電動汽車充電控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計,電動汽車,充電,控制系統(tǒng),設(shè)計 電動汽車充電控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計 ? 電動汽車是目前世界上唯一能達(dá)到零排放的機動車。由于環(huán)保的要求，加之新材料和新技術(shù)的發(fā)展，電動汽車進(jìn)入了發(fā)展高潮。電動汽車作為綠色交通工具，將在21?世紀(jì)給人類社會帶來巨大的變化。順應(yīng)當(dāng)前國際科技發(fā)展的大趨勢，將電動汽車作為中國進(jìn)入21?世紀(jì)汽車工業(yè)的切人點，不僅是實現(xiàn)中國汽車工業(yè)技術(shù)跨越式發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略抉擇，同時也是實現(xiàn)中國汽車工業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要選擇。 ? 目前我國電動汽車研究已取得階段性成果，已經(jīng)完成了電動轎車、電動中型客車和電動大型客車的開發(fā)工作。在我國大中城市都普遍存在著十分嚴(yán)重的交通問題和汽車尾氣排放污染問題，電動汽車是一種非常理想的中速和短途的日常公共交通工具，因此在我國有著得天獨厚的發(fā)展條件和廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。根據(jù)歐美和日本等先進(jìn)國家的經(jīng)驗，在進(jìn)行電動汽車的開發(fā)和制造的同時，必須開發(fā)電動汽車公共充電站和進(jìn)行電動汽車示范工程建設(shè)，為電動汽車的推廣使用積累經(jīng)驗。在城市繁忙地段開辟電動汽車交通線，進(jìn)行電動汽車的推廣示范是一項很有意義的工作，為了作好這項工作，就必須進(jìn)行電動汽車充電機及其充電管理系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)。 ? 隨著電動汽車研究的深入，對于電動汽車用電池充電器有了一定的需求， 因為這是一個比較新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，開發(fā)者主要集中在一些科研單位或大學(xué)中。 國內(nèi)的生產(chǎn)單位主要是面向電瓶車、電動游覽車、蓄電池維護(hù)等應(yīng)用場合，因此充電機功率范圍有限。從上面的分析可以看出，研制電動汽車大功率智能充電機具有重要意義。 外、與交流電網(wǎng)連接，為電動汽車動力電池提供小功率直流電源的供電裝置， 直流充電樁具有充電機功能，可以實時監(jiān)視并控制被充電電池狀態(tài)，同時，直 流充電樁可以對充電電量進(jìn)行計量。 ? 根據(jù)充電方法不同，電動汽車的充電技術(shù)可分為：常規(guī)充電方式、快速充 電方式、無線充電方式、更換電池充電方式等。 ? 1．常規(guī)充電方式 ? 該充電方式根據(jù)相應(yīng)電池的充電曲線，采用恒流、恒壓的傳統(tǒng)充電方式對 電動車進(jìn)行充電，使整個充電過程更接近電池的固有特性，有效避免了電池被 過充和欠充的問題。這種方式以比較低的充電電流為蓄電池充電,相關(guān)技術(shù)成熟 可靠，所以相應(yīng)的充電機的工作和安裝成本也比較低。電動汽車家用充電設(shè)施 (?車載充電機)?和小型充電站多采用這種充電方式。典型的充電時間為8～10h?(SOC可達(dá)到95%以上)。對電池和電動汽車來說，這種方式是最安全可靠的充電方式，它對電網(wǎng)沒有特殊要求。 ? 2．快速充電方式 ? 快速充電方式是指在短時間內(nèi)使蓄電池達(dá)到或接近充滿狀態(tài)的一種方法。 該充電方式以1-3C的大充電電流在短時間內(nèi)為蓄電池充電。充電功率很大，能 達(dá)到上百千瓦。該充電方式的充電時間與燃油車的加油時間接近。其典型的充電時間是可達(dá)到20～30min，但這種充電方式對電池壽命有很大的影響。此外，該充電方式對電網(wǎng)也有較高的要求,?要建設(shè)專用電網(wǎng)，一般應(yīng)靠近10kV?變電站附近或服務(wù)中心中使用，還需采取較為復(fù)雜的諧波抑制措施，與前者相比安裝成本相對較高，只適合大型充電站使用。 ? 3．更換電池的充電方式 ? 該方式要求車輛電池組設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，易于更換。車輛運營中需要及時的更 換電池，同時充電站可以對電池進(jìn)行專業(yè)化管理，但由于電池組快速更換專業(yè) 化要求高，只適用于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的充電站，這種電池更換系統(tǒng)要求昂貴的機械裝置和 大量的蓄電池，同時,存放大量未充電和已充電的蓄電池需要很多空間,修建一 個蓄電池更換站所需空間遠(yuǎn)大于修建一個正常充電站或快速充電站所需的空 間，因此這種電池更換系統(tǒng)的初始成本很高，而且，目前車載動力電池的電氣 和尺寸參數(shù)還沒統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，市場應(yīng)用還需等待時日。 ? 4．非接觸式充電方式 ? 電動汽車非接觸充電方式的研究目前主要集中在感應(yīng)式充電方式，不需要 接觸即可實現(xiàn)充電，目前，日產(chǎn)和三菱都有相關(guān)產(chǎn)品推出，其原理是采用了可 在供電線圈和受電線圈之間提供電力的電磁感應(yīng)方式，即將一個受電線圈裝置 安裝在汽車的底盤上，將另一個供電線圈裝置安裝在地面，當(dāng)電動汽車駛到供 電線圈裝置上，受電線圈即可接受到供電線圈的電流，從而對電池進(jìn)行充電。 ? 目前，這套裝置的額定輸出功率為10kW，一般的小型電動汽車可在 7-8小時內(nèi)完成充電，這種方式的成本較高，還處于實驗室研發(fā)階段，其功能還有待時間驗證。此外，非接觸式充電方式的原理還包括磁共振和微波等，技術(shù)都被日本廠商壟斷。 ? 綜上所述，電動汽車的充電還是采用普通充電為主、快速補充充電為輔的 充電方式。對于電動公交車而言，充電站設(shè)在公交車總站內(nèi)。在晚間下班后利 用低谷充電，時間5～6小時。全天運行的車輛，續(xù)駛里程不夠時，可利用中 間休息待班時間進(jìn)行補充充電。充電器的數(shù)量和容量根據(jù)車隊的規(guī)模而定，充 電站由車隊管理。1C～3C的快速充電模式，已經(jīng)在探討應(yīng)用，但應(yīng)確保在電池 的安全和使用壽命的前提下進(jìn)行，一般說來，電動汽車充電間是由配電站、監(jiān)控室、充電機、充電平臺、維護(hù)車間、更換區(qū)等部分組成。其中充電機是其核心設(shè)備。從相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來看，地方政府和各能源集團對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定比較熱心，深圳、上海、江蘇等地紛紛制定了各自充電站的地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；今年7月份，北京市政府也出 臺了北京首部電動汽車充電站標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。國家電網(wǎng)和南方電網(wǎng)根據(jù)各自實際情況制 6定了電動汽車充電方面的相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方面，2010年1月，國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 委員會發(fā)布了《電動汽車充電站的通用要求》，目前，國家電網(wǎng)制定的充電站 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有望升級為國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 The design of control system of charging electric car As soon as of Aviation Technology Liu xin Yaintroduced a concurrent engineering, agile manufacturing and sophistif cated production, and other advanced manufacturing technology and the characteristics of the development omachine tools in the portfolio of applications, how to deepen and extend the application of specific measures. In the machine tool industry, with the social demands of the continuous improvement of products, along with the growing competition in the market to meet user requirements, including the improvement of product quality, shorten production cycles, reduce costs, improve service and win market has become a breakthrough. In order to achieve this goal and win market, it should be the introduction of modern and advanced manufacturing technology: concurrent engineering, agile manufacturing and sophisticated production, in order to promote the development of combination machine. Concurrent Engineering is also known as concurrent engineering, integrated, parallel to optimize product design and its related processes (including manufacturing and support) system approach, which guide the product development staff began to consider a product from concept to design to the demise of throughout the life cycle of all the factors, including quality, cost, programming and user needs. Concurrent Engineering is the first to shorten product development cycles as a means to develop. Products will be characterized by the development, production engineering involved in the acts broken down into a series of tasks, such as market analysis, design, process design, production plans and equipment purchases, processing, quality assurance, testing and after sales service. These sub-tasks as far as possible and consider synchronous parallel to achieve improved design to shorten the cycle and improve quality, reduce costs, optimize the design purpose. It stressed that integrated, coordinated and parallel, namely: (1) management, design, production, and service of all project-related personnel and product information integration as a whole, and stressed that all relevant departments and the interests of the overall goal line (2) to the establishment of a competent and reasonable charge of the project personnel structure of the working group coordinated management model, by the Working Group in the ministries responsible for project elements, and the promotion of the coordination of tasks, (3) parallel processing stages of the work. According to the project in the different tasks of the linkages between the different ministries mandate of the elements of the work process can be completely overlap or duplication. In accordance with these principles, formulate a reasonable, and optimize the work plan, and the location in which the necessary settings assessment, the Working Group by the project implementation so that all sub-tasks in parallel, to move forward in an orderly manner, so as to ensure the smooth implementation of the whole project . According to the traditional methods of work, the work of the various stages in a row serial. In such a product development approach, divorced from each other at various stages, are not related, resulting in increased design error, and difficult to discover such a design rework, to lengthen the development cycle, adding to the costs. Parallel working methods used, the process will be integrated with parallel consideration, the work can be carried out duplication. Problems can be promptly coordinate the changes so that the follow-up stage left to increase the difficulty of correction And costs. Thus, the application of concurrent engineering can significantly shorten the product development cycle, reduce costs, it is suitable for the development of professional portfolio machine. Concurrent engineering methods will be applied to product development, the effect was very significant. March 1997, Beijing Institute of Aviation Technology with a motorcycle design and manufacturing plants to sign the 6-crank machine project contract for delivery end of the year, and the requirements of machine tools in the past quite different. In the project using a concurrent engineering approach, in parallel, cross-operation , greatly reducing the design, manufacture period, the successful completion of the tasks. Parallel development of the combination of machine specific methods are: (1) the establishment of a multi-composed of professionals to develop working groups. By the Working Group of the specific part of the implementation of the project, members of the Working Group in collaboration division of duties, timely and coordinated in order to achieve optimization of the design. Such as a machine tool demand in the clamping fixture parts to the process of floating, if separate consideration from the mechanical structure to meet this requirement more difficult, complex structure of the fixture. Later, with the hydraulic design of electrical control and coordinate, control procedures proposed amendments to change the order clamping action, adjusting the hydraulic pressure of solutions to meet the requirements of the clamping. (2) in the formulation of programmes, the signing of the contract stage, on the preliminary identified a number of standard components. (3) Multiple Multi-accreditation programme. Machine Tool Technology in determining the overall programme, key components in the overall design process, many times by the Solidworks committee to review the design plan, and put into production before the user in the design plan joint trials. Thus, from the design to take into account the beginning of a process design, tooling design, manufacturing, assembly and other downstream various stages of debugging problems that may arise, thus greatly reducing the number of design changes Rated meet user requirements, to achieve design best. (4) a design pre-release method. Machine overall plans in a formal drawing ago, has been released in stages set by the main structure and the major components of data, process design, tooling design can be carried out ahead of schedule. In the design of the machine tool to determine some components such as fixtures, tools such as the coordination of size, and at the same time began to design and tool fixture, and, also identified slider, mobile workstations and other components, these components have the choice as far as possible Standard components, in the design of its operation will be completed. And the overall design of the various components such as fixtures, and timely coordination between the tool, linked to changes in the size of each other timely coordination so that the size of other relevant drawings are promptly corrected. (5) components in the design of the processing cycle can be long specific parts such as folders, such as casting stereotypes as soon as possible to advancing the process design, production. (6) completion of the various components of a design, process design and ready to enter the production stage. Therefore, the various components of the parts is in the workshop, parallel processing. Adopt this approach, the Working Group 4 were used only four weeks time on the part of generic components such as the slider, mobile platforms and power first went into operation at the same time, the completion of the mechanical design of the machine and outsourcing of orders. Machine tool production process, the various components in the Beijing Institute of Aviation Technology Association, and several manufacturers at the same time. In the machine, installation and debugging, but also several machine at the same time, through these work, and machine tools for the timely delivery of valuable time. Agile manufacturing in the United States of the Caspian Sea, "the 21st century manufacturing strategy" in the report of a new manufacturing paradigm. After development, the United States lacocca Institute will be defined as: "a company that is agile in the market for the unpredictable changes in the competitive environment in the development and prosperity of a capability, that is rapidly changing global market a rapid response capability, with the company computer network and the global production system, the market, competitors to link up in the high-quality, high-performance, low-cost, customer product configuration settings, such as user demand-driven market situation demonstrated a capability. " Characterized by the flexible production technology, flexible organization management and professional skills of the staff have integrated into a coordinated, interconnected systems, in order to achieve the strategic goal of reunification, the same industry in different enterprises through joint infrastructure links, past life-and-death competition will become friendly and cooperative competition, thereby changing market faster response. Therefore, this technology is suitable for the development of professional portfolio machine. (1) promote the Agile first modular products, reflected in the composition of the machine is in the machine tool components and the standardization of serialization. Crankshaft Machine Tool in the development and design, can greatly shorten the design cycle, the application of concurrent engineering is a factor, large number of standard components, the application of common components is a key element. (2) In the Agile Manufacturing, must reflect the people and organizations is the most valuable asset. In the production of large quantities, people are always Solidworks solution as manufacture and sale of the crux of the problem, and in Agile Manufacturing, the best use of people is the key to solve the problem, technology is only a method or means. Therefore, the need for the Project Working Group organizational model advocated hard working, give full play to their initiative. Sophisticated production is the United States in the 1990s, Japan's Toyota Motor Corporation summed up production management methods on the basis of summing up by the production. It stressed that by improving the production of enterprises in the management of the activities, including the efficiency of various activities and cost accounting, to achieve the fastest speed of response to the market, the lowest cost of production, the optimal product design to design and Manufacturing of products needed by the market. Its features are user-God, a people-centred, as a means to streamline, to zero defect goal. Can be seen from the above analysis, and advanced manufacturing technology in the Beijing Institute of Aviation Technology Portfolio machine has been developed in a number of applications, but still need to further deepen and extend the application. In later work, Should pay attention to the following aspects: (1) Working Group on the further implementation of the project model, a responsibility to the people, by the use of concurrent engineering group responsible for the completion of the way from the machine tool technology programme to design, manufacture, testing and delivery of the work of the staff at the same time strengthen the knowledge and skills training, keep track machine tool industry at home and abroad combination of the latest developments. (2) market changes and the development of pre-study plan at the same time maintain close ties with users, users who regularly visit provides its users with quality after-sales service, and equipment operation and understanding of user needs, in order to improve the design. (3) high-quality products to win customers. Machine Tool in the development portfolio, in addition to enhancing the sense of quality, the new technology, the application of new technology in the market is also an important means. Now users generally require machine efficiency, flexibility, and adapt to small quantities and variety of processing. Portfolio Tool to enhance the efficiency of production and increase in the design should be cutting speed, the use of advanced tools, centralized processing consider three aspects. (4) attention to the development of products can be reconstructed so as to achieve the structure of modular machine. In the design, the use of group technology, and promote common machine combination of the development and application of functional modules, can be flexible coordinates NC unit model. (5) the application of agile manufacturing technology, the establishment of an effective Union dynamic virtual forms of cooperation. Further strengthen and outsourcing of production plants and factories, HS cooperation. Make full use of existing community technology, information equipment and personnel resources, strong - strong alliance, complementary advantages, the use of the virtual company model to expand our production capacity. (6) In combination with the design of machine tools to further promote the production of computer and information network technology applications. Promote the application of CAD technology, the realization of a map designed to establish CAD / CAM / CAPP works Design environment. (7) to further strengthen Solidworks cooperation and exchanges and enhance my portfolio in the machine tool industry and the status of visibility, at the same time actively explore new markets and customers. Efforts should be made to explore the international market, such as the Toyota Motor Co., Japan's exports to the body of the car's engine of vertical CNC machining deep hole biaxial deep hole drilling machine, I have a combination of machine to enter the international market and made a good start. 10