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1、專題限時(shí)檢測(cè)(二十五)　閱讀理解D篇專練(三) (共2篇，限時(shí)20分鐘) A (2019南通七市二模)UN scholars have calculated that within the next 10 years the degradation (退化) of farm and grassland could turn 50 million people into migrants.Another UN agency calculated that in the last 25 years, another 3% of the planets forests had been bur

2、ned or cut down. Once you have read Gaia Vinces book, you start to register the scale of change in a fast changing world.Adventures in the Anthropocene holds a mirror up to humanity and says: look what you have done to the world, the only world you will ever have. The Anthropocene — the Age of Man

3、 — is a proposed new name for the quaternary (第四紀(jì)) period that we now live in, and it includes what has come to be called the Great Acceleration, in which during the last 65 years, whatever humans did, they did it faster and more effectively, and on a greater scale, while_at_the_same_time_reproducin

4、g_more_and_dying_much_less. Did it take 50,000 years to reach a population of one billion? Just in the last 10 years, another billion people appeared on the planet, and by the end of this century, it could be home to 9, or 10, or 11 billion souls, each of which will hope for the minimum to sustain

5、health and contentment.Many of them will demand a lot more, which is where the problems begin.To build cities, pave highways and establish factories, humans decades ago became the greatest earth moving force on the planet: they each year shift more rock and soil than the wind and the rain, the river

6、s and the glaciers (冰川) combined. Cities now cover 2% of the planets land: by 2030, this will be 10%.Over the next 80 years, the species will build a city for one million people every 10 days.To keep these cities functioning, humans will consume 18 terawatts of energy and by 2020, around 5 billion

7、of them will have smartphones, and Internet access, and already people who are miserably poor can see, at a fingers touch, what they are missing, and want it for themselves, and in the course of trying to get it, consume more resources and cause destruction to the ecosystem. Anyone who reads this b

8、ook will have no excuse for not thinking about it.Vince doesnt just collect the statistics of exploitation and destruction, she goes to see for herself what they mean.Like a good reporter, she tries to see both sides: she explores both the human destruction and the beneficial and sometimes amazing s

9、olutions that human wisdom can deliver.She does the legwork too: she climbs up steep mountainsides in Nepal, and in Ladakh, looks at hydroelectric plans in Patagonia, walks through the forest to get closer to a tiger, steps out in the slums near Cartagena in Colombia, and slips down an Amazon tribut

10、ary in a dugout. Everywhere in the world, the ice is disappearing, but in Ladakh, an engineer has worked out a way to make artificial glaciers to store the water for summer growth, and in doing so has given the villagers not just security but a new kind of hope.In every chapter, there are excellent

11、 stories like this, glimpses (一瞥) of the other world that perhaps we could have made for ourselves. Necessarily, to get around a topic that involves all human history and all geography too, she has to be brief, and so in every chapter, she leaves you wanting more.This is usually considered to be a

12、good thing.Good or not, it is difficult to see.And if she helps readers understand a little better the loss and suffering lies behind the exploitation of the rare earths, then it becomes in every sense a good book. 語篇解讀：本文主要介紹了Gaia Vince的一本名叫Adventures in the Anthropocene的書。 1．The statistics in th

13、e first paragraph are meant to________. A．rid people of their concerns about the earth B．stress the gravity of the destruction of the earth C．clarify peoples misunderstandings of the earth D．warn people of the contradictory reports about the earth 解析：選B　推理判斷題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“the degradation(退化) of farm a

14、nd grassland”和“planets forests had been burned or cut down”可知目前地球在遭受著極大的破壞。因此作者寫該段旨在強(qiáng)調(diào)地球被破壞的嚴(yán)重性。gravity意思是“嚴(yán)重性”。 2．The underlined part in Paragraph 3 most probably means　________. A．more trees were planted and fewer of them died B．people produced much more than they consumed C．the birth rate was

15、 higher and the death rate was lower D．more animals were raised and the survival rate was higher 解析：選C　句意理解題。根據(jù)這句話前面的句子的內(nèi)容可知在過去的65年中人類處于一個(gè)加速度的時(shí)代，無論哪個(gè)方面人類都比以往發(fā)展的速度更快，效率更高，規(guī)模更大，同時(shí)人口繁殖更多，死亡更少。 3．According to the author, the construction of cities and infrastructures will ________. A．create more job

16、 opportunities for citizens B．narrow the gap between the rich and the poor C．promote globalization and economic development D．cause overconsumption and ecological destruction 解析：選D　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段的內(nèi)容可知為了維持這些城市的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，人類將消耗很多的能源。借助于網(wǎng)絡(luò)和智能手機(jī)貧困地區(qū)的人只要用手指一觸，就可以看到他們所缺的東西，并且在努力獲得這些東西的過程中，消耗更多的資源。原文中 “ ... consu

17、me more resources and cause destruction to the ecosystem”對(duì)應(yīng)答案中的“overconsumption”和“ecological destruction”。 4．Why does the book set people thinking? A．Vinces own exploration made her description persuasive. B．Vinces adventures provide information about mysteries. C．The book contains some practic

18、al solutions from reporters. D．The book arouses peoples curiosity about some countries. 解析：選A　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段的第一、二句“Anyone who reads this book will have no excuse for not thinking about it. Vince doesnt just collect the statistics of exploitation and destruction, she goes to see for herself what they

19、mean.”，任何讀過這本書的人都沒有理由不去想它。文斯不僅收集開采和破壞的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，她還親自去看看它們的含義。由此可見她的親力親為讓她的書使人信服。 5．Gaia Vince writes the book to ________. A．justify the need of humans for a satisfying life B．a(chǎn)dvocate uncivilised life and fast development C．share with the readers her adventures across the world D．reveal all we have

20、 destroyed but may yet be able to save 解析：選D　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段第三句“Like a good reporter, she tries to see both sides: she explores both the human destruction and the beneficial and sometimes amazing solutions that human wisdom can deliver.” 像一位優(yōu)秀的記者一樣，她試圖看到兩個(gè)方面：她探索人類的毀滅，以及人類智慧所能提供的有益的、有時(shí)甚至是驚人的解決方案。 6．Wha

21、t is the authors attitude toward Gaia Vinces work? A．Cautious.　　　　　 B．Ambiguous. C．Casual. D．Appreciative. 解析：選D　推理判斷題。根據(jù)全文的內(nèi)容，尤其是第六段的第一句“Anyone who reads this book will have no excuse for not thinking about it.”以及最后一段的最后一句“And if she helps readers understand a little better the loss and sufferi

22、ng lies behind the exploitation of the rare earths, then it becomes in every sense a good book.”可知作者認(rèn)為這本書引人深思，是一本好書。所以作者是很欣賞這本書的。appreciative“欣賞的”。 B (2019南京三模)British children used to play conkers (板栗游戲) in the autumn when the horsechestnut trees started to drop their shiny brown nuts.They would

23、select a suitable chestnut, drill a hole in it and thread it onto a string, then swing their conker at that of an opponent until one of them broke.But the game has fallen out of favour.Children spend less time outdoors and rarely have access to chestnut trees.Besides, many schools have banned conker

24、s games, worried that they might cause injuries or nut allergies. That sort of riskaverseness (規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)) now spreads through every aspect of childhood.Playgrounds have all the excitement designed out of them to make them safe.Many governments, particularly in societies such as America, have tightened u

25、p their rules, requiring parents to supervise (監(jiān)管) young children far more closely than in the past.Frank Furedi of the University of Kent, a critic on modern parenting, argues that allowing children to play unsupervised or leaving them at home alone is increasingly described as a symptom of irresp

26、onsible parenting. In part, such increased caution is a response to the huge wave of changes.Largescale urbanization, smaller and more mobile families, the move of women into the labor market and the digitization of many aspects of life have unavoidably changed the way that people bring up their ch

27、ildren.There is little chance that any of these trends will be changed, so todays more intensive (精細(xì)化的) parenting style is likely to go on. Such parenting practices now embraced by wealthy parents in many parts of the rich world, particularly in America, go far beyond an adjustment to changes in ex

28、ternal conditions.They mean a strong bid to ensure that the advantages enjoyed by the parents generation are passed on to their children.Since success in life now turns mainly on education, such parents will do their best to provide their children with the schooling, the character training and the s

29、ocial skills that will secure access to the best universities and later the most attractive jobs. To some extent that has always been the case.But there are more such parents now, and they_are_competing_with_each_other_for_what_economists_call_positional_goods.This competition starts even before th

30、e children are born.The wealthy classes will take their time to select a suitable spouse and get married, and will start a family only when they feel ready for it. Children from less advantaged backgrounds, by contrast, often appear before their parents are ready for them.In America 60% of births t

31、o single women under 30 are unplanned, and over 40% of children are born outside marriage.The result, certainly in America, has been to widen already massive social inequalities yet further. All the evidence suggests that children from poorer backgrounds are at a disadvantage almost as soon as they

32、 are born.By the age of five or six they are far less “schoolready” than their better off peers, so any attempts to help them catch up have to start long before they get to school.America has had some success with various schemes involving regular home visits by nurses or social workers to lowincome

33、 families with new babies.It also has long experience with programmes for young children from poor families that combine support for parents with good quality child care.Such programmes do seem to make a difference.Without extra effort, children from lowincome families in most countries are much les

34、s likely than their betteroff peers to attend preschool education, even though they are more likely to benefit from it.And data from the OECDs PISA programme suggest that children need at least two years of preschool education to perform at their best when they are 15. So the most promising way to

35、ensure greater equality may be to make earlyyears education and care far more widely available and more affordable, as it is in the Nordics.Some governments are already rethinking their educational priorities, shifting some of their spending to the early years. Most rich countries decided more than

36、 a century ago that free, compulsory education for all children was a worthwhile investment for society.There is now an argument for starting preschool education earlier, as some countries have already done.In the face of crushing new inequalities, a modern version of that approach is worth trying.

37、 語篇解讀：富裕的家庭想盡辦法讓孩子受到較好的早期教育和關(guān)懷，讓孩子贏在起跑線上。但是那些貧苦家庭的孩子卻無法享受到這些。這種教育不平等應(yīng)該得到社會(huì)各界的重視。 7．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A．More attention is placed on childrens safety. B．More and more parents are becoming irresponsible. C．Children are no longer interested in outdoor activities. D．Pa

38、rents are advised to spend more time with their children. 解析：選A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第一段主要講述了現(xiàn)在許多學(xué)校都禁止孩子們玩一些以前孩子經(jīng)常玩的游戲，因?yàn)榕潞⒆右馔馐軅?，然后第二段說這種對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的厭惡現(xiàn)在蔓延到了孩子的各個(gè)方面。由此可見現(xiàn)在越來越重視孩子的安全。 8．Which of the following about intensive parenting style is TRUE? A．Chances are that this style could be changed. B．Financial pressure f

39、orces parents to be stricter. C．Rich families adopt such style to keep their advantages. D．Such style is largely influenced by the size of the family. 解析：選C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段第一句話“Such parenting practices now embraced by wealthy parents ... ”以及第二句“ ... to ensure that the advantages enjoyed by the pare

40、nts generation are passed on to their children.”可知富裕家庭采取這種更加精細(xì)的育兒方式來保持自己的優(yōu)勢(shì)。 9．What does the underlined sentence imply? A．Economists offer practical advice to guide parenting. B．A happy marriage secures childrens social positions. C．Unfair division of social resources drives parents mad. D．Pare

41、nts are struggling for their childrens edge over peers. 解析：選D　句意理解題。根據(jù)其上一句“But there are more such parents now”可知現(xiàn)在這樣的父母越來越多了，所以父母之間必須為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家所稱的“位置商品”而相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，努力爭(zhēng)取讓自己的孩子們比同齡人更具優(yōu)勢(shì)。 10．Which is the proper measure to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor? A．Parents are persuaded to give birth to b

42、abies in their later years. B．Funds are provided for poor children after they are admitted to school. C．New babies in lowincome families are sent to nurses or social workers. D．Children from lowincome families are ensured to receive early education. 解析：選D　推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第一句“So the most promising w

43、ay to ensure greater equality may be to make earlyyears education and care far more widely available and more affordable.”可知確保更大的平等的，最有希望的方法可能是讓更多的父母能夠有機(jī)會(huì)，有財(cái)力讓他們的孩子接受早期教育。 11．Whats the authors attitude towards investment in preschool education? A．Supportive. B．Disapproving. C．Skeptical. D．Uncon

44、cerned. 解析：選A　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容，尤其是最后一句“In the face of crushing new inequalities, a modern version of that approach is worth trying.”可知作者認(rèn)為在現(xiàn)階段這種方法值得嘗試，因此作者對(duì)待早期教育的態(tài)度是支持的。Supportive“支持的”，符合語境。Disapproving“不贊成的”；Skeptical“懷疑的”；Unconcerned“漠不關(guān)心的”。 12．The author begins the passage with the game of conke

45、rs to ________. A．show competition overweighs cooperation B．imply educational inequalities should be broken C．make readers aware of the rules of the game D．indicate the game has lost its appeal to children 解析：選B　推理判斷題。文章一開始用板栗游戲被禁止玩的例子是說明現(xiàn)在越來越多的家長(zhǎng)和學(xué)校非常重視孩子的安全，而這種做法實(shí)際上是反映了現(xiàn)在家長(zhǎng)的精細(xì)化育兒理念。富裕的家庭想盡辦法讓孩子受到較好的早期教育和關(guān)懷，讓孩子贏在起跑線上。但是那些貧苦家庭的孩子卻無法享受到這些。所以舉這個(gè)例子是為了表明應(yīng)該打破教育不平等。 7