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1、Neoclassical Period(1688-1798),Historical background Major writers Literature terms,The Neoclassical Period,---- the period in English literature between the return of Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wo

2、rdsworth in 1978.,Historical background,1. Its a turbulent period: a. Great political and social events were the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660. b. the Great Plague （大瘟疫,指1665年流行于倫敦的鼠疫） of 1665 which took 70000 lives in London alone. c. the Great London Fire which destroyed a large part of t

3、he city, leaving two-thirds of the population homeless.,d. the Glorious Revolution in which King James II was replaced by his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William, duke of Orange, in 1689. There was constant strife between the monarch and the parliament, between the two big parties

4、the Tories and Whigsover the control of the parliament and government, between opposing religious sects such as the Roman Catholicism, the Anglican Church （英國(guó)國(guó)教等于Church of England） and the Dissenters(異議者|不奉國(guó)教者|不同意者), between the ruling class and the laboring poor, etc. In short, it was an age full o

5、f conflicts and divergence (disagreement )of values.,e. the constitutional monarchy(君主立憲制度) came into being as a compromise between the bourgeoisie and the aristocrats --- the monarch was deprived of ruling power, Parliament had more say The Tory(保守托利黨) and the Whig（自由輝格黨）,2. Abroad: The eighteenth

6、century saw the fast development of England as a nation, a vast expansion of British colonies in North America, India, the West Indies, and a continuous increase of colonial wealth and trade provided England with a market for which the small-scale hand production methods of the home industry were ha

7、rdly adequate. Towards the middle of the eighteenth century, England had become the first powerful capitalist country in the world. The British bourgeois or middle class also grew rapidly. It was the major force of the Revolution and was mainly composed of city people.,3. literature character: the E

8、nlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism(新古典主義). According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers.(Homer, Virgil, Horace, O

9、vid, etc.) They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, ins

10、truct and correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus a polite，urbane ( :bein adj. 彬彬有禮的，溫文爾雅的；都市化的), witty, and intellectual art developed. 藝術(shù)理想應(yīng)當(dāng)是順序，羅技，克制的情緒和精確度。尋求在文學(xué)表達(dá)上的均衡，統(tǒng)一，和諧和優(yōu)雅，并使得人類作為社會(huì)動(dòng)物獲得愉悅，指導(dǎo)和矯正。,Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literatur

11、e.,Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets.,Poetry should be lyrical, epical (英勇的；敘事詩(shī)的；有重大歷史意義的), didactic, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles.,1. Definitions of literary terms,The neoclassical perio

12、d is the one in English literature between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion（主張） of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge（柯勒律治）in 1798.新古典文學(xué)時(shí)期是英國(guó)文學(xué)史上斯圖亞特王朝在1660年登上英國(guó)王位之后和華茲華斯和柯勒律治出版了抒情歌謠集后的浪漫主義主張。 1.1)

13、The Enlightenment Movement：The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason（啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)）. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance （促

14、進(jìn)）of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality（合理性）, equality （平等）and science. They called for a reference（證明人） to order, reason and rules an

15、d advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden約翰德萊敦, Alexande pope亞歷山大.蒲柏, Joseph Addison約瑟夫艾迪生and Sir Richard Steele理查德斯梯爾(this two are pioneers of familiar essays), Jonathan Swift喬納森斯威夫特, Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾.笛福, Richard Brinsl

16、ey Sheridan謝雷登, Henry Fielding亨利費(fèi)爾丁and Samuel Johnson塞繆爾約翰遜.18世紀(jì)的英格蘭是眾所周知的啟蒙時(shí)期或者啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)。啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)是進(jìn)步的智慧運(yùn)動(dòng)，在法國(guó)爆發(fā)，蔓延至那個(gè)時(shí)期的整個(gè)時(shí)期。這個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)是15和16世紀(jì)文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)的促進(jìn)。它的作用是用哲學(xué)和藝術(shù)思想來(lái)啟蒙整個(gè)世界。啟蒙者慶祝理智或者合理性，平等和科學(xué)。他們?yōu)轫樞?，理智和?guī)則，宣傳廣泛的教育召集證明人。在英國(guó)這些偉大的啟蒙者間，是約翰德萊敦，亞歷山大.蒲柏，約瑟夫艾迪生，理查德斯梯爾，喬納森斯威夫特，丹尼爾.笛福，謝雷登，亨利費(fèi)爾丁，塞繆爾約翰遜,,2) Neoclassicism: In

17、the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (H

18、omer, Virgil維吉爾, and so on) and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained （忍耐的）emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion均衡, unity統(tǒng)一, ha

19、rmony和諧 and grace優(yōu)雅 in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily （最初）as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane文雅, witty（機(jī)智）, and intellectual art developed.在文學(xué)領(lǐng)域，啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)帶來(lái)了古典文學(xué)作品的復(fù)興的興趣。傾向是眾所周知的新古典主義。根據(jù)新古典主義者，所有的文學(xué)形式是以古希臘和羅馬作家為范本（荷馬，維吉爾等等）和那些同一時(shí)代的法國(guó)作家。他們

20、相信藝術(shù)理想應(yīng)當(dāng)是順序，羅技，忍耐的情緒和精確度。信仰將它們導(dǎo)向想尋找在文學(xué)表達(dá)上的均衡，統(tǒng)一，和諧和優(yōu)雅，在使人類愉悅，指導(dǎo)和矯正的努力中，最初是作為社會(huì)動(dòng)物。因此，一個(gè)禮貌，文雅，智慧和機(jī)智被發(fā)展。,,3) The heroic couplet：It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, which rhyme and are written with five beats each.它意味著英語(yǔ)詩(shī)歌中的普通典型的對(duì)句，韻律，每五個(gè)一組為一個(gè)節(jié)拍。 4) The Realistic Novel: The

21、 middle of the 18th century was, however, predominated （控制）by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats傳統(tǒng)的貴族騎士文學(xué), gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the h

22、istory of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾.笛福,Samuel Richardson塞繆爾約翰遜, Henry Fielding亨利費(fèi)爾丁, Lau

23、rence Sterne勞倫斯斯特恩, Tobias Creorge Smollott托比亞斯斯摩萊特, and Oliver Goldsmith奧立佛高爾斯密. 然而，18世紀(jì)由新產(chǎn)生的文學(xué)形式控制了中世紀(jì)的英國(guó)小說(shuō)，與傳統(tǒng)的貴族其實(shí)文學(xué)相反，對(duì)普通英國(guó)人的生活一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)的展現(xiàn)。在在英國(guó)文學(xué)的發(fā)展上，18世紀(jì)最重要的現(xiàn)象----是英國(guó)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的力量，在這些先鋒中是丹尼爾.笛福,塞繆爾約翰遜，亨利費(fèi)爾丁,勞倫斯斯特恩,托比亞斯斯摩萊特,奧立佛高爾斯密。,2. Characteristics of Neoclassical Literature,According to the neoclassi

24、cists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, Horace賀拉斯, Ovid奧維德, etc,)and those of the contemporary French ones. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre類型of literature. Prose should be p

25、recise, direct, smooth and flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic（說(shuō)教的）, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter抑揚(yáng)格五音步 rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space and action

26、should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to and type characters rather than （勝于）individuals should be represented.根據(jù)新古典主義者，所有的文學(xué)形式是以古希臘和羅馬作家為范本（荷馬，維吉爾，賀瑞斯，奧維德等等）和同時(shí)代的法國(guó)作家。新古典主義者將法律和規(guī)則固定于每一個(gè)文學(xué)類型。散文是恰當(dāng)?shù)模_的，平滑的和靈活的。詩(shī)歌應(yīng)當(dāng)是抒情的，史詩(shī)的，說(shuō)教的，諷刺的或者是戲劇的，每一個(gè)階級(jí)應(yīng)當(dāng)由他自己的原則所指導(dǎo)。戲劇應(yīng)當(dāng)寫在英雄的

27、對(duì)句中（每?jī)尚性?shī)節(jié)抑揚(yáng)格五音步的旋律）；三個(gè)時(shí)代，空間和行為的聯(lián)合應(yīng)當(dāng)嚴(yán)格地被發(fā)現(xiàn)；結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則應(yīng)當(dāng)粘附在上面，典型形式勝于個(gè)體將被展現(xiàn)。,The neoclassical emphasis upon reason, intellect, wit and form was rebelled against or challenged by the sentimentalists（感傷主義者）, and was, in due time, gradually replaced by Romanticism. The neoclassical period witnessed the flourish

28、 of English poetry in the classical style from Restoration to about the second half of the century. Much attention was given to the wit, form and art of poetry. Mock epic, romance, satire and epigram（諷刺短詩(shī)） were popular forms adopted by poets of the time. Besides the elegant poetic structure and dict

29、ion（措辭）, the neoclassical poetry was also noted for its seriousness and earnestness in tone and constant didacticism.,4. Some special features:,a. Political writings : the rise of the political parties and their rivalry win more votes patrons feudal lords financially or politically Writing became an

30、 independent job. Hardly a writer of the time was free from political bias(偏見). Swift Defoe b. Newspapers and journal a new mass media the middle class the predominant genre of the writing essayists, enlighten or educate the youth c. Coffeehouses informal meeting gossip oddities (怪癖) of personal cha

31、racter,d. the new morality: enjoy peace and prosperity at home against the fanaticism(狂熱) of the Puritans Reason is the analytical and critical faculty(capability) of the human mind. In France reason a weapon to denounce the feudal class and to enlighten the people by stating that the Church and t

32、he feudal rule were against reason. In England, justify the existing the status the most reasonable and just system of mankind， consolidate its rule.,5.the characteristics of neo-classicism,a. People emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content. Repress to use precise and elegant

33、methods of expression b. As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic(說(shuō)教)and satirical. c. As elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred, the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work. d. It is almost exclusively a “town

34、” poetry, catering to the interests of the “society” in great cities. e. It is entirely wanting in all those elements that related with the “romantic”. Hostile chivalrous extravagance, visionary (夢(mèng)想) idealism , and strong religious faith.,6. The main writers:,I. Alexander pope 1. His life a scathing

35、 attack on dullness Pastorals田園詩(shī)集 Translated Homers Iliad and Odyseey,3. Popes literally outlook,As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism（理性主義，唯理論） to England. He was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing t

36、hat literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste regularity in construction should be adhered to, ,4. Characteristics of his works,Defoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute （ adj.1極小的; 極少的2極詳細(xì)的; 準(zhǔn)確的, 精確的）deta

37、ils in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible The Examiner Gullivers Travels(his greatest satiric work) 格列佛游記(A Voyage to Lilliput/Brobdingnag/Laputa/Houyhnhnms 小人國(guó)/大人國(guó)/拉普他/智馬國(guó)游記) A Modest Proposal(more powerful) 一個(gè)溫和的建議; The Drapiers Letters布商的書信; A Tale of A Tub一個(gè)木桶的故事;,2. Sw

38、ifts humanist view,Swift was a man of great moral integrity(節(jié)操；氣節(jié)) The Tragedy of Tragedies The Historical Register for the Year歷史記事長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)： Novels: The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams約瑟安德魯傳Written in Imitation of the Manner of Cervantes Pamela “Comic epi

39、c in prose” The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling湯姆瓊斯 Don Quixote in England堂吉訶德在英國(guó) The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild the Great大偉人江奈生魏爾德傳;,2. His major works,1) Joseph Andrews In this novel, Joseph supposedly the young handsome the book quickly turns into a great novel of the open road, a comic epic in pr

40、ose, whose subject is the true ridiculous in human nature, as exposed in all its variety as Joseph & the amiable quixotic parson journey homeward through the heart of England. The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portrayal, timely entrances & exits, robustness of tone &h

41、ilarious, hearty humor.,2) The History of Jonathan Wild the Great,Its a satiric biography that harks back to Fieldings early plays. It takes the life of a notorious real-life thief as a theme for demonstrating the petty division between a great rogue & a great politician such as Sir Robert Walpole,

42、the Prime Minister. The ironical praises for the very qualities of the unscrupulous self-aggrandizement of wild point out the way the Prime Minister had achieved his greatness. The Great Man, properly considered, is no letter than a great gangster.,3. His achievement in English novel,Fielding has be

43、en regarded by some as Father of the English Novel, for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel. Of all the eighteenth-century novelists he was the first to set out, both in theory & practice, to write specifically a comic epic in prose, the first to give the modern nov

44、el its structure & style.,Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either in the epistolary form (a series of letters), as in Richardsons Pamela, or the picaresque form (adventurous wanderings) through the mouth of the principal character, as in Defoes Robinson Crusoe, but Fielding adopted

45、 the third-person narration, in which the author becomes the all-knowing God. He thinks the thought of all his characters, so he is able-to present not only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of th

46、e classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.,4. Characteristics of his language,His language is easy, unlabored & familiar, but extremely vivid & vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic & rhythm, & his structure carefu

47、lly planned towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively, dramatic dialogues & other theatrical devices such as suspense, coincidence & unexpectedness.,5. Selected Reading An Excerpt from chapter VIII, Book Four of Tom Jones.,Tom Jones, generally considered Fieldings masterpiece

48、, brings its author the name of the Pose Homer. The panoramic view it provides of the 18th century English country & city life with different places & about 40 characters is unsurpassed. The language is one of clarity & suppleness. And last of all, the plot construction is excellent. Its 18 books of

49、 epic form are divided into 3 sections, 6 books each, clearly marked out by the change of scenes: in the country, on the high way & in London. By this, Fielding has indeed achieved his goal of writing a comic epic in prose.,It is a good example of “comic epic in prose”. Fielding describes the fight

50、between Molly and the villagers and her fistfight with Goody Brown in the grand style of the Homeric epic. He first of all calls on the Muses to assist him in recounting the fight as if it were of great historical importance. Like Homer who would list names of gods involved in the battle, he lists t

51、he names of the villagers. He treats Molly as a great hero at battle, an “Amazonian heroine”. Besides, he uses a mock-epic tone and seems very solemn about what he is describing. He uses formal words and refined language. Finally, he makes use of different figures of speech, particularly, irony and

52、hyperbole.,V. Samuel Johnson,1. His life & literary careerSamuel Johnson, English writer, critic, & lexicographer, born in Richfield, England, Sept. 18.1709, and died in London. England, Dec, 13,1784.Samuel Johnson, commonly called Dr. Johnson, was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English

53、 literature. He was an energetic & versatile writer. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer & publicist.,2. His major works,Main works: The Vanity of Human Wishes A romance: The History

54、 of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia A tragedy: Irene Hundred essays: The Rambler and The Idler Lives of the Poets A Dictionary of the English Language英語(yǔ)大詞典 To the Right Honorable The Earl of Chesterfield 致切斯特菲爾德勛爵的信,3. His neoclassical literary outlook &style,Samuel Johnson was the last great neoclas

55、sicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity bear this theme. He tried to warn men against this folly & he must let himself be guided by old principles. Like Pope, he was particularly fond of moralizing & didacticism.,Samuel Johnsons language i

56、s characteristically general, often Latinate & though he tends to use learned words, they are always accurately used Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.,4. His contribution to English language-A Dictionary of the English Language,In 1746, a g

57、roup of booksellers commissioned Johnson to prepare a dictionary. Published in 1755, A dictionary of the English Language was the first real attempt at a systematic & interestingly written survey of English usage & the first dictionary to quote from poets & other writers to illustrate definitions. O

58、n the whole, the work showed great scholarship, although it contained humor & reflected a number of Johnsons prejudices.,5. Selected Reading,To the Right Honorable the Earl of chesterfield The letter is written in a refined & very polite language, with a bitter undertone of defiance & anger. The see

59、mingly peaceful retrospection, reasoning & questioning express, to the best satiric effect, the authors strong indignation at the lords fame-fishing & his firm resolution not to be reconciled to the hypocritical lord. It expresses explicitly the authors assertion of his independence, signifying the opening of a new era in the development of literature.,