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111 Module Two No Drugs 一、重點(diǎn)單詞講解 1．a(chǎn)ddiction n. [U] 上癮；沉溺；吸毒成癮（“對(duì)……上癮”用“addiction to…”） e.g.I believe you can overcome your addiction to drugs. 我相信你能克服毒癮。 詞性變化： addictive adj. 使人上癮的;addict n. [C] 上癮的人；vt使上癮 addicted adj.（對(duì)……）上癮（be addicted to） e.g.He became addicted to the drug.他上了毒癮。 The children are addicted to computer games.孩子們對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)游戲上了癮。 2．danger n. 危險(xiǎn)；風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；危險(xiǎn)（人）物；危害 e.g.In war, a soldier’s life is full of danger.在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，士兵的生命充滿了危險(xiǎn)。 A busy street is a danger to children.交通流量大的街道對(duì)小孩子很危險(xiǎn)。（“對(duì)……危險(xiǎn)”用“danger to…”） 常用短語：in danger 處于危險(xiǎn)中 　　　　　out of danger 脫險(xiǎn) e.g.She fell into a river and was in danger.她跌入河中，處于危險(xiǎn)之中。 The boy has been out of danger.這男孩已經(jīng)脫險(xiǎn)。 詞性變化： danger n. 危險(xiǎn)；危險(xiǎn)的人或物 dangerous　adj. 危險(xiǎn)的;dangerously adv. 危險(xiǎn)地 endanger　vt. 危及；危害；使遭到危險(xiǎn) 3. powerful adj. 1) 強(qiáng)有力的: The headmaster is a powerful man. 校長(zhǎng)是個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的人物。 2) 極大的: Her imagination is too powerful.她的想象力太豐富。 3) 強(qiáng)的；強(qiáng)烈的: Onions have a powerful smell. 4) 有勢(shì)力的 4．reduce vt. 縮減（體積、數(shù)量、程度、價(jià)格等）；減??；減少；降低（減少了多少，用by；減少到多少，用to，reduce的同義詞是decrease，反義詞是increase） e.g.She reduced her weight by 5 kilograms by taking exercise. 通過做運(yùn)動(dòng)，她的體重減了5公斤。 The number of the people in that club has reduced to about 30. 那個(gè)俱樂部里的人數(shù)已經(jīng)減少到了30左右。 5．crime　n.　[U] 犯罪活動(dòng)，不法行為，罪行[C]；罪 e.g.Crime is on the increase in big cities.在大城市里，犯罪正在逐漸增加。 Killing people is a crime.殺人是一種罪行。 常用短語：commit/do a crime 犯罪 e.g.He committed a crime.　他犯了罪。 詞性變化： criminal n. 罪犯，犯罪者;　　　adj. 犯罪的，犯法的，罪惡的 6．connection　n. [U]　連接；聯(lián)結(jié)　[C]連接點(diǎn)；連接物 e.g.What is the connection between the two facts?這兩個(gè)事實(shí)之間有什么聯(lián)系？ The light goes on and off. Is there a loose connection? 燈忽明忽暗，是不是線路接觸不良？ 7．illegal adj. 不合法的；違法的 e.g.It is illegal to carry guns without permission.未經(jīng)許可攜帶槍械是違法的。 It is illegal to steal things.偷東西是違法的。 What you did is an illegal act. 你所做的是違法行為。 8．likely （1）adj. 有可能的；可能發(fā)生的；適當(dāng)?shù)?；正合要求? e.g.Can you tell me the likely result?你能告訴我可能的結(jié)果嗎？ This looks a likely place to take a bath.這地方適合洗個(gè)澡。 常用結(jié)構(gòu)：sb./ sth. +be + likely + to do sth. 　　　　　it +be + likely + that-clause e.g.He’s likely to ring me tonight.= It’s likely that he will ring me tonight. 他可能今晚給我打電話。 Susan isn’t likely to win.蘇珊不可能贏。 It’s likely that she will pass the exam= She is likely to pass the exam. 她有可能通過這次考試。 It isn’t likely to rain.不太像要下雨。 （2）adv. 通常與very, most, quite連用，very/most/quite likely很可能；as likely as not 可能；十之八九 e.g.Most likely he will lose his way. 很可能他會(huì)迷路。 詞語辨析： likely probable和possible ①三個(gè)詞均表示“可能的”，但likely和probable所表示的可能性大，possible表示的可能性小。 ②三個(gè)詞均可用于It is…that…結(jié)構(gòu)。 e.g.It is possible/ likely/ probable that they will win. 他們可能會(huì)贏。 ③只有l(wèi)ikely可以用人當(dāng)主語，即sb. is likely to do，意為“某人可能做……” e.g.They are likely to win. 他們可能會(huì)贏。（此處不能用possible或probable） ④possible和likely后可接不定式，而probable不與不定式連用：It is possible/ likely to happen.事情可能要發(fā)生。（不能用probable） 9．disagree vi. （與某人）意見不一；與……不一致；不相符 The two statements disagreed.　這兩種說法不一致。 disagree with sb. 不同意某人；（食物、氣候等）對(duì)某人不適合 e.g.I disagreed with you.我不同意你的意見。 The hot climate disagrees with me.這炎熱的氣候不適合我。 10．ban （1）vt.　禁止（某事物） e.g.The government has banned the use of chemical weapons. 政府已經(jīng)禁止使用化學(xué)武器。 Smoking is banned in school.在學(xué)校禁止吸煙。 常用結(jié)構(gòu)：ban sb. from sth./ from doing sth. 明令禁止某人做某事 e.g.He has been banned from driving．他已經(jīng)被禁止開車。 He was banned from attending that party.他被禁止去參加晚會(huì)。 （2）n.　禁止；禁令（an official order that forbids something from being used or done; prohibition） 常用結(jié)構(gòu)：a ban on... 　對(duì)……的禁止 e.g.There is a ban on smoking in hospital.　醫(yī)院里禁止吸煙。 即學(xué)即用： The chemical factory puts a _____on smoking,that is to say,smoking is_____in it. A.stop;banned B.ban;banned C.ban;stopped D.stop;stopped 11. horrible adj.①恐怖的；可怕的;②令人討厭的；極丑陋的 There was a horrible accident here yesterday.昨天在這里發(fā)生了一起可怕的事故。 What a horrible building!多難看的一座建筑物! 這鬼天氣!_________________________________________. 12．a(chǎn)ffect vt. 影響 e.g.Smoking affects health. 吸煙影響健康。。 The change in climate may affect their health.氣候的改變可能會(huì)影響他們的健康狀況。 (1).affect 指“產(chǎn)生的影響之大足以引起反應(yīng)”,著重“影響”的動(dòng)作, 有時(shí)含有“對(duì)...產(chǎn)生不利影響”的意思, 如: This article will affect my thinking.這篇文章將會(huì)影響我的思想。 (2).effect 指“實(shí)現(xiàn)”、“達(dá)成”,著重“造成”一種特殊的效果, 如: This book effected a change in my opinion. 這本書使我的看法起了變化。 (3).influence 指“通過說服、舉例等對(duì)行動(dòng)、思想、性格等產(chǎn)生不易覺察到的,潛移默化的影響”, 如: Influenced by a high-school biology teacher, he took up the study of medicine. 在一位中學(xué)生物教師的影響下, 他從事醫(yī)學(xué)研究。 13．recognize　vt.　認(rèn)出；聽出；識(shí)別出（不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)） e.g.I’m sorry I didn’t recognize you just now.不好意思，我剛才沒認(rèn)出你來。 I didn’t recognize her voice on the phone.我在電話里沒聽出她的聲音。 I recognized Peter although I hadn’t seen him for 10 years. 雖然我有10年沒看到彼得了，但我認(rèn)出了他。 辨析：recognize與know recognize側(cè)重辨認(rèn)，認(rèn)得曾見過或聽過的人或事物，指再認(rèn)過程。 know指通過交往或接觸而與某人或某事熟悉，而不表示再認(rèn)。 e.g.I know him, so I can recognize his voice on the telephone. 我熟悉他，所以我能在電話中聽出他的聲音。 14. distraction n. 1) 分心；注意力轉(zhuǎn)移；精力不集中。driven to distraction 使發(fā)狂 2) 分心的事；娛樂；消遣 There are too many distractions in the hotel for me to work properly. ___________________________________________________. 二、句子解析 1．During the 1990s, people died as a result of smoking cigarettes. 在20世紀(jì)90年代，人們由于吸煙死亡。 in/during the 1990s 在20世紀(jì)90年代 e.g.He was born in the early 1970s.他出生于20世紀(jì)70年代初。 The old bridge was built in the late 1890s.這座古橋建于19世紀(jì)90年代末。 2．Thirteen people die every hour from illnesses related to smoking tobacco, such as cancer, bronchitis and heart disease. 每小時(shí)有13人死于與吸煙有關(guān)的疾病，像癌癥、支氣管炎、心臟病。 （1）die of/from... 因……而死 ①若死因存在于人體之上或之內(nèi)（主要指疾病、衰老等自身的原因)，一般用介詞 of。 e.g.die of illness (heart trouble, cancer, a fever, etc) 死于疾病 (心臟病、癌癥、發(fā)燒等) ②若死因不是存在人體之內(nèi)或之上，而是由環(huán)境造成的(主要指事故等方面的外部原因)，一般用介詞 from。 e.g.die from an earthquake (a traffic accident, a lightning, a stroke, etc) 死于地震(交通事故、雷擊等) ③若死因是環(huán)境影響到體內(nèi)，即兩方面共有的原因，則可用 of, from 均可。 e.g.die of [from] a drink (a wound, overwork, starvation, hunger and cold, etc) 死于飲酒(受傷，勞累過度，饑餓，饑寒等) 但是在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中，兩者混用的情況較多。 歸納拓展： die away (聲音，光等)消失，（風(fēng)）停下來 die down（火）漸熄，（草木）枯萎，凋謝 die out 逐漸消失；絕種；（風(fēng)俗，習(xí)慣）消失，消滅 be dying for…渴望……，很想…… be dying to do…渴望做…… 即學(xué)即用： ①He is dying____a drink. A.of B.from C.for D.with ②This kind of animal has____in the world. A.died away B.died down C.died off D.died out （2）be related to...: be connected with...　和……有關(guān)系；與……有親緣關(guān)系 relate to 涉及；有關(guān)；相處融洽 relating to(=about)關(guān)于…… e.g.This crime is related to drugs.該罪案和毒品有關(guān)。 This heart attack may be related to his overwork. 這次心臟病發(fā)作可能和他工作過勞有關(guān)。 He is related to my family.他同我家有血緣關(guān)系。 This text relates to environmental protection.這篇課文涉及環(huán)境保護(hù)。 The two boys can’t relate to each other.這兩個(gè)男孩合不來。 即學(xué)即用： ①This letter__________（與……有關(guān)）the sale of the house. ②All things__________all other things.（事物是普遍聯(lián)系的）。 ③The plan__________（與這項(xiàng)工程有關(guān)的）is under discussion. 3．I used to be a drug addict.我曾經(jīng)使個(gè)癮君子。 used to be…: something was true in the past but is not true now. 過去曾經(jīng)是 used to do sth: something happens regularly or all the time in the past but does not happen now. 過去常常做某事（現(xiàn)在不做了） e.g.He used to tell lies.他過去常常撒謊。（現(xiàn)在不撒謊了） She used to be an attractive lady.她曾經(jīng)是位迷人的女郎（現(xiàn)在不是了） There used to be an old temple behind our school. 我們學(xué)校后面曾經(jīng)有一座古廟。 拓展：be/ get used to sth./ doing sth. 習(xí)慣做某事 　　　be used to do sth(be used for doing sth. )被用來做某事 e.g.She is not used to the food in this country.她不習(xí)慣這個(gè)國(guó)家的食物。 Are you used to living here? 你習(xí)慣住在這嗎？ This piece of wood can be used to make a small table/for making a small table. 這塊木頭可被用來做個(gè)小桌子。 即學(xué)即用：用所給詞的正確形式填空 ① I’m used to______(get)up early. ② He used to______(dance)until midnight. ③ Wood can be used to______make) paper. ④ The life he was used to______(change) a lot. 辨一辨：would與used to ⑴would do something.表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生，現(xiàn)在也可能經(jīng)常發(fā)生。 She would say“No pains,no gains”,when she was a teacher. ⑵used to do表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，同時(shí)隱含有“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)改變”的意思。 I used to live in the countryside.我過去住在農(nóng)村。 4.One day,he offered me some crack cocaine. offer vi.&vt.&n. 提議，提供 Someone will offer you 20,000 yuan for your house. 有人將出價(jià)20000元買你的房子。 My classmates offer to help me with my English.我的同學(xué)愿意幫助我學(xué)英語。 He offered his life for the country.他把生命獻(xiàn)給了祖國(guó)。 sth.提供，提出 sb. sth.＝offer sth. to sb.＝provide/supply sb. with sth. offer to do sth.主動(dòng)提出做某事 sth. for money賣給某人要多少錢 money for sth.出錢買東西 sth. is offered/supplied/provided to sb.某物被提供給某人 offer advice/suggestions/congratulations/the price... 提出勸告/建議/表示祝賀/出價(jià)… 5.The next day,I broke into a house and stole a television and a video recorder. the next day第二天，類似的用法有： another day可表示近期將來的某一天，意為“改天”，也可表示過去或?qū)砟骋粍?dòng)作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)的“又一天” the other day相當(dāng)于a few days ago，意為“幾天前”。句子用一般過去時(shí)。 some day指將來“總有一天，有朝一日，終將”，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般將來時(shí)。 one day可以表示“（過去）某一天”，謂語動(dòng)詞常用一般過去時(shí)；也可表示“（將來）某一天”，這時(shí)可與some day互相代替，謂語動(dòng)詞常用一般將來時(shí)。 6．Users who inject the drug are also in more danger if they share needles with other users. 注射毒品的人如果和其他吸毒者共用針頭，他們就更危險(xiǎn)了。 (1).inject ①．The doctor is giving an injection in his neck.醫(yī)生正在給他的脖子打針。 ②．The government is prepared to inject money into the National Bank. 政府準(zhǔn)備把資金注入國(guó)家銀行。 【歸納拓展】 inject vt.(常與with連用)注射；（常與into連用）注入 (2).share…with… 和……分享/分擔(dān)/共同具有…… e.g.The three girls share one room.　這三個(gè)女孩同住一間房。 I shared my lunch with him.　我把午餐分給他。 Would you share your magazines with me? 我們一起看雜志好嗎？ 7．As a result, cocaine users sometimes have heart attacks. 所以，可卡因吸毒者有時(shí)會(huì)心臟病發(fā)作。 as a result　因此；結(jié)果 as a result of　因?yàn)椋挥捎凇慕Y(jié)果（as a result of是介詞短語，后面跟名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞-ing形式，相當(dāng)于because of） e.g.Many people helped him. As a result, he succeeded at last. 許多人幫助他，因此，他最后成功了。 As a result of the flood, many people became homeless. 由于這場(chǎng)洪水，許多人變得無家可歸了。 8.I n almost every US city and town,… almost與nearly ①這兩個(gè)詞意思相近，肯定句中可以互用；一般來說，almost的差距比nearly小， 在差一刻開午飯時(shí)可以說：It’s nearly lunchtime. 在差5分鐘開午飯可以說：It’s almost lunchtime. ②almost能和never,no, none,nothing,nobody,nowhere,too,more than等連用，這種情況下不能用nearly. ③nearly可以和not連用，not nearly是“遠(yuǎn)不如”的意思;但almost不和not單獨(dú)連用 ④almost和nearly都可以用在行為動(dòng)詞的否定式之前： He almost(nearly) didn’t hear what I said.他幾乎沒聽清我說了什么。 9.in the future/in future ①.You’d better not go out alone in future. ②.No one knows what will happen in the future. 【歸納拓展】 in future＝from now on今后 in the future＝in time yet to come將來 二者均表示“將來”，可互換。但in future強(qiáng)調(diào)“從今以后”;而in the future著重表示將來。 10.When you really want a cigarette----try the four Ds. 英語中的縮寫，數(shù)字，字母的復(fù)數(shù)常用加’s的方法來構(gòu)成，如： Ph.D.’s哲學(xué)博士們/three A’s 3個(gè)A 1990’s 20世紀(jì)90年代 Δ上列復(fù)數(shù)形式也可不加 ’,如As,1990s 11.Whatever you’re doing when you want to smoke---do something else! whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever即可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，即主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，在引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)等同于no matter what/who/whom/which. Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold. 任何在這種大雨中行走的人都會(huì)感冒。 Whoever/No matter who says so,it is wrong.不管誰這樣說，那都是錯(cuò)誤的。 Whoever/No matter who asks him for advice,he is always ready to help. 不管誰來求助于他，他都樂于幫助。 三、語法點(diǎn)撥 1．不定式作狀語 （1）不定式作目的狀語，即to do ...表示“為了……”。 e.g.He is saving up to buy a new computer.他在攢錢要買一臺(tái)新電腦。 I came here to tell you something.我到這來是為了告訴你點(diǎn)事情。 （2）不定式前面加上in order to或so as to，否定形式in order not to和so as not to，即in order to/ not to do…和so as to/ not to do…的形式，也表示“為了……”，是to do...的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式。其中so as to/not to do...的結(jié)構(gòu)不能置于句首。 e.g.She worked very hard in order not to lose this chance. I went to the book store so as to buy some latest novels.我去書店是為了買一些最新的小說。 （3）不定式表示目的時(shí)，通常它的邏輯主語就是句子的主語，但如果不是的話，就要用for...結(jié)構(gòu)表示邏輯主語。 I brought here several magazines for the children to read.我?guī)硪恍╇s志以便這些孩子閱讀。 The teachers are using new teaching methods for students to make greater progress. 這些老師正在使用新的教學(xué)方法以便學(xué)生取得更大的進(jìn)步。 （4）不定式還可以作結(jié)果或原因狀語 ①表結(jié)果： e.g.The hall is large enough to hold two hundred people. 這個(gè)大廳非常大，足夠容納200人。 She went abroad, never to return.她去了國(guó)外，再也沒有回來。 He grew up to be a great musician.他長(zhǎng)大后成了偉大的音樂家。 The boy is too young to go to school.這男孩太小還不能去上學(xué)。 I tried again, only to fail.我又試了一次，又失敗了。 ②表原因： e.g.I’m very glad to see you again.我很高興再次見到你。 She was surprised to hear the news.聽到這個(gè)消息，她很吃驚。 You must be very happy to have found your lost car.你的車失而復(fù)得，一定非常高興。 2．結(jié)果狀語從句 （1）so...that...　和such...that...（如此……以至于……）引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句。 e.g.The black horse ran so fast that all the other horses were left behind. 這匹黑馬跑的太快，結(jié)果所有其它的馬都被落在了后面。 It was such loud music that we couldn’t hear ourselves speak. 這音樂聲大得我們都聽不到自己講話。 She is so lovely a girl that all of us like her very much.她那么可愛，我們都非常喜歡她。 It was such a frightening snake that no one dared get close to it. 這條蛇很嚇人，結(jié)果無人敢接近它。 （2）so 的后面跟形容詞或副詞。 e.g.She was so tired that she went to bed without any supper. 她累壞了，結(jié)果沒吃晚飯就上床睡覺了。 They played so happily that they forgot the time.他們玩得非常開心，以至于忘記了時(shí)間。 （3）such 后面跟名詞。 e.g.It was such a nice day that we all felt like playing outside. 天氣這么好，我們都想出去玩。 This is such an easy question that a child can answer it.這問題很容易，連孩子都回答的出來。 （4）so many/much/few/little + n. 是固定搭配，表示“如此多/少……”，其中，many, few修飾可數(shù)名詞，much, little修飾不可數(shù)名詞。 e.g.Father bought me so many books that I couldn’t finish reading them all within the summer holiday. 爸爸給我買了這么多書，我不可能在暑假全部讀完。 There was so little food left that we had to starve the next day. 只有這么一點(diǎn)食物，我們第二天不得不挨餓了。 I haven’t seen such little animals eat so many insects. 我從沒見過這么小的動(dòng)物吃這么多的昆蟲。 （5）某些不定式作狀語的句子可轉(zhuǎn)換成結(jié)果狀語從句 e.g.She is such a good student as to be liked by all her classmates.= She is such a good student that she is liked by all her classmates.她是非常好的學(xué)生，所有的同學(xué)都喜歡她。 He was so clever as to think out a wonderful solution. = He was so clever that he thought out a wonderful solution. 他非常聰明，想出了一個(gè)絕妙的解決辦法。 四．練習(xí) 1.The_____soldier told us his past days.Before long he ____.His ____made us very sad. A.dying;died;death B.dying;death;died C.dead;died;dying D.died;dead;death 2.A library with five thousand books_____to the nation as a gift. A.is offered B.has offered C.are offered D.have offered 3.Thank you for____to help,but I can manage it myself. A.providing B.supplying C.giving D.offering 4.______,most married women stayed home to keep house and take care of children.Which one is not correct? A.In the 1950s B.During the 1950’s C.At the 1950’s D.During the 1950s 5.I advise you not to eat fruit that isn’t ripe_____. A.in the future B.in future C.for future D.for the future 6.It’s nearly ten o’clock and father_____walk in at any moment. A.is possible to B.is maybe to C.is likely to D.is able to 7.Look,dark clouds are gathering.It is____to rain soon. A.probably B.possibly C.likely D.perhaps 8.China_____the third world is greater now. A.belongs B.belongs to C.belonging to D.belonged to Keys:1.A.2.A3.D.4.C.5.B.6.C.7.C.8.C 111