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1、2019/6/7,1,IPv6技術(shù)講座,滕小玲 北京大學計算中心,2019/6/7,2,主要內(nèi)容,為什么使用IPv6 IPv6主要特性 IPv6報頭 IPv6地址 IPv6的發(fā)展歷程,2019/6/7,3,為什么使用IPv6,The Case for IPv6 IPv4所面臨的問題 IPv4的地址嚴重匱乏 路由表急劇膨脹 網(wǎng)絡安全 暫時的解決方法 NAT CIDR,2019/6/7,4,IPv6主要特性,Larger Address Space 128位 Aggregation-based address hierarchy Efficient backbone routing Efficie

2、nt and Extensible IP datagram No fragmentation by routers 64 bits field alignement Simpler basic header Autoconfiguration Security IP Renumbering part of the protocol,2019/6/7,5,IPv6報頭,2019/6/7,6,IPv6報頭,Version(4bits) 6 for IPv6 Traffic Class(8 bits) TOS in IPv4 identify classes and priorities(diffs

3、erv) Flow Label(20 bits) PayloadLength( 16 bits) Next Header(8bits) Extensible header structure Hop Limit (8 bits) TTL in IPv4,2019/6/7,7,IPv6地址類型,RFC2373 可聚集全球地址（ Aggregateable Global Unicast Addresses） 001 1/8 total space 鏈路本地地址（Link-Local Unicast Addresses） 1111111010 1/1024 total space 節(jié)點本地地址（Si

4、te-Local Unicast Addresses） 1111111011 1/1024 total space 多點傳送地址（ Multicast Addresses） 11111111 1/256 total space,2019/6/7,8,IPv6地址,Unicast addresses Link-Local FE80:/10 automatically configured with interface id used for neighbor and router discovery Aggregateable Global 2000:/3,2019/6/7,9,IPv6地址,M

5、ulticast Addresses RFC2375 IPv6 Multicast Address Assignment FF00:/8 FFfs:/16 f: flag 0: permanent; 1: not permanent s: scope 1: node 2: link 5: site 8: organization E: global FF02:1 all nodes on the local network FF02:2 all routers on the local network,2019/6/7,10,IPv6地址,Anycast Addresses RFC2526 R

6、eserved IPv6 Subnet Anycast Addresses Advantages of anycast routing optimization server load Anycast address style,2019/6/7,11,IPv6地址表示,Format is x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x x is a 16 bit hexadecimal field FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210 Leading zeros in a field are optional : can be used to represent m

7、ultiple groups of 16 bits of zero : can only be used once in an address FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:101 = FF01:101 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 = :1 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 = :,2019/6/7,12,IPv6地址表示,Loopback Addresses :1 Like 127.0.0.1 in IPv4 Automatic IPv6 Over IPv4 Tunnel : IPv4 Compatible Addresses :FFFF: for IPv4-only nodes,20

8、19/6/7,13,IPv6地址表示,RFC2732: Preferred Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL http:/1080:8:800:200C:417A:80/index.html,2019/6/7,14,IPv6地址,Required Node Addresses Its Link-Local Address for each interface Assigned Unicast Addresses Loopback Address All-Nodes Multicast Addresses Solicited-Node Multic

9、ast Address for each of its assigned unicast and anycast addresses Multicast Addresses of all other groups to which the host belongs.,2019/6/7,15,IPv6地址,Required Router Addresses All the required node addresses The Subnet-Router anycast addresses for the interfaces it is configured to act as a route

10、r on. All other Anycast addresses with which the router has been configured. All-Routers Multicast Addresses,2019/6/7,16,IPv6的發(fā)展歷程,6BONE IPv6地址分配 CERNET IPv6實驗床 北京大學IPv6實驗床,2019/6/7,17,6BONE,國際IPv6實驗床，不是實用的網(wǎng)絡。 通過 tunnels 和一些純IPv6鏈接(mostly IPv6 over ATM) 技術(shù)文檔RFC2471 IPv6 Testing Address Allocation 3F

11、FE:/16 6bone TLA RFC2546 6bone routing policies 6Bone registry http:/ IANA（Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) 1999年12月，IANA開始通過分配正式的IPv6地址200:/13 歐洲的RIPE-NCC 亞太平洋地區(qū)的APNIC CERNIC 地址范圍為2001:250:/35,2019/6/7,19,CERNET IPv6 Testbed,背景 1998年6月加入6BONE 同年11月成為其骨干成員 1999年，CERNET在國內(nèi)教育網(wǎng)范圍內(nèi)組建了IPv6試驗床 目標 研究同下

12、一代互聯(lián)網(wǎng)有關(guān)的網(wǎng)絡技術(shù) 開發(fā)新型網(wǎng)絡應用 示范上述技術(shù)和應用，推動國內(nèi)IPv4向IPv6的過度,2019/6/7,20,Addressing,2019/6/7,21,Addressing,2019/6/7,22,CERNET IPv6 Testbed,Contact Information: Technical Staff General Mail List URL http:/ 加入試驗床的郵件列表 M 組建IPv6網(wǎng)絡 規(guī)劃網(wǎng)絡地址和拓撲 申請地址空間和接入點 配置主機和路由節(jié)點 申請域名,2019/6/7,24,北京大學IPv6實驗床,2000年4月開始 Nokia路由器和FreeBSD系統(tǒng) IPv6 over IPv4 測試路由和DNS 移植tcp_wrappers,2019/6/7,25,IPv6實驗床結(jié)構(gòu),2019/6/7,26,IPv4到IPv6網(wǎng)絡應用的遷移,SUN Scrubber IPv6 Socket API RFC2133,RFC2292,RFC2553 已有的IPv6網(wǎng)絡應用： BIND SENDMAIL APACHE TCPDUMP NEWS,2019/6/7,27,相關(guān)站點資源,http:/www.ipv6.org http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/,2019/6/7,28,