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Ⅰ.動詞v.-ing形式的完成式作狀語 1．動詞-ing形式的完成式指分詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。若動詞的-ing形式所表示的動作與主語之間是主謂關(guān)系，則用having done；若是動賓關(guān)系，用having been done。動詞-ing形式的完成式在句中作狀語，表示時間、原因、讓步等。,Period Four Grammar：Adverbial Clauses: (having done) & Verbs followed by-ing or the infinitive with to,Having worked in the country for three years, he knew how to grow vegetables. 在鄉(xiāng)下工作了三年之后，他學會了如何種菜。(時間狀語) Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. 已經(jīng)被告知多次，他仍然犯同樣的的錯誤。(讓步狀語) 2．否定形式為not having done/not having been done Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examination.因為沒有努力學習，所以他考試不及格。,3．動詞-ing形式的一般式所表示的動作與主句謂語動詞所表示的動作往往同時發(fā)生，而完成式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。 Turning to the right at the crossing, you will see the post office right before you. 在十字路口向右拐，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)郵局就在你前面。 4．過去分詞和動詞的-ing形式完成被動式的區(qū)別： 過去分詞表示完成、被動意義，著重狀態(tài)；動詞的-ing形式的完成被動式側(cè)重動作。表達意義不明顯時，常優(yōu)先使用比較簡潔的過去分詞。 He walked along the street, lost in thought. 他漫步街頭，沉浸在思索中。,【單項填空】 ________ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead. A．Fail B．Failed C．To fail D．Having failed 答案 D [句意：通過電話沒有聯(lián)系上他們，我們就發(fā)了一封電子郵件?，F(xiàn)在分詞的完成式在此作原因狀語，表示其動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前。],Ⅱ.后接-ing或帶to的不定式的動詞 1．下列動詞只能跟動詞的-ing形式作賓語：admit，appreciate，delay，enjoy，excuse，finish，imagine，resist，keep，mind，miss，practise，risk，suggest等。 He enjoys listening to light music.他喜歡聽輕音樂。 John admitted breaking the glass window. 約翰承認打碎了玻璃窗。 2．下列動詞只能跟不定式作賓語：agree，ask，manage，choose, decide, demand, expect, hope, long，arrange, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等。 I’ve decided to work harder.我已決定更加努力工作。,3．有些動詞，如begin，start，continue，prefer等，其后接動名詞或不定式意義沒有區(qū)別，或者區(qū)別不大。 He began learning/to learn English at the age of ten. 他10歲時開始學英語。 4．在demand，deserve，need，require，want等動詞后面的v.-ing的主動形式表示被動意義，相當于不定式的被動語態(tài)。 My shirt needs ironing.(＝My shirt needs to be ironed) 我的襯衫該熨了。 Your car urgently required seeing to.(＝Y(jié)our car urgently required to be seen to.)你的車急需修理。,5．下列動詞詞組常要用動詞-ing形式作賓語：look forward to, lead to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, give up, feel like, insist on, put off, be busy(in)等。 He objected to accepting our suggestion. 他拒絕接受我們的建議。 My father gave up smoking ten years ago. 我父親十年前就戒煙了。,They couldn’t help jumping up at the news. 聽到這個消息他們不禁跳了起來。 Sorry, I can’t help to clean the room for you. I must go at once.對不起，我不能幫你打掃房間了，我必須馬上走。 I regret to tell you that all the tickets have been sold out. 我遺憾地告訴你，所有的票都賣光了。 Mary regretted telling lies to her mother. 瑪麗后悔向母親撒了謊。,7．在動詞allow，advise，forbid，permit后直接跟動名詞形式作賓語，如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語，其后用動詞不定式作賓語補足語：allow/advise/forbid/permit doing sth/sb to do sth等。 We don’t allow smoking here.這里不允許吸煙。 We don’t allow students to smoke. 我們不允許學生吸煙。,【單項填空】 ①There is nothing more I can try ________ you to stay, so I wish you good luck. A．being persuaded B．persuading C．to be persuaded D．to persuade ②While shopping, people sometimes can’t help ________ into buying something they don’t really want. A．to persuade B．persuading C．being persuaded D．be persuaded,③—You were brave enough to raise the objections at the meeting. —Well, now I regret ________ that. A．to do B．to be doing C．to have done D．having done,答案 ①D [句意：既然我無法再說服你留下來，那我祝你好運。I can try是定語從句，動詞不定式短語to persuade you to stay作目的狀語。] ②C [句意：購物時，有時候人們禁不住被說服買一些實際上并不需要的東西。can’t help表示“禁不住”時，其后接動名詞作賓語，又persuade與people之間為動賓關(guān)系，故此處用動名詞的被動形式。] ③D [考查regret的用法。regret doing/having done sth表示“后悔做了某事”，regret to do sth表示“很遺憾去做某事”。],以人物為主的記敘文 【寫作任務(wù)】 請根據(jù)下述內(nèi)容，以“How Wang Fang and I Became Good Friends”為題，用英語寫一篇短文。 【寫作內(nèi)容】 1．王芳和我成為好朋友已經(jīng)三年了，她性格活潑，心地善良，樂于助人，學習也非常好。 2．我永遠忘不了第一次見面時的情景。 3．她對我很好，但在學習上對我很嚴格。 4．盡管我們有時吵架，但不久就和解了。她永遠是我的好朋友。,【寫作要求】 1．不要逐字翻譯，可適當發(fā)揮。 2．詞數(shù)：120—150左右。 【寫作分析】 第一步：認真審題 1．以寫人為主的記敘文，應注意肖像描寫、行動描寫、語言描寫、心理描寫以及細節(jié)描寫；寫作時，根據(jù)題目需要靈活掌握，突出重點。敘述中講究一定的寫作順序。記敘文常見的寫作順序是以事件發(fā)生的時間先后為順序，也可根據(jù)文章需要采用倒敘或者插敘。有時候，按文章順序列出寫作要點(主要名詞和動詞及短語)能更容易幫助構(gòu)建文章框架，避免遺漏要點。,2．人稱和時態(tài)的選用對記敘文非常重要。記敘文一般都記敘過去發(fā)生的事情，因而短文所使用的時態(tài)通常是與過去相關(guān)的時態(tài)。當然，也可根據(jù)具體的情況使用其他的時態(tài)，本文是描寫人物并敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，應該以一般過去時態(tài)為主。 3．在人稱使用上，本文應以第一人稱為主來描述本人所經(jīng)歷或耳聞目睹的事件，用第一人稱能讓人身臨其境，使文章更加生動、形象。,第二步：提煉要點 1．be good friends for three years 2．personality 3．be kind and be ready to do 4．be good at 5．a(chǎn)t first sight 6．be strict in 7．quarrel 8．make up 9．be friends forever,第三步：擴點成句 1．Wang Fang and I have been good friends for three years. 2．She has a lively personality, which makes her popular with everyone. 3．She is kind and always ready to help others. What’s more, she is good at her lessons. 4．On the first day, when she was led into our classroom, I found she was a beautiful girl with a big smile on her face. I liked her at first sight. 5．She’s kind to me, but she is very strict in my study. 6．Although we quarrel sometimes, we make up soon. I think we will be good friends for ever.,【參考范文】 How Wang Fang and I Became Good Friends Wang Fang and I have been good friends for three years. She has a lively personality, which makes her popular with everyone. She is kind and always ready to help others. What’s more, she is good at her lessons. Never shall I forget the day when she came to our class. On that day, when she was led into our classroom, I found she was a beautiful girl with a big smile on her face. I liked her at first sight. And fortunately, she became my deskmate. Naturally, we became good friends later.,She’s kind to me, but she is very strict in my study. One day, while we were having a maths test, I couldn’t work out some of the problems. So I asked her to allow me to copy her answers. But she refused firmly. After class, she helped me work out the problems. Although we quarrel sometimes, we make up soon. I think we will be good friends for ever.,2．此話題常用的句型： Friends give us.朋友給予我們…… A good friend is someone we can. 一位好朋友就是一個我們能夠……的人。 The first time I met.，he was. 當我第一次遇到……的時候，他…… Friendship plays an important part in. 友誼在……中扮演一個重要角色。 You can.to be a good friend. 你可以……來成為別人的好朋友。,We can turn to.when we feel down. 當我們心情糟糕時，可以求助于…… .makes a good friend.……成為好朋友。 A friend in need is a friend indeed.患難見真情。 .is one of the things people value most in a friend. ……是人們在朋友身上最重視的東西。 .have a friend of.years with sb ……與某人有著……年的友情。,從語序變化之妙看詞組運用 一些固定詞組在實際運用中，特別是在一些不需要說出主語的句子和一些復雜句式中很靈活，充分體現(xiàn)出語言的交際性、多樣性、實用性和豐富性。下面從幾個角度談?wù)勗~組的運用。 一、從關(guān)系詞的句法功能角度破解定語從句 【例1】 You can hardly imagine the difficulty the woman had________ her children. A．brought up B．to bring up C．bringing up D．to have brought up,答案 C [面對該題，很多同學束手無策，看不明白本題是對have some trouble/difficulty in doing sth的考查。我們可以從關(guān)系詞的句法功能角度去講解。先把原句改為You can hardly imagine the difficulty that the woman had in bringing up her children.點明that的功能：(1)引導定語從句；(2)替代先行詞；(3)充當句子成分。具體地講，該句中，that首先引導定語從句the woman had in bringing up her children，定語從句修飾先行詞the difficulty；其次，替代先行詞the difficulty；最后，充當had的賓語。這樣，把that還原成the difficulty即可以看出定語從句的完整結(jié)構(gòu)為：the woman had that in bringing up her children＝the woman had the difficulty in bringing up her children。也就可以看出have some trouble/difficulty in doing sth結(jié)構(gòu)，從而得出答案為C項。,當然，該題也可以用常規(guī)的句型轉(zhuǎn)換法。即可以把下面兩句合并成一句：“You can hardly imagine the difficulty. The woman had the difficulty in bringing up her children.”也可以很快得出答案。],【例2】 We have realized the part________ the Internet has played in our life. A．which B．in which C．when D．where 答案 A [考查play the part in(在……中扮演……角色；起……的作用)結(jié)構(gòu)。],二、從語態(tài)角度看固定詞組的考查 【例3】 The manager told us that very little________ was made of the waste material in the past. A．cost B．value C．use D．matter 答案 C [先把“They made very little use of the waste material.”改為被動語態(tài)：有兩種變化方式。一種是用句子的賓語 the waste material作為句子的主語，可得到：The waste material was made very little use of.另一種是用little use作主語，可得到：Very little use was made of the waste material.上面兩個句子中第二句即為本題答案。 由此可以看出是對make very little use of的考查。],【例4】 She often shows her wealth, but no notice________ of her. A．takes B．a(chǎn)re taken C．is taken D．has taken 答案 C [該題是對take no notice of的考查。],在高中階段常見的類似考查的結(jié)構(gòu)有：take advantage of, pay attention to, fix one’s eyes on, play a/the part in, make use of, have some difficulty in doing sth，make a decision, make up one’s mind, take action/some steps等。只要我們對這些詞組掌握扎實，運用熟練，在遇到類似的問題時，我們就會迎刃而解。,