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語法奠基課 英語句子中各司其職的“八大金剛”
[編寫闡明] 無論高考如何變化,語法在英語中的基本性地位是不可動(dòng)搖的。對(duì)語法的考察或隱性或顯性地滲入于整個(gè)高考英語試卷中。語法不通,枉費(fèi)苦功;基本不牢,地動(dòng)山搖。特別是對(duì)英語水平一般的考生來說,一輪復(fù)習(xí)切勿盲從成績(jī)較好考生的復(fù)習(xí)措施,只顧埋頭做題,而應(yīng)結(jié)合自身實(shí)際,回到抓牢詞匯、語法等基本知識(shí)上來??剂康揭话憧忌恼Z法基本單薄,因此本部分精細(xì)化編寫。
語法奠基課 英語句子中各司其職的“八大金剛”
眾所周知,句子有若干個(gè)構(gòu)成部分,分別承當(dāng)著不同的作用,這些構(gòu)成部分叫作句子成分。英語
2、中的句子成分分為主語(subject)、謂語(predicate)、賓語(object)、表語(predicative)、定語(attribute)、狀語(adverbial)、補(bǔ)語(complement)和同位語(appositive)八種,它們就像佛教中的八大護(hù)法金剛,各司其職,共同庇護(hù)著英語這個(gè)“極樂世界”。
一、主語——習(xí)慣于發(fā)號(hào)施令,偶爾也會(huì)被趕下臺(tái)
在句子中,主語是謂語所示動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。主語一般位于句子開頭,且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑問句、倒裝句、祈使句、感慨句等,句子主語也可以“下臺(tái)”而位于謂語動(dòng)詞之后或省略??梢猿洚?dāng)主語的重要有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)名詞(短語)
3、、動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)和從句等。
The patient’s family have expressed their gratitude to the press in letters for the money raised.(名詞作主語)
Studying English is very important.(動(dòng)名詞短語作主語)
It’s obvious that he was wrong.(代詞it充當(dāng)形式主語,that引導(dǎo)的主語從句作真正的主語)
[名師指津] 當(dāng)主語為從句時(shí),為避免頭重腳輕,可用it作形式主語。
二、謂語——堅(jiān)決服從主語“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”,執(zhí)行命令雷厲風(fēng)行
謂語用來描
4、述主語的行為動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)或特性,常位于主語之后。謂語可由動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語、系表構(gòu)造以及“助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞”充當(dāng),有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和語調(diào)的變化,同步又受到主語人稱和數(shù)的制約。判斷的根據(jù)是看主語和動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系,如果兩者之間是積極關(guān)系就用積極語態(tài),如果是被動(dòng)關(guān)系就用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。謂語的構(gòu)成如下:
1.簡(jiǎn)樸謂語:由一種動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。
The sun rises in the east.
2.復(fù)合謂語:(1)由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其她助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成;(2)由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。
They must have finished their tasks.
三、賓語——始終受到壓制,有時(shí)“翻身農(nóng)奴把歌
5、唱”
賓語表達(dá)謂語動(dòng)作的對(duì)象,一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞的背面,受到主語的限制和制約。賓語一般由名詞、賓格代詞、動(dòng)名詞(短語)、動(dòng)詞不定式或從句充當(dāng),根據(jù)需要也可用it作形式賓語。賓語在被動(dòng)構(gòu)造中才會(huì)“翻身農(nóng)奴把歌唱”。
1.雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語)
Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.(him為間接賓語;advice為直接賓語)
2.復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語)
Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our di
6、ets and mental health and to take regular examinations.(us為賓語;to pay more attention ... regular examinations為賓語補(bǔ)足語)
四、表語——最會(huì)察言觀色,就看“主子”臉色
表語一般位于系動(dòng)詞(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后,用以闡明主語這個(gè)“主子”的身份、特性和狀態(tài),一般由名詞、名詞性代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式(短語)、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句等充當(dāng)。
The cultural background of Chin
7、a is totally different from that of the US.(形容詞作表語)
My suggestion is that we should start at once.(從句作表語)
五、定語——鞍前馬后搞服務(wù),全心全意勤務(wù)兵
修飾或限定名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句被稱為定語。定語服務(wù)于它所修飾或限定的名詞或代詞,可由形容詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞性物主代詞、介詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞或定語從句等充當(dāng)。定語有前置和后置兩種狀況,如短語構(gòu)造、從句等作定語時(shí),常置于被修飾詞之后。
The beautiful girl is her daughter. (形容詞和形容詞性物主代詞作
8、定語)
The building being repaired is our library.(非謂語動(dòng)詞作后置定語)
六、狀語——行蹤飄忽不定,卻對(duì)動(dòng)詞“情有獨(dú)鐘”
修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子,闡明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特性的句子成分叫作狀語。一般表達(dá)行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、因素、條件、讓步、方式、限度等意義。狀語可由副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞、狀語從句等充當(dāng)。
狀語在句子中的位置很靈活,因此說它“行蹤飄忽不定”。常用狀況為:一般在句子基本構(gòu)造后,強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首;修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí),一般位于被修飾詞之前;表達(dá)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭,強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首,地點(diǎn)狀語一般放在
9、時(shí)間狀語之前;某些表達(dá)頻度的副詞(如often, almost等)作狀語一般位于be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前。
高考中一般考察副詞修飾動(dòng)詞的用法,故說它對(duì)動(dòng)詞“情有獨(dú)鐘”。
He did his homework carefully.(副詞作狀語)
She goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.(介詞短語作狀語)
Feeling tired, he went to bed without supper.(非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語)
七、補(bǔ)語——始終寄人籬下,永遠(yuǎn)成不了主人
補(bǔ)語也叫補(bǔ)足語,重要起補(bǔ)充闡明的作用,最常用的是賓語補(bǔ)足語和主
10、語補(bǔ)足語,因此說它寄人籬下,成不了“主人”。補(bǔ)足語可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式(短語)、分詞、介詞短語或從句充當(dāng)。
I found myself in dark.(介詞短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
He always has others wait for him.(省略to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
These things should be kept in the box.(介詞短語作主語補(bǔ)足語)
八、同位語——總是玩失蹤,特殊場(chǎng)合還是“顯露原形”
對(duì)句子中的名詞或代詞作進(jìn)一步解釋、闡明,與前面的成分在語法上處在同等地位的句子成分叫作同位語。英語句子體現(xiàn)中一般狀況下是沒有同位語的,因此說它
11、愛玩失蹤,如果要對(duì)前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容作進(jìn)一步的闡明,這時(shí)候就需要同位語,可謂“顯露原形”??梢杂米魍徽Z的有:名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和從句等。
We have two foreign teachers, a Canadian and an American.
Ⅰ.劃分句子成分
主語用____,謂語用 ,賓語用 ,定語用,狀語用,補(bǔ)足語用,同位語用
1.Recently I have carried out a survey among the students in
12、our class.
I have carried out a survey
2.One day some of my students were talking about what we would like to be in the future.
some_of_my_students were talking about what we would like to be in the future.
3.Music can make our mind in a peaceful state after a whole day of tiring work.
M
13、usic can make our mind
.
4.Every day he was forced to work from morning till night.
he was forced
5.Word came that the mayor would pay a visit to our school next week.
Word came
next_week].
6.At the same time, parents are giving their children too much protection.
, paren
14、ts are giving their children too much protection.
7.Bathed in the sunshine, we jumped and cheered with joy.
, we jumped and cheered
.
8.We haven’t decided when to discuss the question again.
We haven’t decided when to discuss the question again.
Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)并闡明理由(從句子成分角度思考)
1.(·全國卷Ⅰ)It was
15、a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.
[改錯(cuò)] suddenly→sudden
[理由] 此處修飾名詞stop作定語,故應(yīng)為形容詞形式。
2.(·全國卷Ⅰ)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady.
[改錯(cuò)] steady→steadily
[理由] 此處修飾動(dòng)詞作狀語,故應(yīng)為副詞形式。
3.(·全國卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.
16、
[改錯(cuò)] honest→honesty
[理由] 根據(jù)句子的主語key可知此處應(yīng)用名詞作表語。
4.(·全國卷Ⅱ)We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.
[改錯(cuò)] take→taking
[理由] between為介詞,因此需用動(dòng)名詞作賓語,和staying并列。
5.(·全國卷Ⅲ)At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.
[改錯(cuò)] whenever后加I
[理由] 讓步狀語從句中缺少主語。