔ)從句 見(jiàn)清單 P89 一 二、關(guān)系代詞的用法 1. 關(guān)系代詞which, that的用法 which（指物，作賓語(yǔ)可省略, 如介詞提前則不能省略，）, that（指人/物，作賓語(yǔ)可省略）所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作主語(yǔ)） The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ)） 注意：定語(yǔ)從句中，只能用關(guān)系代詞that或只能用關(guān)系代詞which 的情況： 見(jiàn)清單P90 二、（二）2. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語(yǔ)時(shí), 只能用which Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English. 避免重復(fù) 當(dāng)先行詞為that時(shí)或一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)用了that，另一個(gè)宜用which That which you borrowed is out of date. I bought some magazines that might help me to kill time and which I could pass on to others when I finished them. 2. 關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose的用法 見(jiàn)清單 P90 二、（一）1，2 指人時(shí)，宜用who的情況（4點(diǎn)） ①非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中指人的時(shí)候，只能用who ②避免重復(fù)。如先行詞為that/those時(shí) ③ 如果先行詞是one, ones, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody時(shí),關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用 who 或whom ④There be結(jié)構(gòu)中，修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句宜用who There’s a gentleman who wants to see you. 3. 介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。that前不能有介詞。 1）見(jiàn)清單P91，（三），1 2）見(jiàn)清單P91，（三），2 a. The man (to whom you talked just now) will chair the meeting tomorrow. = The man (whom/who you talked to just now) will chair the meeting tomorrow. 但注意，在固定短語(yǔ)中介詞不能提前，比如：care for, call on, put off, listen to, look for, look after等，如果把它們拆開(kāi)，那么這些短語(yǔ)就失去了原來(lái)的含意。 The old man whom I am looking after is better. b. He told me the tickets are hard to buy, in which case you’d better buy right now. (which作case的定語(yǔ)) （He told me the tickets are hard to buy, and you’d better buy right now in that case. ） c. The books, some of which he has read, are very interesting. 表示整體與部分關(guān)系 （The books are very interesting and he has read some of the book.） d. The students, most of whom have seen the movie, are from our class. （The students are from our class and most of them have seen the movie.） e. He spent 2 hours there, during which time he slept.（He spent 2 hours there and he slept during that time.） f. The boss in whose department Mr. King worked had a heart attack.（The boss had a heart attack. Mr. King worked in his department.） 3）復(fù)合介詞短語(yǔ)+關(guān)系代詞which的倒裝 P91，（三），3 a.I arrived at a building， in front of which grow many trees. =I arrived at a building, and many trees grow in front of it. b.We visited a hill，at the foot of which lies a temple. =We visited a hill, and a temple lies at the foot of it. c.They went into the classroom， in the center of which stands a large table. =They went into the classroom, and a large table stands in the center of it. 4）介詞+which/whom +不定式結(jié)構(gòu) 見(jiàn)清單P91，（三），4 He sold his gold watch and got twenty pounds with which to buy his wife a birthday gift. 4. 關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 見(jiàn)清單P91，（四） P91，二（一），3 關(guān)系代詞as (as … as…, such as, the same as/that) 可放于句首和句中，可作從句主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)（做題時(shí)一般看到前面有as, such, the same等，大部分情況后面都選as） Take as many books as you can. I want to read such a book as you read. (as定語(yǔ)從句) This is such a good book that we all like it. (so/such…that…結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，that后跟完整的句子) Please do it in the same way as I did. (as作狀語(yǔ)) I want to borrow the same book as you read. 我想借一本和你讀的一樣的書。 I want to borrow the same book that you read.我想借你讀的那本書。（只有一本） 5. 關(guān)系代詞as, which 的區(qū)別 見(jiàn)清單P91，（四）4 與as區(qū)別：前面發(fā)生的事產(chǎn)生后面結(jié)果用which as一般為泛指，“正如…” 三． 關(guān)系副詞的用法 1. 表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的先行詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系詞使用關(guān)系副詞。 When 表時(shí)間 = 介詞 + which Where 表地點(diǎn) = 介詞 + which Why 表原因 = for which 例如： I still remember the day on which/when I joined the League. 表時(shí)間 This is the room in which/where I stayed for the night.表地點(diǎn) This is the reason for which/why he was late. 表原因 2. 判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞 　方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ)，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。 例如： 　This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 這是我去年待過(guò)的山村。 　Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記與你共事的日子。 　 判斷改錯(cuò)： 　 （錯(cuò)） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. 　 （錯(cuò)） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. 　　　習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。 　 方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀），也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。 例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? 　 A. where　B. that　 C. on which　 D. the one 例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. 　 A. where　B. that　 C. on which　　D. the one 答案：例1 D，例2 A 3. 介詞+where/when 見(jiàn)清單P92(二) 四．定語(yǔ)從句其他用法要點(diǎn)（特殊句型及注意點(diǎn)） （一）定語(yǔ)從句的主謂一致： 見(jiàn)清單P92 四 （二）特殊的定語(yǔ)從句 1．the way+定語(yǔ)從句，the way做從句狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用that/in which/省略 The way (that/in which) he is doing the experiment is very funny. 2．It/This　is　+the+序數(shù)詞+時(shí)間+ (that) +定語(yǔ)從句（從句用完成時(shí)） It/This　is　the　first　time?。╰hat）　I　have　been　here. 3．It is (high) time +that+定語(yǔ)從句 It is time that we should go home. It is time that we went home 4．but作為關(guān)系代詞（了解即可），相當(dāng)于that(who) … not There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不佩服他的才華。 (三)． 定語(yǔ)從句需特別注意的地方 1． situation, case, point, stage在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，后常用where 見(jiàn)清單P92 三（三） Can you think of a situation where(= in which) you can use the word? The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in. 2． 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，比較以下一組句子： I picked up the apples. Some of them were bad. I picked up the apples; some of them were bad. I picked up the apples and most of them were bad. I picked up the apples, some of which were bad. 3． 分裂式定語(yǔ)從句：有些定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞和關(guān)系詞之間會(huì)插入一些其它成份。He arrived in Jinzhou in 1984, where he became a manger 2 years later. 此句中關(guān)系詞不能用when，因?yàn)閺木渲幸呀?jīng)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，因此先行詞不是1984，而是Jinzhou。 4．帶有插入語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句，如I think, do you suggest等。 Please choose someone who you think is kind. 此句中you think為插入語(yǔ)，關(guān)系代詞who作從句的主語(yǔ)，is是從句的謂語(yǔ)。 5．定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞或關(guān)系代詞要在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成份，而同位語(yǔ)從句中則不充當(dāng)任何句子成份，比較以下兩個(gè)句子。 The news that our team lost the game disappointed all of us. 此句為同位語(yǔ)從句，the news在從句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成份。 The news that you told me yesterday is so disappointing. 此句為定語(yǔ)從句，the news在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)。 6．定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別，狀語(yǔ)從句沒(méi)有先行詞，引導(dǎo)詞用where，它很明顯的特點(diǎn)是其前面為動(dòng)詞、副詞等，有時(shí)雖有名詞但不是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。 You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again.狀從 After the war a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre. (狀語(yǔ)從句) This is the room where/in which we lived three years ago.定從 7．定語(yǔ)從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)別 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的結(jié)構(gòu)：It is / was (could be…) + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分 + that ... 強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分是主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。強(qiáng)調(diào)句型可用“還原法”來(lái)判斷，若刪除強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)后，句子能還原為一個(gè)完整的句子，就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。 It was at the school gate that I met Tom yesterday. It was the school gate where I met Tom yesterday. 第一句為強(qiáng)調(diào)句，去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)后，句子可以還原成一個(gè)完整的句子，I met Tom yesterday at the school gate. 而第二句不能還原成一個(gè)完整的句子，必須要加個(gè)介詞at。 8．a(chǎn)s前置和It作形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句混淆 這兩種形式主要區(qū)別在于as結(jié)構(gòu)有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)“，”號(hào)，而It和that連用，比較下面兩個(gè)句子： As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun. It is known to all that the earth moves around the sun. 五． 定語(yǔ)從句練習(xí)中的難點(diǎn) 除了以上的幾點(diǎn)需特別注意外，定語(yǔ)從句練習(xí)中還要小心下面的情況： 陷阱題。 1. 從句迷惑主句結(jié)構(gòu)的判斷 The person we spoke to ____ no answer at first． A．making B．makes C．make D．made 對(duì)于此題，一些粗心的學(xué)生看到to馬上就選擇C。實(shí)際上we spoke to是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the person，主句的主干應(yīng)該是The person made no answer.應(yīng)該選D。 The man whose songs we are fond of ____ in our city next week． A．singing B．to sing C．will sing D．sang 同樣，此題易誤選A，以為是be fond of singing，實(shí)際上whose songs we are fond of 為定語(yǔ)，句子主干為The man will sing in our city. 2. 主句從句結(jié)構(gòu)混雜在一起 Everything he ____ away from him before he returned to his hometown. A. took B. had been taken C. had had been taken D. had taken 此句對(duì)于一些基礎(chǔ)差的學(xué)生有一定難度，他們無(wú)法正確判斷句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，容易誤選A或D。但實(shí)際上，此題是主句和從句的結(jié)構(gòu)相互混雜。Everything為先行詞，he had為定語(yǔ)從句修飾everything，主句主干為Everything had been taken away. 因此應(yīng)選C。 3．定語(yǔ)從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句混雜在一起 定語(yǔ)從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句本身就容易混淆，如果把兩者加在一起就更容易混淆了，做題時(shí)，關(guān)鍵是要判斷定語(yǔ)從句的范圍。如以下這個(gè)句子： It was in this building ______ I once worked _____ he met his former classmate. It was in this building (where I once worked) that he met his former classmate.