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設(shè)計(jì)思路： 本單元的Grammar主要講的是不定式和動(dòng)名詞的用法。目的在于讓學(xué)生了解動(dòng)詞不定式在句中的六個(gè)主要作用以及否定式、完成式、進(jìn)行式、一般式被動(dòng)、完成式被動(dòng)、不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。第二個(gè)語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容是動(dòng)名詞在句中的四個(gè)功能和否定式、完成式、一般式被動(dòng)、完成式被動(dòng)、動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。,在課件的開(kāi)始用一個(gè)flash(過(guò)山車)作為導(dǎo)入激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣,由此展開(kāi)對(duì)動(dòng)詞不定式的學(xué)習(xí)。在整個(gè)過(guò)程中，始終堅(jiān)持曹老師22字教學(xué)法中先練后講的原則，在實(shí)踐中由學(xué)生自己總結(jié)，老師再作適當(dāng)?shù)难a(bǔ)充。作為高二的學(xué)生，適當(dāng)了解一些高考題考查該語(yǔ)法的熱點(diǎn)和考點(diǎn)是十分必要的。,,,Unit 1 Module 4,Grammar and usage To-infinitive and Verb-ing form as a noun,,Part 1 To-infinitive,1.to do as a subject The cat said, “To take roller coaster is terrible ”.,不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情況下，尤其是在疑問(wèn)句和感嘆句中，往往放在謂語(yǔ)之后，而用先行代詞it作形式主語(yǔ)。,The cat said, “It’s terrible to take roller coaster.”,How long did it take you to take roller coaster? How terrible it is to take roller coaster!,不定式作主語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)句型：,a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult…) + 不定式,b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, one’s duty, a shame…) + 不定式,c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience…) + 不定式,It requires patience to be a good teacher.,It’s my duty to teach you how to be a student of Nanjing No.3 Middle School.,2.to do as a predictive,Our most important task now is to make a plan.,當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主語(yǔ)是what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句時(shí)，后面可以用不定式做表語(yǔ)，用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所包含內(nèi)容。,注：作表語(yǔ)的不定式都帶to，但當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，to可以省略。,Now the only thing we can do is wait.,3.to do as an object The cat said “Remember not to take it next time!” (Tips:不定式否定為not to),,,a) 可以直接用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞很多，如agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish,2005年天津卷12題：I don’t want _____ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded,當(dāng)不定式短語(yǔ)比賓補(bǔ)長(zhǎng)時(shí)，往往將 不定式放到賓補(bǔ)后，而用先行代詞it 作形式賓語(yǔ)，常用動(dòng)詞有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。,,The cat felt it terrible to take roller coaster.,b) 只有少數(shù)介詞如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)。一般情況下作介詞賓語(yǔ)的不定式都帶to，但如果but或except所在句子里的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含有do, does, did時(shí)，通常省略to。,We have no choice but to wait.,Cf. We can do nothing but wait.,4. to do as an object complement,You should get them to help you . (They will help you.),They believed him to be honest. (He was honest.),(常用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有: get,ask,force, order, tell, invite, allow, wish, want,like ,expect,advise , beg等。),但在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞believe, find , think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove 等后面 跟to be…作賓補(bǔ),不跟to do…,The boss made her work long hours. 主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 賓補(bǔ),,,,She 主語(yǔ),was made 謂語(yǔ),to work 主補(bǔ),long hours (by her boss).,2005全國(guó)卷(I)No.18 While watching television, ______. A. The doorbell rang B. The doorbell rings C. We heard the doorbell ring D. We heard the doorbell rings,2005福建卷No.23 If anyone happens to drop in while I’m out, _____ him or her leave a message. A. have B. get C. ask D.tell,,,,,Tips:有些動(dòng)詞后面須接不帶to 的不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),常用的動(dòng)詞有:,make,let,have,see; hear,watch,notice,feel; look at, listen to; help, observe 等,,但是句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后, 不定式成為句子的主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),需帶to.,,I would rather ____ (go) swimming.,You had better ______ (tidy) your bedroom.,Why not ______ (visit) your cousin in Japan?,go,tidy,visit,Tips:有些句型后面須接不帶to的不定式。,She told me _______(be) cheerful and ______(look) on the bright side.,We had nothing ______(do) but _____(watch) TV.,to be,look,to do,watch,Tips: 當(dāng)兩個(gè)不定式and, or, expect, but, than或rather than連接起來(lái)時(shí)，第二個(gè)不定式符號(hào)省略。,,5. to do as an attributive,,①能帶不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，其同源名詞可以帶不定式作定語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的有 attempt, decision, promise, plan等,He has not kept his promise _________(write) to his parents regularly.,不定式可以在句子充當(dāng)后置定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞。以下幾類情況常用不定式作定語(yǔ)：,She made a decision ______(go)abroad for a year.,to write,to go,②常與不定式搭配的形容詞，其 同源名詞一般可以用不定式作定語(yǔ)。,常見(jiàn)的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等,His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.,③序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級(jí)或被only, last, next等修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語(yǔ)。,She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.,Tips: 不定式在作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，有時(shí)與被修飾的名詞有意義上的主謂關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如果該不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，它后面需要加上適當(dāng)介詞。,He’s always the first to come and the last to leave. (=The first comes and the last leaves.)(主謂關(guān)系),I have no time to listen to your excuse. (同位關(guān)系),She has a meeting to attend. （=attend a meeting),There’s nothing to worry about. (=worry about nothing)(動(dòng)賓關(guān)系),6. to do as an adverbial不定式可以作狀語(yǔ)， 表示目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。,,,,,①so as to (不能放句首), to, in order to作目的狀語(yǔ),2005年遼寧卷22題：All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving,②在so…as to, such…as to, only to …結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，其中only to…用于表示意想不到的結(jié)果。,He hurried to the station only ___ that the train had gone. A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found,③enough to, too…to結(jié)構(gòu),,The boy isn’t old enough to go to school. = The boy is too young to go to school.,④形容詞（glad, happy , lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等）+ 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作原因狀語(yǔ),I’m glad to meet you.,,7. 作插入語(yǔ)，用來(lái)說(shuō)明說(shuō)話人的 態(tài)度、看法、對(duì)整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行解釋， 如to be frank（坦白地說(shuō)），to be sure（確實(shí)）等。,,To tell you the truth, I hate you.,8. 作同位語(yǔ),The order to start the general attack soon came.,不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):以it為形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，如前面的形容詞指行為的性質(zhì)就用：for sb. to do sth.這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主、表、賓、定、狀等。,,,It is necessary for us to go there.(主語(yǔ)),There is no need for him to leave.(定語(yǔ)),My suggestion is for you to do the job.(表語(yǔ)),如果該形容詞是指行為的性質(zhì)，同時(shí)又指行為的人，則用of sb. to do sth.。這種句式中的常用形容詞有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。,It’s very kind of you to come to see me.,It was foolish of him to believe her.,I think it wise of her not to accept their offer.,Tips:連接代（副）詞+不定式（包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, （不包括why/if），在句中起名詞作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等動(dòng)詞后作主、賓或表語(yǔ)。,,No one can tell me where to find John.,When to the exam is still unknown.,The problem is how to get enough money.,不定式的進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)式,,①不定式的進(jìn)行式：to be + V-ing, 用來(lái)表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。,Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in.,②不定式完成式：to have + V-ed 構(gòu)成，用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前。,,,,2005年江蘇卷No.25 --- Is Bob still performing? --- I’m afraid not. He is said _______ the stage already as he has become an official. A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been D. to be left,,,,,,2006年四川卷No.26 The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _____ in Beijing in 2008. A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held,The book is said to have been translated into many languages.,當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示 的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 ③不定式的被動(dòng)式分為一般式被動(dòng)to be V-ed和完成式被動(dòng)to have been V-ed,The question is difficult to answer.,=The question is difficult for me to answer.,=It is difficult for me to answer the question.,He is hard to get along with.,=It is hard to get along with him.,表語(yǔ),主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),,不定式,賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),定語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ),,Homework: P.9 Fill in the blankets, using to-infinitives. P.92 C1 Answer the questions using to-infinitives.,,Thank you for attention,,Part 2 Verb-ing form as a noun,1.動(dòng)名詞的句法功能：動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞加ing構(gòu)成，與現(xiàn)在分詞的形式相同。動(dòng)名詞主要起名詞作用，在句中擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。,①作主語(yǔ)，可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代詞it作為形式主語(yǔ)，而把動(dòng)名詞后置。,Seeing is believing. (眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)),Collecting stamps is a good hobby.,(單個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)),動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)還有以下兩個(gè)習(xí)慣表答法：,It is no use (good) + 動(dòng)名詞：做某事沒(méi)用(不好),It’s no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水難收) It’s no good spitting in public.,There is no + 動(dòng)名詞 (= It is impossible to do sth.),There is no knowing what may happen.（未來(lái)的事無(wú)法知道）,,②作表語(yǔ)：通常是說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容，注意它與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別,His hobby is collecting stamps. (此句為SVC結(jié)構(gòu)),可改為：Collecting stamps is his hobby.,Cf. He is collecting stamps. (is collecting是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí)，此句為SVO結(jié)構(gòu)),不能改為：Collecting stamps is he.,,,2005年上海卷No.32 He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he could not risk _____ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost,2006年北京卷No.35. I can’t stand _____ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _____ talking while she works. A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. To work; to stop,,,,③作賓語(yǔ),A.作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),,(stand, admit, dislike, imagine, delay, consider, mind, understand, avoid, enjoy, practise, miss, finish, keep, suggest, appreciate, escape, miss),2006年江蘇卷N0.32 ---There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man. ---My goodness! I can’t imagine ___ that old. A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been,,,Tips:有些動(dòng)詞（ continue, prefer,begin, hate, like, start,love）后面既可以接不定式作賓語(yǔ)，也可以接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，意義差別不大。通常認(rèn)為用動(dòng)名詞泛指一般的傾向性，用不定式則表示特定或具體某一種動(dòng)作。,I like swimming but I don’t like to swim in winter.,I prefer to drive rather than to be driven.,I prefer driving to riding.,,有些動(dòng)詞，如forget, remember, regret等，后面接動(dòng) 名詞表示的動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作，不定式表示的動(dòng) 作后于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。,,,,2005年北京卷No.30 When asked by police, he said that he remembered _____ at he party, but not ______. A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave,在下列句型中動(dòng)名詞作真正賓語(yǔ)： 動(dòng)詞+it（形式賓語(yǔ)）+賓補(bǔ)+動(dòng)名詞（真正賓語(yǔ)）,B. 作介詞的賓語(yǔ),,,,2005年浙江卷No.3 The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without ______ his notes. A.bringing up B. referring to C. looking for D. trying on,be used to doing 習(xí)慣于做；look forward to doing 盼望做；devote one’s life to doing 致力于做；spend time (in) doing 花時(shí)間做；be fond of doing 喜愛(ài)做；be good at doing 擅長(zhǎng)做；be proud of doing 為做…而自豪；be tired of doing 對(duì)做…感到厭倦；feel like doing 欲想做；,go on doing 繼續(xù)做（原來(lái)的事）； keep on doing 不停地做；what about doing 做…怎么樣；think of doing 考慮做；be interested in doing 對(duì)做…感興趣；have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 做某事有困難；be busy (in) doing 忙于做；instead of doing 做…而不做…,,,,2005年江蘇卷No.23 Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and ______ jokes. A. turning up B. putting up C. making up D. showing up,,④作定語(yǔ),動(dòng)名詞可作前置定語(yǔ)，表示所修飾的詞的用途或目的，可用for改寫；而現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用定語(yǔ)從句改寫。,swimming pool, waiting room, walking stick,a sleeping car =a car for sleeping,a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping,⑤作同位語(yǔ),That’s the queen’s full-time job, laying eggs.,這就是蟻后的專職工作——產(chǎn)卵。,2．動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ),①人稱代詞做邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)用所有格，即形容詞性物主代詞。,Do you mind my smoking here?,②邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定代詞或指示代詞時(shí)，很少用所有格，而用普通格。,He was awakened by someone knocking at the door.,There’s no need for that being done.,③邏輯主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí)，用所有格， 但是如果名詞為無(wú)生命物體時(shí)，則用普通格。,,,,Mary’s laughing made Tom angry.,There is no hope of the factory making profit.,④在口語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)名詞如果不在句首，可以用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格作邏輯主語(yǔ)。,2005年安徽卷No.34 I really can’t understand _____ her like that. A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating,,3. 動(dòng)名詞的完成式(having done)、 一般式被動(dòng)(being done)和完成式 被動(dòng)(having been done)。,After having finished his work, he went home.,He attended the meeting without being asked.,She never told me about her having been interviewed by the police.,,表語(yǔ),主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),,動(dòng)名詞,定語(yǔ),,Homework: 1. P.11 Fill in the blank, s using verb-ing form. 2. P.92 Fill in the blanks using the correct forms in blanks.,Thank you for attention,,同學(xué)們,來(lái)學(xué)校和回家的路上要注意安全,同學(xué)們,來(lái)學(xué)校和回家的路上要注意安全,