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Cloning,Unit 2,Section Ⅱ Learning about Language,Unit 2,Ⅰ.詞匯過關(guān) 1．_____________ n. 憲法，章程 2．_____________ adj. 必須做的，義務(wù)的，強(qiáng)制的 3．________ vt. 欠……；歸功于……→__________ 因?yàn)椋捎?4．________ vt. 打擾，打攪→近義詞：__________ 打擾，打斷 5．__________ n．假定，設(shè)想→________ v. 假定，設(shè)想 6．___________ n. 規(guī)則，規(guī)章,constitution,compulsory,owe,owing (to),bother,interrupt,assumption,assume,regulation,Ⅱ.短語自查 1．__________ 把……歸功于…… 2．_______________ 一定或注定…… 3．________________ 麻煩去干某事,owe.to.,be bound to do,bother to do sth,Ⅲ.經(jīng)典句式 1．________________ her family, and especially her nephew, her niece Daisy is very honest about her opinions. 與她的家人，尤其是她的侄子相比，她的侄女黛西對(duì)自己的觀點(diǎn)是非常坦率的。 2．However, ________________ she later developed a serious lung disease bothered scientists. 但是，后來她染上嚴(yán)重肺病問題又使科學(xué)家們感到憂慮。 答案：1.Compared with 2.the problem that,Ⅳ.語法練習(xí) 用適當(dāng)?shù)囊龑?dǎo)詞填空 1．The hope________he may recover is not gone yet. 2．The fact________you haven't enough time to do the work is simply unbelievable. 3．The problem________we should continue to do the experiment has been solved. 4．I have no idea________he will come back. 5．I have no impression________he went home，perhaps by bike. 6．Next comes the question________you want to put in the box. 答案：1.that 2.that 3.whether 4.when 5.how 6．what,1.owe vt.欠(錢，賬，人情等)；把……歸功于；歸功于…… ①Have you paid me back the money you owed me yet? 你欠我的錢還給我了嗎？ ②I owe you an apology for my rudeness last night. 昨天晚上我太粗暴了，應(yīng)該向你道歉。 ③I owe it to you that I am still alive. 幸虧有你我現(xiàn)在才仍然活著。 ④He owes his success to his hard work. 他把自己的成功歸功于辛勤的勞動(dòng)。,知識(shí)拓展 owe vt. 欠(錢，賬，人情等)；把……歸功于；歸功于…… owe sb. sth.＝owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物 owe sth. to sb./sth. 把某事歸功于某人/某物 owe it to sb. that. 把……歸功于某人 owing to 由于；因?yàn)?表示“由于，因?yàn)椤钡亩陶Z：thanks to, due to, because of, on account of, as a result of They decided to postpone the trip, owing to the change of the weather. 由于天氣變化，他們決定延期啟程。,注意：due to一般不位于句首。,活學(xué)活用 (1)完成句子 ①他把他的成功歸功于努力工作和實(shí)踐。 He________ ________ ________ ________hard work and practice. ②The president________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________(把奧運(yùn)會(huì)成功歸功于)all the people. ③________ ________ ________ ________(由于他的努力)，the law was passed.,答案：①owed his success to ②owed the success of the Olympic Games to ③Owing to his efforts,(2)I________a debt of gratitude to his family so I'll do my best to help them whenever they are in trouble. A．borrow B．lend C．owe D. give 答案：C 句意：我感激他一家人，無論他們什么時(shí)候遇到麻煩，我都將盡全力幫助他們。owe“欠(賬、錢、人情等)；歸功于……”，符合題意。borrow“借入”；lend“借出”；give“給予”。,2．bother vt. 打擾；使擔(dān)憂；使煩惱n. [U]麻煩；[C]令人煩惱的事/人 ①I am sorry to bother you, but can you tell me the time? 對(duì)不起，打擾了，請(qǐng)問現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)？ ②I don't want to bother him with my problems at the moment. 此刻我不想讓他為我的事操心。 ③Does it bother you that she earns more than you? 她比你掙的錢多，你是不是覺得不自在？ ④It bothers me to think of her alone in that big house. 想到她孤零零地待在那個(gè)大房子里我便坐立不安。,⑤I didn't want to put you to any bother. 我不想給你添亂。 ⑥I hope I haven't been a bother. 希望我沒打擾你。,知識(shí)拓展 bother to do sth.費(fèi)心去做某事 bother about sth.為某事煩惱 bother sb. with sth.為某事麻煩某人 be sorry to bother you, but.很抱歉打擾你一下，但是…… put sb. to any bother給某人添亂 without any bother毫不費(fèi)力地 It bothers sb. that/to do sth.使某人苦惱的是…… I didn't want to put you to any bother. 我不想給你添亂。,比較網(wǎng)站 bother, disturb, trouble與annoy 這些動(dòng)詞均有“使人不安或煩惱”之意。 (1)bother指使人煩惱而引起的緊張不安或感到不耐煩。 The problem has been bothering me for weeks. 那問題已經(jīng)困擾了我?guī)讉€(gè)星期。 (2)disturb較正式用詞，多用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。指使人不能平靜或妨礙別人工作、思維或正常秩序，是程度較深的煩惱。 I'm sorry to disturb you so early. 對(duì)不起，我這么早打擾你。,(3)trouble指給人在行動(dòng)上帶來不便或在身心上造成痛苦。 Losing a little money doesn't trouble me. 損失一點(diǎn)錢我并不在意。 (4)annoy強(qiáng)調(diào)因被迫忍受令人不快、討厭的事而失去平靜或耐心，多指一時(shí)的打擾或惱怒。 His mother was annoyed with him for being so rude to their neighbors. 他母親因?yàn)樗麑?duì)鄰居如此粗暴無禮而生他的氣。,活學(xué)活用 (1)(2013·湖南)Around two o'clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat ________ us. A．bothers B．had bothered C．would bother D．bothered 答案：A 考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。句意：每天晚上大約兩點(diǎn)左右，蘇就開始說夢(mèng)話了，這有點(diǎn)打擾我們。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語 every night可知用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。,(2)補(bǔ)全句子 他一直沒有對(duì)我講真話，這讓我很苦惱。 ________ ________ ________ ________he hasn't been telling me the truth. 答案：It bothers me that,3．a(chǎn)ssumption n. 假定；設(shè)想；承擔(dān)；擔(dān)任 make an assumption 假設(shè)；認(rèn)為 on the assumption that. 在假定……的情況下 ①His assumption proved to be correct. 他的假設(shè)被證明是對(duì)的。 ②We are working on the assumption that the rate of inflation will not increase next year. 我們?cè)诩俣髂晖ㄘ浥蛎浡什辉黾拥那闆r下工作。,知識(shí)拓展 assume vt. 假定；設(shè)想；承擔(dān) assume that. 假設(shè)…… assume office 就職 assume responsibility 承擔(dān)責(zé)任 assume an air/expression of. 裝出……的樣子/表情 assuming that. 假定……(作連詞用，相當(dāng)于if) Assuming that it rains, what should we do? 假定下雨了，我們?cè)撛趺崔k？,活學(xué)活用 選詞填空 (1)The assumption ________ the price of meat would go down before the festival was wrong in fact.(that; which) (2)People tend to make ________ about you when you have a disability.(assumptions; the assumption) (3)________ we are free next Sunday, what would you like to do？(Assuming that; Assume) 答案：(1)that (2)assumptions (3)Assuming that,be bound to(do)．一定或注定(做)…… ①Look at the sky. It's bound to rain this afternoon. 看看天空，今天下午一定會(huì)下雨。 ②There are bound to be changes when the new system is introduced. 引進(jìn)新系統(tǒng)后一定會(huì)發(fā)生變化。 ③You've done so much work that you are bound to pass the exam. 你下了這么大的工夫，你一定會(huì)通過這次考試的。,④I feel bound to tell you that you're drinking too much. 我覺得有必要跟你說，你喝得太多了。 ⑤In a group as big as this, you are bound to have disagreements. 在這么大的一群人中，你一定會(huì)遇到不同意見。,知識(shí)拓展 ①be bound to sth. 被束縛于某物；被綁在某物上 ②be bound to do sth. 一定會(huì)；有義務(wù)做某事 ③be bound (for.) 準(zhǔn)備(去……) ④be bound up in 熱心于；忙于 ⑤be bound up with 與……有密切關(guān)系,活學(xué)活用 (1)完成句子 ①If you read fast every day，you________ ________ ________(一定)improve your English level. ②He________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________(熱衷于收集古董)these days. 答案：①are bound to ②is bound up in collecting antiques,(2)The question is________to come up at the meeting. A．bound B．a(chǎn)ppropriate C．convenient D．suitable 答案：A 句意：會(huì)上必然要討論這個(gè)問題。be bound to do/be. 表示“一定會(huì)；很可能會(huì)”。,同位語 一個(gè)名詞或代詞后面有時(shí)可以跟一個(gè)名詞(或起類似作用的其他形式)，對(duì)前者進(jìn)一步說明它指的是誰，是什么等，那么這一部分就叫做同位語。同位語與被它補(bǔ)充說明的詞的格要一致，并常常緊挨在一起。 它可以是單詞、短語或從句。 Ⅰ.同位語的表現(xiàn)形式,新課標(biāo)語法,1．通常用逗號(hào)將同位語與其所修飾的先行詞隔開， 表示一種普通的同位關(guān)系。 ①This is Mr. Black, director of our hospital. 這是布萊克先生，我們醫(yī)院的院長(zhǎng)。 ②She is a good teacher, the friend of yours. 她是一位好老師，也是你們的朋友。,2．有時(shí)也可用破折號(hào)或冒號(hào)引導(dǎo)同位語。用破折號(hào)，停頓較長(zhǎng)，對(duì)同位語起強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用；用冒號(hào)，停頓最長(zhǎng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用更大。 ①The orphan's daily necessities—clothes, food, etc.—are supplied by a kind-hearted teacher. 這名孤兒的日常用品——衣服、食物等等——由一位好心腸的老師提供。 ②In a sense, nouns can be divided into two kinds: the countable noun and the uncountable noun. 在某種意義上，名詞可分為兩類：可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。,3．有時(shí)， 同位語之前帶有引導(dǎo)詞，表示同位成分之間的特殊意義。常見的同位語引導(dǎo)詞有as, or, chiefly, especially, for example, for instance, in short, mainly, mostly, namely, that is, in particular, in other words, including, that is to say, such as, say, particularly, what, which, who, when, where, why, how, that, whether等。 ①Only one person can do the job, namely you. 只有一個(gè)人能做這項(xiàng)工作，那就是你。 ②You can buy fruit here, for example, oranges and bananas. 你可以在這里買水果，例如柑橘和香蕉。,4．另外，無需借用任何引導(dǎo)詞或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，而將同位語直接置于先行詞之后。 ①I have the honor to introduce John's sister Jane to you. 我很榮幸地向你介紹簡(jiǎn)，約翰的妹妹。 ②Tom gave his friend John a book. 湯姆給了朋友約翰一本書。,Ⅱ.用名詞、代詞或數(shù)詞及其短語作同位語 同位語有限制性和非限制性兩種，限制性同位語和前面的詞關(guān)系比較密切，中間不能停頓；非限制性同位語與前面的詞關(guān)系比較疏散，常用逗號(hào)把它們分開，表示略有停頓。 We teachers should be responsible for this.(名詞作同位語) 我們老師應(yīng)該對(duì)此負(fù)責(zé)。 Mr.Robson，our head teacher，is from Canada.(名詞作非限制性同位語) 羅布森先生，我們的校長(zhǎng)，來自加拿大。,They each put forward a proposal.(代詞作同位語) 他們每個(gè)人提出了一個(gè)建議。 You may leave it to us two.(數(shù)詞作同位語) 你可以把它留給我們兩個(gè)。 注意：多數(shù)的同位語都屬于限制性同位語。,Ⅲ.同位語從句 1．同位語從句跟在一個(gè)名詞后，對(duì)其作進(jìn)一步解釋；能跟同位語從句的名詞常見的有：announcement，belief, discovery，doubt, excuse, fact，fear，hope，idea, knowledge，news, order, promise, problem, proof, proposal, possibility, question, reply, remark, reason, report，rumour，story, suggestion, thought, truth 等。引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連詞最常用的是that，除此之外還有how, when, where, why, whether等。,①The announcement that a new airport was to be built nearby aroused immediate opposition. 說要在附近建造新機(jī)場(chǎng)的通告馬上引起了反對(duì)。 ②The suggestion that shops should open on Sundays led to a heated discussion. 關(guān)于商店星期日也應(yīng)該營(yíng)業(yè)的提議，引起了激烈的爭(zhēng)論。,2．為了保持句子平衡，同位語從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面。 ①The story goes that William Tell killed the tyrant with an arrow. 傳說威廉·泰爾用箭射死了暴君。 ②Suddenly the thought came to me that he could go blind. 突然我有一種顧慮：他可能會(huì)瞎。,3．在表示建議、命令、請(qǐng)求、主張、目的、愿望等名詞后面的同位語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞必須采用虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)，即：(should)＋V. ①He gave orders that the work(should)be started immediately. 他發(fā)出指示要立即開始工作。 ②Her suggestion is that we(should)give up the plan. 她建議我們應(yīng)該放棄這個(gè)計(jì)劃。,Ⅳ.同位語從句和定語從句的差異 1．定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)在從句中擔(dān)任某個(gè)成分(主語或賓語)，而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。 ①Have you forgotten about that money(that)I lent you last week? 你忘了上星期我借給你的錢了吧？(定語從句) ②The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能是瑪麗生病了。(同位語從句),2．定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)先行詞加以限定，描述先行詞的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。 ①The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year. 他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國(guó)。(定語從句) ②The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him. 湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。(同位語從句),高考鏈接 1．(2014·重慶)—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday? —Yeah, but I have no idea ________ he did it; that's one of his favorite universities. A．when B．why C．that D．how 答案：B 本題考查同位語從句。句意：——麥克昨天拒絕了耶魯大學(xué)的錄取，是真的嗎？——是的，但是我不清楚他為什么這么做，耶魯大學(xué)是他喜歡的大學(xué)之一。why引導(dǎo)的從句作idea的同位語，由句意可知表示原因，故B項(xiàng)正確。,2．(2013·浙江)The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ________ you are better than anyone else on the sports field. A．how B．that C．which D．whether 答案：B 本題考查同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意：高層次的成功的唯一方法就是要相信在體育運(yùn)動(dòng)方面你比任何人都要強(qiáng)。分析結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處 belief后接了同位語從句，從句不缺少成分，用that引導(dǎo)，所以正確答案為B。,3．(2012·重慶)Evidence has been found through years of study ________ children's early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up. A. why B. how C. whether D. that 答案：D 考查名詞性從句。空格后的同位語從句句意完整，故用that引導(dǎo)。,4．(2012·江蘇)The notice came around two in the afternoon ________ the meeting would be postponed. A．when B．that C．whether D．how 答案：B 考查名詞性從句?？崭窈竺娴木渥诱f明了notice的具體內(nèi)容，是同位語從句；從句語意完整， 故用that引導(dǎo)。,Ⅰ.用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空 1．I have no idea________he will come back. 2．The question________we need more time to do the work has not been discussed. 3．We express the hope________they will come to visit China again. 4．The news________they won the match is true. 5．The news________you told us yesterday is true. 6．Information has been put forward________more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.,答案：1.when 2.whether 3.that 4.that 5.that/which// 6.that,Ⅱ.把下面兩個(gè)句子連成一個(gè)含同位語從句的復(fù)合句 1．Two fifths of all girls in America are on a et The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot. →______________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 2．The Queen of England was on a four-day visit in China. We heard the news last night. →______________________________________________ ________________________________________________,3．Teenagers shouldn't spend too much time online.Many Chinese parents hold the view. →______________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 4．Time travel is possible. We have no scientific proof of the idea. →______________________________________________ ________________________________________________,5．Students should be given more free time. The suggestion is welcomed by many people. →______________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 6．Will the sports meeting be held on time? The question will be discussed tomorrow. →______________________________________________ ________________________________________________,7．The headmaster will join us in hiking this Sunday. We are glad at the news. →______________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 8．Where are we going for the holiday? Have you thought about the question? →______________________________________________ ________________________________________________,9．A new teacher will teach us English next term. The message reached me yesterday. →______________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 10．How did the accident come about? The driver refused to answer the policeman's question. →______________________________________________ ________________________________________________,答案：1.The fact that two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot. 2．We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a four-day visit in China. 3．Many Chinese parents hold the view that teenagers shouldn't spend too much time online. 4．We have no scientific proof of the idea that time travel is possible. 5．The suggestion that students should be given more free time is welcomed by many people.,6．The question whether the sports meeting will be held on time will be discussed tomorrow. 7．We are glad at the news that the headmaster will join us in hiking this Sunday. 8．Have you thought about the question where we are going for the holiday? 9．The message that a new teacher will teach us English next term reached me yesterday. 10．The driver refused to answer the policeman's question how the accident came about.,