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走向高考 · 英語,路漫漫其修遠兮 吾將上下而求索,人教版(課標卷地區(qū)) · 高考總復習,基礎知識聚焦,第一部分,解題策略(十三) 閱讀理解之詞義猜測題,第一部分,詞義猜測題主要考查考生利用同義或反義關系、構詞法、語法和語篇文脈等理解詞義的能力，包括考查生詞詞義和熟詞生義，或是一些短語的引申義或一句話的含義。近幾年，詞義猜測題越來越受到命題者的青睞，2014年大部分地區(qū)的高考英語試卷都有詞義猜測題，有的甚至涉及多道，如2014年遼寧卷的詞義猜測題多達3道。詞義猜測題要求考生在準確理解上下文的基礎上答題，若平時就具有較大的閱讀量，掌握或認識較多的課外詞匯，那答題就會更加迅速和準確。,(一)根據(jù)定義猜測詞義 通過定語從句、定義、同位語等來確定詞義。 1．定語從句 定語從句在文中起著解釋和說明的作用，據(jù)此我們可以推斷出所修飾的詞的含義。如：The herdsman，who looks after sheep，earns about 65 yuan a year. 定語從句中l(wèi)ooks after sheep就表明了herdsman的詞義為“牧羊人”。,2．定義 如果生詞在文中直接被句子或段落解釋，理解句子或段落本身就能推斷出詞義。如：In slang the term jam is a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 根據(jù)下文的定義可知jam一詞在俚語中的意思是“困境”。,[典例1](2014·安徽·D篇) . I believe that it is the duty of the architect and planner to move things forward. If we always reproduced what was there before, we would all still be living in caves. Thus, I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different, even though that might be the more risky choice.,70．By “move things forward” in the last paragraph, the author probably means “________”． A．destroy old buildings B．put things in a different place C．choose new architectural styles D．respect people's feelings for historical buildings,答案：C 根據(jù)畫線詞后面的“If we always reproduced what was there before，we would all still be living in caves. Thus, I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different, even though that might be the more risky choice” 可知， move things forward 相當于 choose new architectural styles，故選C項。,[典例2](2014·遼寧·C篇) . Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest, Simard shows just how wrong he was. In fact, the opposite is true: trees survive through their co-operation and support, passing around necessary nutrition “depending on who needs it”． .,29．The underlined sentence “the opposite is true” in Paragraph 2 probably means that trees ________. A．compete for survival B．protect their own wealth C．depend on each other D．provide support for dying trees 答案：C 根據(jù)冒號后的解釋“trees survive through their co-operation and support, passing around necessary nutrition ‘depending on who needs it’ ”可知，樹通過合作和支持存活下來。由此可知the opposite is true的意思是“樹依靠彼此”。故選C。,3．同位語 構成同位關系的兩部分之間多用逗號連接，有時也使用破折號、冒號和括號等。 如：Semantics，the study of the meaning of words，is necessary if you are to speak and read wisely.兩個逗號之間的部分意為“對詞的意義進行的研究”。該短語與前面的生詞Semantics是同位關系，因此我們不難猜出Semantics指“語義學”。,(二)根據(jù)邏輯關系猜測詞義 1．根據(jù)同義詞(部分)的替代關系猜測詞義 在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義。 如：Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future. 作者為避免重復使用endanger一詞，在接下來的一句中用其同義詞jeopardize來替代它，由此推知jeopardize詞義為“冒……的危險，危及，危害”。,[典例3](2014·四川·A篇) Do you want to get home from work knowing you have made a real difference in someone's life? If yes, don't care about sex or age! Come and join us, then you'll make it! .,32．What does the underlined part mean? A．You'll make others' lives more meaningful with this job. B．You'll arrive home just in time from this job. C．You'll earn a good salary from this job. D．You'll succeed in getting this job. 答案：A 根據(jù)畫線詞所在句的前一句“Do you want to get home from work knowing you have made a real difference in someone's life？”可以判斷出，you'll make it意為“參加廣告中的志愿工作，你將讓別人的生活更有意義”，故選A項。,2．根據(jù)類比關系猜測詞義 如：Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious. 該句中副詞similarly表明了短語loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間的類比關系。以此可以推斷出loquacious的詞義為”健談的，話多的”。,3．根據(jù)因果關系猜測詞義 在句子或段落中，若兩個事物、現(xiàn)象之間構成因果關系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關系推知生詞詞義。如：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. 根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內容，我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指“獨斷專行的”。,4．根據(jù)對比關系猜測詞義 在一個句子或段落中，有時對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進行對比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞(部分)來猜測其意義。 如：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know.His brother，in contrast，is quite humble and modest. 該例中supercilious是個生詞，但是句中短語in contrast提示我們supercilious和后面的humble and modest(謙卑)是對比關系。分析出這種關系后，我們便能猜出supercilious意為“目空一切的，傲慢的”。,(三)根據(jù)上下文及生活常識猜測詞義 1．我們可以根據(jù)上下文中與生詞密切相關的句子，對生詞進行推測，也可以根據(jù)生詞后舉出的有關例子進行適當歸納，猜測生詞的詞義。,[典例4](2014·江西·D篇) . When communication becomes more efficient, people are able to contact one another no matter where they are and at whatever time they wish to. The click of a button allows people miles apart to talk or see each other without even leaving their homes. With the communication gadgets, such as mobile phones and iPads, people often do not take the effort to visit one another personally.,71．The underlined word “gadgets” is closest in meaning to ________. A．tools B．messages C．barriers D．skills 答案：A 依據(jù)畫線詞后面的舉例“such as mobile phones and iPads”可知，這些都是通訊工具，故選A項。,2．有時僅靠分析篇章內在邏輯關系無法猜出詞義。這時，就需要運用生活經驗和常識確定詞義。如： Husband：It's really cold out tonight. Wife：Sure it is. My hands are practically numb. How about lighting the furnace? 根據(jù)生活經驗，天氣寒冷時，手肯定被凍得麻木了，故numb表示“麻木的，失去感覺的”。,[典例5](2012·四川·A篇) . The seasons change just outside the door. We watch the maples turn every shade of yellow and red in the fall and note the poplars'(楊樹) putting out the first green leaves of spring. The rainbow smelt fills the local stream as the ice gradually disappears, and the wood frogs start to sing in pools after being frozen for the winter. A family of birds rules our skies and flies over the lake.,43．What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean? A．The change of seasons is easily felt. B．The seasons make the scenes change. C．The weather often changes in the forest. D．The door is a good position to enjoy changing seasons. 答案：A 根據(jù)畫線句后的一句話，并結合生活常識，可以推斷出畫線句意為“很容易感覺到季節(jié)的變化”。,(四)根據(jù)構詞法來猜測詞義 英語單詞的構成方法主要有三種，即合成法、派生法和轉化法。英語單詞大多由詞根、前綴、后綴所組成。詞根是單詞最基本的部分，表達單詞的基本含義。在詞根前后加上詞綴，可以引申或轉變原詞的意義。,[典例6](2014·新課標全國Ⅱ·A篇) . That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way. 53．What does the underlined word “restored” in the last paragraph mean? A．Showed. B．Sent out. C．Delivered. D．Gave back. 答案：D restored是個派生詞，由前綴re－(再，反復)和詞根store(儲存，保存)可推測出restored的意思就是gave back。,(五)借用語境明指代 代詞指代題一般是在人物或事物關系比較復雜的情況下出的一種題型，考查考生對復雜關系的分辨理解能力，有一定的難度，因為它要求考生對代詞所在句以及緊鄰幾個句子的結構和意思都要有準確的理解。理清人物及事物之間的邏輯關系是解題的關鍵所在?？衫蒙舷挛?，采用“邏輯關系梳理法”，使人物或事物關系明朗化。,[典例7](2014·山東·B篇) That particular day, my brother and I sat through both movies twice, trying to escape the heat. We bought three bags of popcorn and three sodas each.Then, we sat and watched The Music Man followed by The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. We'd already seen the second movie once before. It had been at the theater since January, because Mr. Bellow loved anything with John Wayne in it. .,47．What does the underlined word “It” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．The heat. B．The theater. C．The Music Man. D．The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. 答案：D 根據(jù)第三段中的“We'd already seen the second movie once before”可知It指的是第二部電影The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance。,