CA6150車床主軸箱設計【說明書+CAD】
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畢業(yè)設計(論文)任務書
指導老師 錢小平
課題名稱:CA6150車床主軸箱設計
學生姓名 張斌
專業(yè)班級 數(shù)控70201班
目錄
1、 概述
2、 主運動的方案選擇與主運動的設計
3、 確定齒輪齒數(shù)
4、 選擇電動機
5、 皮帶輪的設計計算
6、 傳動裝置的運動和運動參數(shù)的計算
7、 主軸調速系統(tǒng)的選擇計算
8、 主軸剛度的校核
一、概述
主傳動系統(tǒng)是用來實現(xiàn)機床主運動的傳動系統(tǒng),它應具有一定的轉速(速度)和一定的變速范圍,以便采用不同材料的刀具,加工不同的材料,不同尺寸,不同要求的工件,并能方便的實現(xiàn)運動的開停,變速,換向和制動等。
數(shù)控機床主傳動系統(tǒng)主要包括電動機、傳動系統(tǒng)和主軸部件,它與普通機床的主傳動系統(tǒng)相比在結構上比較簡單,這是因為變速功能全部或大部分由主軸電動機的無級調速來承擔,剩去了復雜的齒輪變速機構,有些只有二級或三級齒輪變速系統(tǒng)用以擴大電動機無級調速的范圍。
1.1數(shù)控機床主傳動系統(tǒng)的特點
與普通機床比較,數(shù)控機床主傳動系統(tǒng)具有下列特點。
4 轉速高、功率大。它能使數(shù)控機床進行大功率切削和高速切削,實現(xiàn)高效率加工。
5 變速范圍寬。數(shù)控機床的主傳動系統(tǒng)有較寬的調速范圍,一般Ra>100,以保證加工時能選用合理的切削用量,從而獲得最佳的生產率、加工精度和表面質量。
6 主軸變速迅速可靠,數(shù)控機床的變速是按照控制指令自動進行的,因此變速機構必須適應自動操作的要求。由于直流和交流主軸電動機的調速系統(tǒng)日趨完善,所以不僅能夠方便地實現(xiàn)寬范圍無級變速,而且減少了中間傳遞環(huán)節(jié),提高了變速控制的可靠性。
7 主軸組件的耐磨性高,使傳動系統(tǒng)具有良好的精度保持性。凡有機械摩擦的部位,如軸承、錐孔等都有足夠的硬度,軸承處還有良好的潤滑。
1.2 主傳動系統(tǒng)的設計要求
① 主軸具有一定的轉速和足夠的轉速范圍、轉速級數(shù),能夠實現(xiàn)運動的開停、變速、換向和制動,以滿足機床的運動要求。
② 主電機具有足夠的功率,全部機構和元件具有足夠的強度和剛度,以滿足機床的動力要求。
③ 主傳動的有關結構,特別是主軸組件要有足夠高的精度、抗震性,熱變形和噪聲要小,傳動效率高,以滿足機床的工作性能要求。
④ 操縱靈活可靠, 維修方便,潤滑密封良好,以滿足機床的使用要求。
⑤ 結構簡單緊湊,工藝性好,成本低,以滿足經濟性要求。
1.3 數(shù)控機床主傳動系統(tǒng)配置方式
數(shù)控機床的調速是按照控制指令自動執(zhí)行的,因此變速機構必須適應自動操作的要求。在主傳動系統(tǒng)中,目前多采用交流主軸電動機和直流主軸電動機無級調速系統(tǒng)。為擴大調速范圍,適應低速大轉矩的要求,也經常應用齒輪有級調速和電動機無級調速相結合的調速方式。
數(shù)控機床主傳動系統(tǒng)主要有四種配置方式,如圖3-1所示。
⑴ 帶有變速齒輪的主傳動 大、中型數(shù)控機床采用這種變速方式。如圖3-1(a)所示,通過少數(shù)幾對齒輪降速,擴大輸出轉矩,一滿足主軸低速時對輸出轉矩特性的要求。數(shù)控機床在交流或直流電動機無級變速的基礎上配以齒輪變速,使之成為分段無級變速?;讫X輪的移位大都采用液壓缸加撥叉,或者直接由液壓缸帶動齒輪來實現(xiàn)。
⑵ 通過帶傳動的主傳動 如圖3-1(b)所示,這種傳動主要應用于轉速較高、變速范圍不大的機床。電動機本身的調速能夠滿足要求,不用齒輪變速,可以避免齒輪傳動引起的振動與噪聲。它適用于高速、低轉矩特性要求的主軸。常用的是V帶和同步齒形帶。
⑶ 用兩個電動機分別驅動主軸 如圖3-1(c)所示,這是上述兩種方式的混合傳動,具有上述兩種性能。高速時電動機通過帶輪直接驅動主軸旋轉;低速時,另一個電動機通過兩級齒輪傳動驅動主軸旋轉,齒輪起到降速和擴大變速范圍的作用,這樣就使恒功率區(qū)增大,擴大了變速范圍,克服了低速時轉矩不夠且電動機功率不能充分利用的缺陷。
⑷ 內裝電動機主軸傳動結構 如圖3-1(d)所示,這種主傳動方式大大簡化了主軸箱體與主軸的結構,有效地提高了主軸部件的剛度,但主軸輸出轉矩小,電動機發(fā)熱對主軸影響較大。
1.4 主傳動系統(tǒng)結構設計
機床主傳動系統(tǒng)的結構設計,是將傳動方案“結構化”,向生產 提供主傳動部件裝配圖,零件工作圖及零件明細表等。
在機床初步設計中,考慮主軸變速箱機床上位置,其他部件的相互關系,只是概略給出形狀與尺寸要求,最終還需要根據(jù)箱內各元件的實際結構與布置才確定具體方案,在可能的情況下,設計應盡量減小主軸變速箱的軸向和徑向尺寸,以便節(jié)省材料,減輕質量,滿足使用要求。設計中應注意對于不同情況要區(qū)別對待,如某些立式機床和搖臂鉆床的主軸 箱;要求較小的軸向尺寸而對徑向尺寸要求并不嚴格;但有的機床,如臥式銑鏜床、龍門銑床的主軸箱要沿立柱或橫梁導軌移動,為減少其顛覆力矩,要求縮小徑向尺寸。
機床主傳動部件即主軸變速箱的結構設計主要內容包括:主軸組件設計,操縱機構設計,傳動軸組件設計,其他機構(如開停、制動及換向機構等)設計,潤滑與密封裝置設計,箱體及其他零件設計等。
主軸變速箱部件裝配圖包括展開圖、橫向剖視圖、外觀圖及其他必要的局部視圖等。給制展開圖和橫向剖視圖時,要相互照應,交替進行,不應孤立割裂地設計,以免顧此失彼。給制出部件的主要結構裝配草圖之后,需要檢查各元件是否相碰或干涉,再根據(jù)動力計算的結果修改結構,然后細化、完善裝配草圖,并按制圖標準進行加深,最后進行尺寸、配合及零件標注等。
二、主運動的方案選擇與主運動設計
1、機床的工藝特性
1.1 工藝范圍
精車、半精車外圓、車螺紋、車端面
1.2 刀具材料
硬質合金、高速鋼
1.3 加工工作材料
鋼、鑄鐵
1.4 尺寸范圍
0~500㎜
2、確定主軸轉速
2.1 最高轉速 nmax
采用硬質合車刀半精車小直徑鋼材的外圓時,主軸轉速最高。參考切削用量資料:
Vmax =150~200 m/s K = 0.5 Rd =0.2~0.25
dmax =K·D =0.5×400 =200㎜
dmin =Rd ·dmax =0.2×200 =40㎜
nmax = = =1592.36
2.2最低轉速:
①用高速鋼車刀,粗車鑄鐵材料的端面時,參考切削用量資料:
Vmax =15~20 m/s
nmin = = =31.8
②用高速鋼車刀,精車合金鋼材料的絲杠時,參考資料:
直徑500㎜普通車床加工絲杠的最大直徑是50㎜,
Vmin =1.5 米/分
nmin = = =11.9轉/分
因此:取最低轉速nmin=11.9轉/分
③轉速范圍
Rn= ==133.8
由于高速鋼車刀少用低速,且為了避免結構過于復雜,因此取轉速范圍Rn=1592.36/31.8=50
④主運動結構圖
三、確定齒輪齒數(shù)
1、 根據(jù)分度圓直徑選齒數(shù): d=mz
a組: Za1 = 64
Za2 = 54
Z = 34
b組:
Zb1 = 95
Zb2 = 30
2、 齒輪的各參數(shù)
a組:
模數(shù)m = 4
壓力角 α=20°
齒距 P = πm =12.56
齒厚 s = πm/2 = 6.28
齒槽寬 e =πm/2 = 6.28
頂隙 c = cm =1.2
齒頂高 h = hm = 4
齒根高 h = (h+ c)m = 5.2
全齒高 h = h+ h=(2h+ c)m = 9.2
中心距 a1 = (d1+d2)/2 = 240
a2 = (d1+d3)/2 = 178
b組: 模數(shù)m = 3.5
壓力角 α=20°
齒距 P = πm =12.56
齒厚 s = πm/2 = 6.28
齒槽寬 e =πm/2 = 6.28
頂隙 c = cm =1.2
齒頂高 h = hm = 4
齒根高 h = (h+ c)m = 5.2
全齒高 h = h+ h=(2h+ c)m = 9.2
中心距 a = (d4+d5)/2 = 240
四、選擇電動機
1、 電動機功率
N電=7.5kw 轉速n電=1450轉/分
2、 電機型號
J02—51—4 電機軸徑=38㎜
五、皮帶輪的設計計算:
設一天運轉時間=8~10小時(按小帶輪計算)
1、 計算功率Pc = KA·P = 1.2×7.5 = 9kw
2、 選膠帶型別為:B型
3、 選小帶輪直徑d1=140㎜(實心輪)
大帶輪直徑d2=280㎜(四孔板輪)
4、 帶速:
V===10.6米/秒
(B型:Vmax=25米/秒)
5、 實際傳動比:
i= 取ε=005
i==4<7
6、 初定中心距
=(1~0.95)d2=(1~0.95)×280=280~266
取=270
7、 初定膠帶節(jié)線長度
Lop=2+(d1+d2)+
=2×270+×(140+280)+
=1218
取Lp=1290 Li=1250
8、 計算中心距
=+=270+=306㎜
9、 小帶輪包角
≈180°-×60°
=180°-×60°=152.5°>120°
10、 單根膠帶傳遞的功率:
P0=2.03kw
11、 單根膠帶傳遞功率的增量:
ΔP0=kb·n1·(1-)
=1.99×10×1450×(1-)
=2.8
12、 膠帶根數(shù):
由于需要傳遞的功率N=7kw, 因此需膠帶4根
13、 單根膠帶初拉力: F0=18公斤
14、 有效圓周力: Ft===91.8公斤
15、 作用在軸上的力:
F=2F0·Z·sin=2×18×4×sin
=134公斤
16、 帶輪寬:
B=(Z-1)e+2f=(4-1)×20+2×12.5=85㎜
六、 傳動裝置的運動和運動參數(shù)計算:
1、傳動比:
i= 1.19
2、傳動裝置的運動參數(shù):
Ⅰ軸(電動機軸):
P=Pd=7.5 kw
n=1450r/min
T=9550×=9550×=49.4 N·m
Ⅱ軸(主軸):
P= Pη=7.5×0.96=7.2 kw
n= = = 1218 r/min
T=9550×=9550×=56.45 N·m
Ⅲ軸(編碼器):
P= Pη=7.2×0.99×0.97=6.9 kw
n= = = 766 r/min
T=9550×=9550×=86.02 N·m
七、 主軸調速系統(tǒng)的選擇計算
1、 對調速系統(tǒng)的基本考慮:
a.由于調速范圍廣,且要求有較硬的機械特性。所以,以選用矢量控制方式為宜。對于普通車床來說,由于對動態(tài)響應要求不高,用“無反饋矢量控制”方式已經足夠。
b.因為調速范圍廣,且高速與低速段機械特性的特點不一樣,故工作頻率范圍應不限于額定頻率以下。
c.電動機的容量一般應比原拖動系統(tǒng)的電動機容量為大。
d.在低速段,可能出現(xiàn)較大的沖擊過載,容易引起變頻器的跳閘。所以,變頻器的容量以比電動機的容量大一檔為好。
2、 一檔傳動比,且方案
基本工作情況
a. 電動機和主軸之間的傳動比只有一檔,傳動比
b. 變頻器的最大輸出頻率等于電動機的額定頻率。從而,電動機的最高轉速等于其額定轉速,它折算到負載軸上的值應大于負載要求的最大轉速:
=
c. 電動機額定轉矩的折算值(折算到負載軸上的轉矩);
綜上所述,電動機的有效轉矩線如圖3.2的曲線2所示,
圖3.2
曲線1是車床的機械特性曲線。為了便于比較,
圖中,電動機的轉矩和轉速均為折算到負載軸上的值。
電動機的容量在圖3.2中,負載所需功率
其大小與面積成正比。而電動機的容量則與面積成正比,其大小為:
可見,采用了變頻調速后,電動機的容量需增大倍以上。
3、 電動機的工作頻率范圍
a. 最高頻率。
b. 最底頻率因為只有一檔轉速,故頻率調節(jié)范圍為:
當時, ;
當時,。
異步電動機在這樣低的頻率下連續(xù)工作,如不用負載反饋,是比較困難的。
4、 一檔傳動比,且方案
基本工作情況
a. 電動機和主軸之間的傳動比仍只有一檔,但變頻器的最高輸出頻率
允許超過額定頻率。但一般不宜超過額定頻率的1.5倍(即:).
設最大調頻比
則:電動機的最高轉速也約為額定轉速的倍:
b. 電動機的額定轉速
電動機有效轉矩線圈如圖中的曲線2所示。曲線1為車床的機械特性曲線。
電動機的容量如圖,電動機的容量與面積成正比,其大小為
可見,頻率范圍擴大之后,電動機的容量可 以比減小倍,但與負載功率相比,仍需增大很多。
5、 電動機的工作頻率范圍
設:最高頻率為,則最低頻率為
當時,;
當時,。
6、兩檔傳動比,且方案
基本工作情況
將電動機和主軸之間的傳動比分成兩檔(和),使變頻器的輸出頻率、電動機的轉速與負載轉速之間的對應關系見表4-1
表4-1 頻率、電動機與負載轉速之間的對應關系
工作頻率
電動機的轉速
低檔傳動比
負載轉速
高檔傳動比
負載轉速
表中,是兩檔轉速分界點的“中間速”。在抵擋時,傳動比為,當從
到(到)時,從到;在高檔時,傳動比為,當從到 (從到)時, 從到。
忽略電動機轉差率的變化的因素,則有:
圖3.3
作為兩檔中間的分界轉速(中間速)
所以,電動機工作頻率的范圍
可見,采用兩檔傳動比后,在負載的速度范圍不變的情況下,工作頻率的調節(jié)范圍大大的縮小了。采用兩檔傳動比后,在全頻率范圍內的有效轉矩線如圖3.3中之曲線2所示,曲線1為車床的機械特性曲線??梢钥闯鰞烧咭呀浭纸咏?。
7 、動機的容量
電動機的容量與面積成正比,如圖3所示。其大小為:
可見,采用兩檔傳動比后,電動機容量可比減小倍。
電動機的工作頻率范圍
設:最高頻率為,則最低頻率為
當時
當時
可見,最低工作頻率增大了很多,使變頻調速系統(tǒng)在最低速時的工作穩(wěn)定性大大改善了.
8、 調速系統(tǒng)的選擇
經上述分析,主軸拖動系統(tǒng)在不更換電動機的條件下,要實現(xiàn)主軸轉速的無級調速,可以采用機械多檔變速傳動,與變頻器調速相結合的方法。
原拖動與系統(tǒng)概況。
電動機的主要數(shù)據(jù)
電動機額定功率:7.5KW
電動機額定轉速:1450rpm
主軸轉速范圍:10—2000r/min
計算數(shù)據(jù)
a. 調速范圍
b. 負載轉矩
n/(r/min)
1.恒轉矩區(qū)的最大轉速
143.25
T/(N/m)
35.8
500
2000
2.恒轉矩區(qū)的轉矩
3.恒功率區(qū)的最小轉矩
3.3.9普通籠型異步電動機變頻調速運行時的性能分析
普通籠型異步電動機是按工頻電源條件下運行所設計制造的,用變頻器對其進行調速時,因變頻器輸出波形中含有諧波的影響,電動機功率因數(shù)、效率均有下降,電流與線圈溫升將有所增高,電機在額定頻率以下連續(xù)進行時,影響其帶負載能力的主要因素是溫升,在額定頻率以上連續(xù)運行時,電機允許最高頻率受軸承的極限轉速、旋轉件的強度限制,因此初步選定電機的變頻范圍在10Hz~75Hz之間。最大頻率調節(jié)比
因此在不變換主軸電機的條件下,主軸拖動系統(tǒng)需采用機械三檔以上變速傳動比在機械結構上,三檔與四檔變速傳動的方案相似,而采用四檔變速對電機的調速更為合適,因此決定利用機械四檔變速傳動方案。
確定傳動比
拖動系統(tǒng)機械四檔變速分配
傳動比
檔次
低
中
高
最高
電機
工作區(qū)
恒轉矩
恒功率
恒轉矩
恒功率
恒轉矩
恒功率
恒轉矩
恒功率
主軸轉速r/min
10 50
50
72.5
72
360
360
540
540
1080
1080
1620
1620
1800
1800
2160
電機
頻率Hz
10
50
50
75
10
50
50
75
22.5 50
50
75
45
50
50
55
電機轉r/min
290
1450
1450
2175
290
1450
1450
2175
725
1450
1450
2175
1305
1450
1450
1595
低速傳動比
取
中速傳動比
取
高速傳動比
取
最高速傳動比
取
電機負荷性能核算
恒轉矩區(qū)折算至負載軸的轉矩
恒功率區(qū)折算至負載軸的轉矩
、、、調整后。拖動系統(tǒng)機械四檔調速分配及帶負載核算如下表:
傳動比
檔次
低
中
高
最高
電機
工作區(qū)
恒轉矩
恒功率
恒轉矩
恒功率
恒轉矩
恒功率
恒轉矩
恒功率
主軸轉速r/min
10
50
50
72.5
72
360
360
540
540
1080
1080
1620
1620
1800
1800
2160
電機
頻率Hz
10
50
50
75
10
50
50
75
22.5
50
50
75
45
50
50
55
電機轉速r/min
290
1450
1450
2175
290
1450
1450
2175
725
1450
1450
2175
1305
1450
1450
1595
電機
調頻比
0.2
1
1
1.5
0.2
1
1
1.5
0.5
1
1
1.5
0.9
1
1
1.1
折算
轉矩N·M
1432.5
1432.5
955
198
198
132
66
66
44
39
39
36
核算結果表明:在不變換主軸電機的條件下,主軸拖動系統(tǒng)采用機械四檔變速傳動比的方案滿足要求。
注:
狀態(tài)
輸入
低檔(K10)
中檔(K11)
高檔(K12)
最高檔(K10、K12)
SQ15
1
0
0
1
SQ16
0
1
0
0
SQ17
0
0
1
1
八、主軸鋼度的校核
1、 計算切削力和驅動力
① 切削力的計算(Pz)
a、切削功率:N切=NⅣ·=6.3×0.98=6.05kw
b、切削轉矩:M=9550×=9550×=638.7N·M
c、切削力:Pz= 取=130
Pz==9.8×10N
d、Py=0.4Pz=0.4×9.8×10=3.92×10N
Px=0.25Pz=0.25×9.8×10=2.45×10N
② 驅動力的計算(Qr)
a、 齒輪的傳遞功率
N齒= NⅣ·η齒=6.57×0.98=6.44kw
b、 齒輪的傳遞轉距
M=9550×=9550×=173.3N·m
c、 驅動力 QT===4304.2N
Qr= QT·tgα=4304.2×tg20°=1566.6N
③ 切削力Pz與驅動力QT的位置關系,由機床個軸位置布置關系可知:
β=20°
Qz=QTcosβ+Qrsinβ=4304.2×cos20°+1566.6×sin20°=4580.4N
Qy=QTsinβ-Qrcosβ=4304.2×sin20°-1566.6×cos20°=0
2、 主軸的受力分析
① Z方向
三軸承支撐可簡化為如圖所示靜不定系統(tǒng)
式中: 卡盤長L卡=150㎜
工件長LⅠ=160㎜
a=100㎜ b=65㎜ c=456㎜
L1=285㎜ L2=236㎜ L=521㎜
Mz=Pz(L卡+ LⅠ)=9800×(150+160)=3.038×10N·㎜
E=2.1×10
I=(D平-d)=3870571.2
a、 在Pz作用下,B處的撓度:
(yB)Pz=
b、 在Mz作用下,B處的撓度:
(rB)MZ=
c、 在QZ作用下,B處的撓度:
(YB)QZ=-
所以YB=+-
d、 在(RB)Z作用B處的撓度:
(Y′B)=
由于B處軸承是剛性支承
所以YB= Y′B
+-
=
由上式可求出(RB)Z
(RB)Z=
=22330N
② r方向:
三軸承支承可簡化為如圖所示靜不定系統(tǒng):
(RB)y=
式中:My=Py·(L卡+ LⅠ)=1215200N·㎜
Mx=Px·=147000N·㎜
Qy=0
(RB)y=10510.5N
3、 主軸撓度計算:
① Z方向
Y=--++
=-[9800×100×(521+100)
+--
=-0.06
② Y方向
Y=---+
=-[3920×100×(521+100)
+ -]
=-0.025
③ 計算總撓度:Y===0.065
[Y]=0.002l=0.002×521=0.104
計算結果:Y〈[Y] 主軸撓度合格
4、 軸承處轉角的校核
① Z方向:
Qz=+-
其中:a′=a+ l卡+ lⅠ=100+150+160=410㎜
Qz=-0.00033
② Y方向:
Qy=--;( Qy=0)
=-0.00012
③ 計算總轉角
Q==0.00035〈0.001rad
因此機床主軸的剛度是合適的
畢業(yè)設計
開題報告書
題 目
姓 名
張斌
學 號
專 業(yè)
數(shù)控技術
指導教師
錢小平
職 稱
2007 年 11 月
課題來源
對數(shù)控機床傳動系統(tǒng)的觀察,及自己的興趣愛好,對數(shù)控車傳動系統(tǒng)產生了濃厚的興趣?,F(xiàn)在決定以此為課題,進行CA6150主軸傳動系統(tǒng)系統(tǒng)的設計。
科學依據(jù)(包括課題的科學意義;國內外研究概況、水平和發(fā)展趨勢;應用前景等)
MPS模塊化生產系統(tǒng)具有較好的柔性,即每站各有一套PLC控制系統(tǒng)獨立控制,且結構簡單,功能明確,模擬性強,操作簡便;安裝與調整方便,制造與檢測容易。
研究內容
目前要解決如下問題:
電動機功率的確定、滑道角度的確定、氣缸型號的選擇機器及材料的確定。
現(xiàn)基本以機械設計為主,其它為輔。
擬采取的研究方法、技術路線、實驗方案及可行性分析
(1) 設計滿足本站功能要求的自動機械裝置,包括氣動回路;
(2) 根據(jù)需要選擇(或設計)原動機、傳動機構、執(zhí)行元件;
(3) 繪制本站全套機械工程圖(裝配圖和零件圖)一份;
(4) 撰寫設計計算說明書一份。
研究計劃及預期成果
MPS是模擬生產系統(tǒng)(Model Produce System)的英文縮寫,用于模擬一個典型的順序控制系統(tǒng)。模塊化MPS是用于自動化專業(yè)高級維修電工進行PLC編程與操作以及PLC聯(lián)網(wǎng)控制技能訓練的教學設備。
整個模塊化MPS是由上料檢測站、搬運站、加工站、安裝站、安裝搬運站、分類站六個部分組成的。故每一站除了要求能單獨完成本站的一個動作過程(功能要求)外,還要考慮能將各站按一定順序聯(lián)接在一起,組成一個模塊化生產系統(tǒng)。
特色或創(chuàng)新之處
這兩個系統(tǒng)的設計特點是模塊化,結構簡單,模擬性強,操作簡便。每一站就是一個模塊,各自有一套獨立的功能。兩模塊之間又能相互聯(lián)系,構成一個的“系統(tǒng)工程”。是一臺較理想的理論知識和技能訓練相結合的教學設備,非常適合高等職業(yè)技術學校進行模塊化教學。
已具備的條件和尚需解決的問題
在本次MPS上料檢測站和搬運站機械設計中,主要解決的問題是材料的選擇以及汽缸的選擇;其次是對傳感器的選擇。
由于學校在自動化設計方面的資料比較多,以及在網(wǎng)上找到的資料。故本次設計的資料比較齊全。
指導教師意見
指導教師簽名:
年 月 日
教研室(學科組、研究所)意見
教研室主任簽名:
年 月 日
院系意見
主管領導簽名:
年 月 日
A GRINDING SPINDLE D. Broadley, describes the factors influencing the design and then tells how to make a grinding spindle head. Part 1 Model Engineer 19 June 1992 Part 2 7 July 1992, Part 3 21 August 1992 The real heart of a good machine tool stems from the quality of its machine spindle. The lathe is a prime example of this statement, the lathe spindle having a particularly heavy duty to perform even in a light duty machine. However the model engineer has a requirement for a variety of light but precise machine spindles which are, with care, within the capability of the average amateur and of modest cost. This series of articles will deal mainly with the design and manufacture of a light but precise grinding spindle but will finally extend the exercise to the design of a unit capable of carrying an MT2 spindle of somewhat greater load carrying capacity. The design principles are however the same. The Grinding Spindle Much has already been written on the subject of grinding spindle head design, and it is difficult to state anything which has not been said or written before. However it is necessary to state the design principles involved. What we are after is a 4800 rpm free running and accurate spindle without end float in order basically to ensure stability of the grinding wheel. The loads involved are very low apart from loads in the grinding wheel itself and any preloads we must build into the spindle to ensure stability. These latter are also low but important to get right. Finally we need to be able to replace wheels easily and accurately in order to avoid regrinding and hence wheel wastage every time we change a wheel. The satisfaction of making such a spindle which, apart from the wheel itself, looks as though it is stationary is reward enough for the effort involved apart from the fact that we finish up with a most universally useful tool. The main element of our grinding spindle is to choose the correct bearings in an accurately machined housing with correct internal preload. All preloads consists of is a method of spring loading one of the two ball races to adjust end float caused by axial tolerances (the difficulty of accurately measuring the distance between the inner races on the shaft and outer races in the housing) and any differential thermal expansion as inevitably one part of the spindle achieves working temperatures compared with another. A good high speed spindle is that critical. The bearings chosen are relatively inexpensive angular contact or magneto type which lend themselves particularly well to simple and practical methods of preload. There are numerous ways of providing the necessary preload but the one chosen here is what I consider to give the most reliable and, for the amateur the simplest and least expensive method. It is based on bearing disc springs which are readily available and which cover the complete range of sizes for the projects in hand. They can be obtained through the many bearing factors in most large towns and also are available from N.S.&A. Hemingway. The spring characteristic for single and multi-stacked discs is shown in Fig. 1. it being necessary to use 4 springs for this application in order to achieve the preload of 5 to 6 lbs requiring a compression of 15 to 20 thou respectively, but more about this later. Enough of the preamble, how do we go about making it! Fig. 2 shows an exploded view of the system. The casing, spindle and the bearing spacer require some fairly accurate machining so take your time. Free cutting mild steel is recommended throughout for which well ground HSS tools are quite capable of giving the accuracy and finish that we require. The extent to which strength is lost due to addition of a trace of lead is so small in the vast majority of model applications I am amazed that it is not more widely used and available. It is perfectly adequate for this project and its advantages in machineability is in my view outstanding. Drawing 1 Starting with the spindle housing (Item 1) mount one end in the 4 jaw and the other in the fixed steady end true it up with the D.T1. after cleaning off any rust etc. from the outer diameter. This arrangement is shown in Photo 2 part 2. You should be able to achieve a very few tenths (of a thou.) with care. Drill the casing through and bore it out to 1.25 in. at least half way and preferably through. Carefully bore for the outer ball race. If you are using a magneto bearing the outer race is separable and can be used as a reference if this helps (carefully clean it afterwards). The bore you need for a light push fit is only 3 tenths smaller than the outside of the bearing. You can bore for a 0.002 in. clearance and use Loctite if you wish. I personally go for a light push fit every time but if a mistake is made I would not hesitate to use the remarkable Loctite products, in this case Loctite 64 Bearing Fit. Next thread the end 32 TPI x in, before turning the casing round, truing it up again with the D.T.I. and repeating the procedure from the other end but this time making the outer race a nice sliding fit in the casing. Finally thread what is the drive end 32 TPI also. Just a word on screwcutting in the lathe. The depth of thread for 32 TBI Whitworth form is 0.031 in. but if you are using a pointed screwcutting tool, most do, do not forget to add on the extra sixth for the bottom of the thread i.e. the actual depth of thread is 0.036 in. The spindle (Item 2) is handled in a similar way to the casing but from a piece of 1 in. OD FCMS and leaving sufficient length to machine the complete spindle, hold it in the 3 jaw and centre the free end using the fixed steady. Remove the steady and using a rotating centre carefully turn the whole of the outside of the spindle including the 7/8 in. nose. Unless you use Loctite you will require great care to achieve the necessary light push fit since the interference you require on this small diameter is only a tenth of a thou. or so but this is only necessary where the bearings locate. Lapping, which in my view docs not receive the attention it deserves, is the best way of achieving the accuracy required. If you use Loctite NOT YET. Screwcut the in. x 32 TPI thread in the lathe, finishing it off with a die. Next fit the fixed steady, not over the bearing location, and remove the centre. The 3/8 in. bore we are going to tackle next is accomplished by truing up the spindle, now in a fixed steady, with the D.T.l. and bore the spindle to 3/8 in. by step drilling, preferably making the final cut with the D bit. The bore is long and you are unlikely to have a long enough drill to go right through. So reverse the spindle and again using the fixed steady on the 7/8 in. nose true the outside as accurately as possible with the D.T.1. then, drill until the bores meet, leaving the last say 20 thou, to the D bit. You really can do this without being able to see the join. All that needs to be done to finish the nose is to machine the 40 deg. taper. This I did quite successfully at the same setting but you may choose to follow the procedure of Professor Chaddock in his excellent book on the Quorn Tool and Cutter Grinder. In this the whole of the spindle housing is held in the in the fixed steady, the spindle itself being driven in the preloaded bearings. I cannot fault this method but feel that beginners at least will find the method that I have outlined to be satisfactory. The necessary skill to true up a component in the lathe to the accuracies required is not that difficult, but take your time. Next tackle the bearing spacer (Item 4) to a slide fit on the spindle. The length of the tube is fairly critical to maintain the differential between the housing and the length of the spacer. This differential must be 0.168 in. to 0.173 in, to give a preload of 6 to 5 lbs. respectively. This necessitates some simple arithmetic involving measuring the length of the housing, subtracting the outer bearing recess dimensions and adding 0.173 in. as shown on the drawing to obtain the length of the spacer. You must check it this way because it is almost certain that you will not have controlled the length scales accurately enough. If you use an angular contact bearing, which are cheaper and more readily available than magneto bearings, it is necessary to adjust the length scales because they are 3mm wider, i.e. 11mm wide. Ensure that the ends of the spacer are parallel when machining it to length by supporting it in the fixed steady and again check with the D.T.I. The spacer tube is reduced at the disc spring end in order to support the stack. This diameter is important but not critical to provide the correct internal support for the disc spring stack. To repeat the length of the spacer is important as it automatically gives the correct preload and for these particular disc springs 1 lb preload = 0.004 inch. A simple way of measuring the housing and bearing recesses in order to achieve the correct length of the bearing spacer is given later. Finally make the screwed end caps which are identical. There are other ways to retain the spindle and contain the oil or grease than screwed end caps and oil seals which I have shown on the drawing. Oil seals of the full bearing diameter are readily available but in my case I was anxious to provide the maximum spacing between the bearing and the design shown does this nicely. I also machined thin brass washers between the casing and the end caps which add a decorative as well as useful oil retaining role. Whichever type of seal you use it is advisable to lap the seating to speed running in and minimum wear on the seal lip. The oil seals do unfortunately give significant drag particularly when new. A light grease rather than oil and either a lapped fit or felt seal are I am sure perfectly good alternatives. The bearings are good for 20,000 rpm with grease and 25.000 rpm with oil, but please not with a grinding wheel on it. The absolute need to keep within the rpm limit of the largest wheel cannot be over emphasized (the maximum speed is stamped by law on all but the very small wheels).
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