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,定語從句,,,一. 定語從句的基本定義,放在名詞或代詞后面，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的修飾該名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。,被修飾的詞叫先行詞。,一. 定語從句的基本定義,,,The boy who is reading is Tom.,,,先行詞,,關(guān)系代詞,Hospital is a place where a doctor works.,,先行詞,,關(guān)系副詞,,,二. 關(guān)系詞的分類,關(guān)系代詞,2. 關(guān)系副詞,關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語，常用的關(guān)系代詞有：that, which, who, whom, whose,關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作狀語，常用的關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why,二. 關(guān)系詞的分類,三. 關(guān)系代詞的基本用法和注意點(diǎn),1. 關(guān)系代詞的基本用法,三. 1. 關(guān)系代詞的基本用法,① who指人,在定語從句中作主語或賓語。作賓語時(shí)，可省略。,The man (who) I talked with is our teacher.,A person who steals things is called a thief.,②whom指人,在定語從句中作賓語，可省略。,The man (whom) I nodded to is Mr. Li.,who, whom,③ which 指物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。作賓語時(shí)，可省略。,These are the trees which were planted last year.,This recorder （which） he is using is made in Japan.,,which,,,He is the man (that) I told you about.,④that 指人或物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。作賓語時(shí)，可省略。,A plane is a machine that can fly.,that,,,⑤whose指人或物, 在定語從句中作定語 。不可省略。,We live in a house whose windows face south.,This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake.,whose,,2. 關(guān)系代詞的用法注意點(diǎn),(1) that和which都可以指物，但以下5種情況只能用that 不能用which。,①當(dāng)先行詞中有人又有物時(shí)。如：,Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?,2. 關(guān)系代詞用法注意點(diǎn)(1)只能用that不能用which的5種情況,,,②當(dāng)先行詞為不定代詞all, one, few, little, no, some, any, everything, nothing, nobody, none等時(shí)。如： This is all that I want from the school.,③當(dāng)先行詞被only, just, very, right, last等修飾時(shí)。如： This is the very book that I am looking for these days.,,,④當(dāng)先行詞被最高級修飾時(shí)。如： The TV tower is the highest building that has been built in this city.,⑤當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如： The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.,,,(2) that和who都可以指人，但下面兩種情況，多用who。,(2)用who不用that的情況,①先行詞為all, anyone, one, ones等時(shí)。如： All who heard the news were excited.,②先行詞為those, he和people時(shí)。如： Those who want to go please sign your names here. He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.,,(3) whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句注意點(diǎn),①whose引導(dǎo)定語從句，其后應(yīng)緊跟名詞，構(gòu)成名詞短語。 ② whose與它所修飾的名詞一起可以作介詞的賓語。如： The boss in whose department he worked had heard the news.他工作所在部門的老板已經(jīng)聽說了這個(gè)消息。,(3)whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句注意點(diǎn),④whose的先行詞指物時(shí)，可用of which代替，但語序不同，即whose+名詞 = the+名詞+of which，或= of which + the + 名詞。如： The novel whose title (= the title of which或of which the title) is Red and Black is very interesting.,③ whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句，其先行詞既可以指人也可以指物。,⑤whose的先行詞指人時(shí)，可用of whom代替，但語序不同，即whose+名詞 = the+名詞+of whom，或= of whom + the + 名詞。如： The boy whose mother (= the mother of whom或of whom the mother) is a doctor is my friend.,(4) 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)必須與先行詞保持一致。如： Those who are against the plan put up your hands. Tom is one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday. Tom is the only one of the students who was praised by the teacher yesterday.,(4)從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞與先行詞保持一致,The scientist who we met yesterday is very famous whom in the world. that ?,(2) The dress is new. She is wearing it.,The dress which she is wearing is new. that ?,(1) The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.,鞏固練習(xí)：1. 用定語從句合并句子,鞏固練習(xí)1：用定語從句合并句子,(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.,(4) This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.,He is the kind person who I have ever worked with. whom that ?,This is the best film that I have ever seen. ?,,,,1.The girl __________is standing next to our teacher is her daughter. 2. The girl _________________our teacher is talking with is a famous singer. 3. The girl________ mother is a teacher can speak English very well. 4. I can’t find the book ____________is borrowed from the library. 5. I can’t find the book ________________you lent to me.,,who/that,(who/whom/that),whose,which/that,(that/which),鞏固練習(xí)：2. 用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空,鞏固練習(xí)2：用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空,,,,四. 介詞+which/ whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句,1. 介詞的選用原則：,根據(jù)定語從句謂語動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣搭配來決定。 This is the book on which I spent 8 dollars. This is the book for which I paid 8 dollars.,四. “介詞+which/whom”引導(dǎo)的從句， 1.介詞選用原則,,,,(2) 根據(jù)先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配來決定。,I remember the day on which I joined the Party. I remember the days during which I lived there.,,,,2. 當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前面時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用whom(指人)或which(指物)，且關(guān)系代詞不能省略。,The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbor. I can’t find the pen with which I was writing .,2. 介詞位于關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞的使用,,,,3. 當(dāng)介詞位于定語從句末尾時(shí)，可用 which/that(指物), who/whom/that(指人)作從句中介詞的賓語.而且作介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。,,(whom/who/that),(which/that),Dad is a person________________ I can easily talk to.,Is this the play ___________ you were talking about just now?,3. 介詞位于句末，關(guān)系代詞的使用,,,,4. 在一些固定搭配的動(dòng)詞短語中，由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可分割，因此不能把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前。如：,This is the watch (that/ which) I am looking for. The babies (who/ whom/ that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy.,4. 含介詞的固定搭配動(dòng)詞短語的使用,,,,5. 先行詞是the way，意為“方式，方法”時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞用that/ in which或省略。,I didn't like the way _______________ she talked to me. The way _________________he teaches English is interesting.,（that/in which）,（that/in which）,5. 先行詞為the way，關(guān)系詞的使用,,,,五. 關(guān)系副詞when, where和why的用法,五. 關(guān)系副詞的基本用法,,,,用關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)，先行詞指時(shí)間，when在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語，when可換成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”。如：,,I still remember the day when (= on which) I first came to Nanjing.,My father was born in the year when (= in which) World War Ⅱ broke out.,1. when,1. when,,,,用關(guān)系副詞where時(shí)，先行詞指地點(diǎn)，where在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，where可換成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”。如：,,This is the farm where (= on which) we worked when we were young.,The school where (= in which) his mother teaches is in the west of the city.,2. where,2. where,,,,用關(guān)系副詞why時(shí)，先行詞指原因，why在定語從句中作原因狀語，why可換成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”。如：,,There are several reasons why (= for which) the boys should be punished.,Tom couldn’t give the teacher the reason why (= for which) he was late for school.,3. why,3. why,,,4. 關(guān)系副詞的用法注意點(diǎn),,(1)當(dāng)先行詞為time，表示“次數(shù)”時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系詞that 或省略。如： This is the first time (that) the president has visited the country.,(2)當(dāng)point, situation, case等詞作先行詞表示“情況，境地，場合”等意思時(shí)，其后常由where引導(dǎo)定語從句，where在句中作狀語。如： Can you think of a situation where this phrase can be used?,4. 關(guān)系副詞的用法注意點(diǎn),,,,鞏固練習(xí)：用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空,1) October 1, 1949 was the day______ (__ ______) China was founded. 2) Beijing is the place ______ (____ ______) I came. 3) Is this the reason ____ (___ _____) he didn’t want to see me?,when,on which,where,from which,why,for which,鞏固練習(xí)：用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空,,,,4) Is this the room ______(__ ______) we were living last winter? 5) The days are gone _____ (______ ______) we used “foreign oil”. 6) Yesterday, we had a meeting ______ (__ ______) we discussed many problems.,where,in which,when,during which,at which,where,,,,,對比練習(xí)：用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空,1. The room ___________________ he once lived is still there. The room ___________________ I have to clean every day belongs to my mother.,where/in which,(that/which),對比練習(xí)：用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空,,,2. I will never forget the day_______________ I met you. I will never forget the day ______________ we spent together.,when/on which,(that/which),,,,The reason _____________ I don’t know is known to him.,(that/which),why/for which,3. The reason ________________ I don’t know the thing is that I was not there at that time.,六. 非限制性定語從句,1. 非限制性定語從句的定義,非限制性定語從句是對被修飾部分進(jìn)行附加說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。它和主句之間的關(guān)系比較松散，因此常用逗號隔開。,My watch, which is very old, stopped again.,六. 1. 非限制性定語從句的定義,,2.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別,(1)限制性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，若省去，主句的意思就不明確。主從句之間不用逗號隔開。而非限制性定語從句則不然。試比較：,This is the best book that I have read.,This is a good book, which is easy to understand.,2. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別,,(2)限制性定語從句的先行詞總是一個(gè)名詞或一個(gè)代詞，而非限制性定語從句的先行詞可以是一個(gè)詞，也可以是部分或整個(gè)主句的意思。此時(shí)，一般用關(guān)系代詞as或which引導(dǎo)。,(4)在非限制性定語從句中，不能省略關(guān)系代詞，而在限制性定語從句中則可以。,(3)限制性定語從句可以用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)，而非限制性定語從句則不能。,,(5)關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語從句中作介詞的賓語時(shí)，介詞前可以有被介詞短語所修飾的詞。如：,(6)在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞還可以作介詞的賓語。,He has two daughters, the elder of whom is married.,He is ill, in spite of which he keeps on studying.,,3. 關(guān)系代詞as, which引導(dǎo)非限制定語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別,(1)as和which都可指主句的整個(gè)意思，而不是主句中的某一個(gè)詞。as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有時(shí)還可插入主句中；而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句一般置于主句之后。如：,3. as/which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別,The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.,As is known to all, the moon travels round the earth.,,(2) as多用于下列習(xí)慣用語中,as anybody can see 正如人人都能看到的那樣 as is well known = as is known to all 眾所周知 as we had expected 正如我們所預(yù)料的那樣 as often happens 正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣 as has been said before 如上所述 as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的,,,,4. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，一般有以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)：,(1)名詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞： They live in a house, the door of which faces south.,4. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的幾種結(jié)構(gòu),(2)代詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞： There are four students in the classroom, all of whom are working hard.,,,,(3)數(shù)詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞： Last Sunday I bought a book from the bookstore, three of which were English novels.,(4)形容詞比較級/最高級+介詞+關(guān)系代詞： China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.,