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Unit 4 Global warming Section Ⅲ Grammar [夯實基礎(chǔ)知識] Ⅰ. 用所給動詞的正確形式填空 1. It________(be) three years since I began to stay in Beijing. 答案：is/has been 2. It was not long before she________(learn) those poems by heart. 答案：learned 3. If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you________(eat) fresh watermelon in the fall. 答案：will be eating 4. Experiments of this kind________(conduct) in both the U．S. and Europe well before the second world war. 答案：had been conducted 5. The manager________(tell) the workers how to improve the program since 9：00 a．m.. 答案：has been telling 6. －When did the computer crash? －This morning, while I________(store) the reading materials download from some websites. 答案：was storing 7. Close the door of fear behind you, and you________(see) the door of faith open before you. 答案：will see 8. I feel so excited! At this time tomorrow morning I________(fly) to Yunnan. 答案：will be flying 9. －Did you catch what I said? －Sorry. I________(answer) a text message just now. 答案：was answering 10. －Hi, Tony, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon? －Sorry. It________.(repair) 答案：is being repaired Ⅱ. 完成句子 1. People running for president often______________. (reduce) 競選總統(tǒng)的人往往主張減稅。 答案：advocate reducing taxes 2. I could never__________________. (put) 我絕對受不了他說謊。 答案：put up with his lying 3. ______________________________reading the composition. (take) 讀完這篇作文花了我半個小時。 答案：It took me half an hour to finish 4. Mr. Knight cannot be there, so I will______________________.(behalf) 奈特先生不能去那兒，所以我代表他去。 答案：go there on behalf of him 5. Would you like to____________________________the hospital rebuilding fund？(contribution) 你愿為醫(yī)院重建基金捐款嗎？ 答案：make a contribution/contributions to 6. Most of the people____________________were his old schoolmates.(invite) 應(yīng)邀參加晚會的人大多數(shù)是他的老校友。 答案：invited to the party 7. ____________________________to understand the meaning of the painting. (take) 我花了相當(dāng)長的時間才理解那幅畫的意義。 答案：It took me quite a long time 8. [2012江蘇高考]Ones life has value__________________value to the life of others. (long) 只要一個人能給他人的生活帶來價值，他的生命就是有價值的。 答案：as long as one brings 9. We should be able to do the job for you quickly____________________us all the necessary information. (so) 只要你給我們所有必需的信息，我們就能馬上為你做這項工作。 答案：so long as you give 10. How to give advice in English____________________.(what) 我正努力學(xué)習(xí)如何用英語提建議。 答案：is what I am trying to learn Ⅲ. 單句語法填空(不多于3個單詞) 1. It was on February 27, 2010 in Vancouver(溫哥華)________Wang Meng won her third gold medal, making history. 答案：that　考查強調(diào)句型。此處強調(diào)地點和時間狀語。句意：2010年2月27日在溫哥華，王濛獲得了她的第三枚金牌，創(chuàng)造了歷史。 2. It was in the small house________was built with stones by his father________he spent his childhood. 答案：which/that; that　第一空用which/that引導(dǎo)定語從句；第二空填that，that構(gòu)成強調(diào)句型的框架，被強調(diào)部分為地點狀語in the small house...。句意：他是在那個由他父親用石頭建立的小房子里面，度過的他的童年。 3. I dont mind her criticizing me, but________is how she does it that I object to. 答案：it　考查強調(diào)句型。句意：我不介意她批評我，但是我反對的是她批評我的方式。故用it。 4. －Was it under the tree ________you were away talking to a friend? －Sure. But when I got back there, the bike was gone. 答案：while　句意：“當(dāng)你離開去同朋友談話的時候，你的自行車是在這棵樹下嗎？”“當(dāng)然，但當(dāng)我回來時，自行車就不見了?！睂W(xué)生易誤以為問句是強調(diào)句型，實際上it是代詞，指代the bike。此處要用while引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，意思是：當(dāng)……的時候。 5. It was after he got what he had desired________he realized it was not so important. 答案：that　本題考查強調(diào)句式中連詞的用法。本句為強調(diào)句型，It＋be＋強調(diào)部分＋that＋其他。關(guān)鍵在于認出是強調(diào)句型。句意：是在他得到他想要的東西之后，他才意識到那沒那么重要。 6. It was on the farm________he spent his childhood that he learned how to grow vegetables. 答案：where　根據(jù)句子意思可知，第一空為定語從句，先行詞the farm在從句he spent his childhood中作地點狀語，故用where，that引導(dǎo)的是強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)部分。句意：是在他度過童年的那個農(nóng)場里，他學(xué)會了如何種菜。 7. I just wonder________it is that makes him so excited. 答案：what　考查強調(diào)句型的特殊疑問句式的陳述語氣。句意：我剛才在想是什么讓他如此興奮。強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中缺主語，故用what。 8. Was it not until you began to work________you realized how much time you had wasted? 答案：that　考查not until的強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該題為It was not until的強調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)，故應(yīng)選由that連接的陳述結(jié)構(gòu)。句意：是直到你開始工作了才意識到你已經(jīng)浪費多少時間了嗎？ 9. －Where was________that the road accident happened yesterday? －In front of the market. 答案：it　考查強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊疑問句形式。句意：——昨天的道路事故到底是在哪發(fā)生的？——市場前面。 10. My teacher often tells us, “It is not who is right but what is right________is of importance.” 答案：that　考查強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。句意：老師經(jīng)常告訴我們“誰對誰錯不重要，重要的是什么是對的?！北绢}考查了強調(diào)句型，而被強調(diào)部分用了not...but...結(jié)構(gòu)，增加了習(xí)題的難度。 [提升實戰(zhàn)能力] Ⅳ. 閱讀理解 [2013四川高考]Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head, according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear. Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting (收縮) and pumping blood around their bodies, compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed. Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event, depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation. Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said：“Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.” The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces. Dr Garfinkel said, “The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed. Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we dont see—and guide whether we see fear.” To further understand this relationship， the scientists also used a brain scanner(掃描儀) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a persons feeling of fear. “We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain ‘speak’ to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear，” Dr. Garfinkel said. “We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced, we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.” 本文是一篇說明文。本文講述了科學(xué)家通過研究揭示了恐懼與心臟和大腦的關(guān)系。 1. What is the finding of the study? A. Ones heart affects how he feels fear. B. Fear is a result of ones relaxed heartbeat. C. Fear has something to do with ones health. D. Ones fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear. 答案：A　細節(jié)理解題。由全文和第四段最后一句“Thus our hearts can...fear.”可知我們的心跳影響我們對恐懼的感知，所以A符合題意。 2. The study was carried out by analyzing________. A. volunteers heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures B. the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions C. volunteers reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans D. different pictures shown to volunteers and their heartbrain communication 答案： C　細節(jié)理解題。由文章第四段和第五段可知，實驗是通過分析志愿者對可怕圖片的反應(yīng)和他們的大腦掃描數(shù)據(jù)來進行的。A項“志愿者看到可怕圖片時的心跳”太片面；B項中提到了身體健康狀況，而文章中并沒有提及，故排除；D項中的heart－brain communication是在實驗后提到的，故也排除。 3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to “mechanism” in Paragraph 6? A. Order.　　　　　　 B. System. C. Machine. D. Treatment. 答案：B　詞義猜測題。結(jié)合上文的實驗可知，mechanism所在句句意為：我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個重要的(身體內(nèi)的)機制，通過它心臟和大腦可以互相交流來改善我們的情緒并減少恐懼。故只有B項system“體系，系統(tǒng)”與mechanism意思相近。order“順序，命令”；machine“機械，機器”；treatment“治療”。 4. This study may contribute to________. A. treating anxiety and stress better B. explaining the cycle of fear and anxiety C. finding the key to the heartbrain communication D. understanding different fears in our hearts and heads 答案：A　推理判斷題。由最后一段中的“...we may be able to develop more...disorder.”可知這個研究對治療焦慮和壓力有好處。所以選A項。 Ⅴ. 七選五 Easy Ways to Keep Your Brain Sharp Everyone is forgetful, but as we age, we start to feel like our brains are slowing down a bit—and that can be a very annoying thing. ___1___Read on for some techniques worth trying. 1. ___2___ People who regularly made plans and looked forward to upcoming events had a 50 percent reduced chance of Alzheimers disease (早老性癡呆癥), according to a recent study. ___3___ Something as simple as setting a goal to have a weekly coffee date with a friend will do. Theres evidence that people who have a purpose in life or who are working on long or shortterm goals appear to do better. In other words, keep your brain looking forward. 2. Go for a walk. Mildly raised glucose (葡萄糖) levels can harm the area of the brain that helps you form memories and physical activity can help get blood glucose down to normal levels. In fact, exercise produces chemicals that are good for your brain.___4___ 3. Learn something new. Take a Spanish class online, join a drawing club, or learn to play cards. A study found that mental stimulation (刺激) limits the weakening effects of aging on memory and the mind. But the best thing for your brain is when you learn something new and are physically active at the same time. ___5___ Or go dancing with your friends. A. Focus on the future. B. This can be especially harmful to the aged. C. It should be something like learning gardening. D. So take a few minutes each day to do some reading. E. But dont worry if your schedule isnt filled with lifechanging events. F. Luckily, research shows there is a lot you can do to avoid those moments. G. In other words, when you take care of your body, you take care of your brain. 本文是說明文。每個人都很健忘，但是隨著年齡的增長，我們的大腦開始反應(yīng)緩慢，這是件令人煩惱的事。本文針對此問題向大家介紹了幾種簡單的能使大腦變得敏捷的方法。 1. F　正因為上文中講述的這種問題的出現(xiàn)，所以此處話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，提出解決的方法，引出本文的話題，故選F。 2. A　由本段第一句及最后一句“In other words，keep your brain looking forward.”可知要著眼于未來，故選A。 3. E　前一句是一項研究結(jié)果，后一句是列舉的具體事例，所以此句屬于過渡句，如果你的計劃表上沒有填滿改變生活的事件，也不用擔(dān)心，故選E。 4. G　本段圍繞“Go for a walk.”展開議論，說明了鍛煉對大腦的好處，換句話說，當(dāng)你照看好你的身體的時候，也就照看好了你的大腦，故選G。 5. C　根據(jù)上文的“But the best thing for your brain is when you learn something new...”可知答案選C。 Ⅵ. 語法填空 W: Hey, Robert, what do you think about cigarette ads? M: Theyre disgusting. Many countries have banned tobacco ads ___1___ (complete). But there are still a lot of ads around us. W: I heard in the States advertisers are not allowed to show young people smoking cigarettes, ___2___ are ads targeted at youth allowed. M: But advertisers keep ___3___ (find) ways around the law. Some years ago one cigarette ad showed a deer smoking, but it ___4___ (dress) in a university sweater. Obviously the ad is trying to attract young people. W: Yes. In order to increase sales, they have to make smoking appealing ___5___ young people. Make them think its cool. Now more and more young people are ___6___ (addict) to smoking, even some pupils. M: Right. Cigarette makers need to keep bringing in new customers, because the ___7___ ones are dying of lung cancer. W: Well. It is not only ___8___ social problem. Our Student Union should do some publicity (宣傳) against smoking on campus. M: I ___9___(can) agree more. What is your plan? W: Im thinking of putting up some posters to refuse cigarette ads. M: ___10___ (sound) great. Ill join you. 1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________ 5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________ 9．________　10.________ 兩人關(guān)于煙草廣告的討論。 1. completely　考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。副詞修飾動詞ban。 2. neither　考查連詞?？崭袂昂鬄椴⒘嘘P(guān)系，既不允許在廣告中出現(xiàn)年輕人吸煙的鏡頭，也不允許把廣告目標對準年輕人。且空格后為倒裝語序，句中沒有否定詞語，故此處應(yīng)填neither。 3. finding　考查動名詞。keep后常接動詞ing形式作賓語。 4. was dressed　考查被動語態(tài)。it指代deer，deer和dress為被動關(guān)系，且由showed可知此處應(yīng)用一般過去時，故填was dressed。 5. to　考查介詞。appeal to sb.意為“對某人有吸引力”。 6. addicted　考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。be addicted to sth.意為“沉迷于某事”，為固定用法。 7. old　考查形容詞。由because可知此處為因果關(guān)系，因為老顧客are dying of lung cancer，所以要挖掘新顧客。故應(yīng)填new的反義詞old。 8. a　考查冠詞。a表泛指，意為“一個”。 9. couldnt/cant　考查情態(tài)動詞。I cant/couldnt agree more.為I cant agree with you more.的省略，意為“我非常同意。” 10. Sounds　考查主謂一致。Sounds great.為省略句，完整的句子為It sounds great.主語是it，故謂語動詞用單數(shù)。