尾座體支架B機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程及鉆φ17孔夾具設(shè)計(jì)【說(shuō)明書+CAD】
尾座體支架B機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程及鉆φ17孔夾具設(shè)計(jì)【說(shuō)明書+CAD】,說(shuō)明書+CAD,尾座體支架B機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程及鉆φ17孔夾具設(shè)計(jì)【說(shuō)明書+CAD】,尾座體,支架,機(jī)械,加工,工藝,規(guī)程,17,夾具,設(shè)計(jì),說(shuō)明書,仿單,cad
中 北 大 學(xué) 信 息 商 務(wù) 學(xué) 院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告
學(xué) 生 姓 名:
學(xué) 號(hào):
系 名:
專 業(yè):
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
設(shè) 計(jì) 題 目:
尾座體零件機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程及夾具
設(shè)計(jì)
指導(dǎo)教師:
2016年 3月 21 日
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 開(kāi) 題 報(bào) 告
1.結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)情況,根據(jù)所查閱的文獻(xiàn)資料,撰寫2000字左右的文獻(xiàn)綜述:
文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述
一、設(shè)計(jì)(或研究)的依據(jù)、背景以及研究意義
隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與飛躍發(fā)展,我國(guó)的機(jī)械行業(yè)得到了大幅度的提升。材料、結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝是產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ),一方面,技術(shù)制約著設(shè)計(jì);另一方面,技術(shù)也推動(dòng)著設(shè)計(jì)。從設(shè)計(jì)美學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)看,技術(shù)不僅僅是物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),還具有其本身的“功能”作用,只要善于應(yīng)用材料的特性,予以相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和適當(dāng)?shù)募庸すに?,就能夠?chuàng)造出實(shí)用、美觀、經(jīng)濟(jì)的產(chǎn)品,即在產(chǎn)品中發(fā)揮技術(shù)潛在的“功能”[1]。
技術(shù)是產(chǎn)品形態(tài)發(fā)展的先導(dǎo),新材料,新工藝的出現(xiàn),必然給產(chǎn)品帶來(lái)新的結(jié)構(gòu),新的形態(tài)和新的造型風(fēng)格[2-3]。材料、加工工藝、結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品形象有機(jī)地聯(lián)系在一起,某個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的變革,便會(huì)引起整個(gè)機(jī)體的變化。
工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,對(duì)產(chǎn)品的品種和生產(chǎn)率提出了愈來(lái)愈高的要求,使得多品種、中小批生產(chǎn)作為機(jī)械生產(chǎn)的主流,為了適應(yīng)機(jī)械生產(chǎn)的這種發(fā)展趨勢(shì),必然對(duì)機(jī)床夾具提出更高的要求[4]。
對(duì)于尾座體零件、主要進(jìn)行導(dǎo)軌面的加工、孔加工和表面加工、鉆孔、攻絲,孔的精度要求高。該零件年生產(chǎn)5000件屬大批量生產(chǎn),為了提高勞動(dòng)效率、降低成本,加工零件需要設(shè)計(jì)專用夾具[5]。
尾座體零件材料為HT150,灰鑄鐵是一種脆性較高,硬度較低的材料,因此其鑄造性能好,切削加工性能優(yōu)越,故本零件毛坯可選擇鑄造的方法。在后期的零件加工的過(guò)程中,要想得到最終的理想工件,不僅需要使用高精度的機(jī)床,而且?jiàn)A具也是起著至關(guān)重要的作用,夾具的設(shè)計(jì)是否合理將直接影響零件最后的精度和性能。
此次的設(shè)計(jì)是對(duì)大學(xué)期間所學(xué)各課程及相關(guān)的應(yīng)用繪圖軟件的一次深入的綜合性的總復(fù)習(xí),也是一次理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的訓(xùn)練。其目的在于:?
(1)鞏固我們?cè)诖髮W(xué)里所學(xué)的知識(shí),也是對(duì)以前所學(xué)知識(shí)的綜合性的檢驗(yàn);
(2)加強(qiáng)我們查閱資料的能力,熟悉有關(guān)資料;?
(3)樹(shù)立正確的設(shè)計(jì)思想,掌握設(shè)計(jì)方法,培養(yǎng)我們的實(shí)際工作能力;?
(4)通過(guò)對(duì)尾座體零件的機(jī)械制造工藝設(shè)計(jì),使我們?cè)跈C(jī)械制造工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì),工藝方案論證,機(jī)械加工余量計(jì)算,工藝尺寸的確定,編寫技術(shù)文件及查閱技術(shù)文獻(xiàn)等各個(gè)方面受到一次綜合性的訓(xùn)練,初步具備設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)中等復(fù)雜程度零件的工藝規(guī)程的能力。?
(5)能根據(jù)被加工零件的技術(shù)要求,運(yùn)用夾具設(shè)計(jì)的基本原理和方法,學(xué)會(huì)擬定夾具設(shè)計(jì)方案,完成夾具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),初步具備設(shè)計(jì)出高效,省力,經(jīng)濟(jì)合理并能保證加工質(zhì)量的專用夾具的能力。?
(6)通過(guò)零件圖,裝配圖繪制,使我們對(duì)于AutoCAD繪圖軟件的使用能得到進(jìn)一步的提高。
二、國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
當(dāng)今世界,工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)機(jī)床工業(yè)高度重視,競(jìng)相發(fā)展機(jī)電一體化、高質(zhì)量、高精、高質(zhì)、自動(dòng)化先進(jìn)機(jī)床,以加速工業(yè)和國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展[6]。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),歐、美、亞在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上相互展開(kāi)激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng),已形成一條無(wú)形戰(zhàn)線,特別是隨微電子、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,數(shù)控機(jī)床在20世紀(jì)80年代以后的加速發(fā)展,各方用戶提出更多需求,早已成為四大國(guó)際機(jī)床展上各國(guó)機(jī)床制造商競(jìng)相展示先進(jìn)技術(shù)、爭(zhēng)奪用戶、擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng)的焦點(diǎn)。中國(guó)加入WTO后,正式參與世界市場(chǎng)激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng),今后如何加強(qiáng)機(jī)床工業(yè)實(shí)力、加速數(shù)控機(jī)床產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展,是緊迫而又艱巨的任務(wù)。數(shù)控機(jī)床出現(xiàn)至今的50年,隨著科技、特別是電子、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步而不斷發(fā)展。美國(guó)、德國(guó)和日本是當(dāng)今世界上在數(shù)控機(jī)床科研、設(shè)計(jì)、制造和使用上,技術(shù)最先進(jìn)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)最多的國(guó)家[7-8]。
例如:19世界初是1mm等級(jí),到20世界初時(shí)提高到了0.01mm級(jí),而近30年來(lái),普通機(jī)械加工的精度已從0.01mm提高到0.005mm級(jí),精密加工的精度已從1μm級(jí)提高到0.02μm級(jí),超精加工已從0.~0.01μm級(jí)進(jìn)入到納米級(jí)。在表面粗糙度方面,日本用熒光碳素泡沫拋光劑和細(xì)微SiO2粉末拋光工作,成功獲得了小于0.0005μm的表面粗糙度。過(guò)去人們只注意表面粗糙度、波度和紋理等表面特征,忽視了表面之下0.38mm范圍內(nèi)的內(nèi)部效應(yīng),即次表面對(duì)零件可靠性的影響。這方面尚需要深入研究,采取相應(yīng)措施,方能提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和使用壽命及可靠性[9-10]。
中國(guó)于1958年研制出第一臺(tái)數(shù)控機(jī)床,發(fā)展過(guò)程大致可以分為量大階段。在1958~1979年間為第一階段,從1979年至今為第二階段。第一階段中對(duì)數(shù)控機(jī)床的特點(diǎn)、發(fā)展條件缺乏認(rèn)識(shí),在人員素質(zhì)差、基礎(chǔ)薄弱、配套件不過(guò)關(guān)的情況下,一哄而上又一哄而下,曾經(jīng)三起三落,終因表現(xiàn)欠佳,無(wú)法用于生產(chǎn)而停止。主要存在的問(wèn)題是盲目性大,缺乏實(shí)事求是的科學(xué)精神。在第二階段,從日、德、美、西班牙先后引進(jìn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)技術(shù),從日、德、美等11各國(guó)家(地區(qū))引進(jìn)數(shù)控機(jī)床先進(jìn)技術(shù)和合作、合資生產(chǎn),解決了可靠性、穩(wěn)定性等問(wèn)題,數(shù)控機(jī)床開(kāi)始正式生產(chǎn)和使用,主要表現(xiàn)在三大方面:培訓(xùn)一批設(shè)計(jì)、制造、使用和維護(hù)的人才;通過(guò)合作生產(chǎn)先進(jìn)數(shù)控機(jī)床,使設(shè)計(jì)、制造、使用水平大大提高,縮小了與世界先進(jìn)技術(shù)的差距;通過(guò)利用國(guó)外先進(jìn)元部件、控制系統(tǒng)配套,開(kāi)始能自行設(shè)計(jì)及制造高速、高性能、五面或五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工的數(shù)控機(jī)床,供應(yīng)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的需求,但對(duì)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的試驗(yàn)、消化、掌握及創(chuàng)新卻較差。至今需要重要功能部件、自動(dòng)化刀具、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)依靠國(guó)外技術(shù)支撐,不能獨(dú)立發(fā)展,基本上處于從仿制走向自行開(kāi)發(fā)階段,與日本數(shù)控機(jī)床的水平差距很大。存在的主要問(wèn)題包括:缺乏像日本“機(jī)電法”、“機(jī)信法”那樣的指引;嚴(yán)重缺乏各方面專家人才和熟練技術(shù)工人;缺乏深入系統(tǒng)的科研工作;元部件和數(shù)控系統(tǒng)不配套;企業(yè)和專業(yè)間缺乏合作,基本上孤軍作戰(zhàn),雖然廠多人眾,但向成不了合力[11-13]。
機(jī)械行業(yè)作為一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)而又具有發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ男袠I(yè),伴隨著德國(guó)現(xiàn)在提出的“工業(yè)4.0”的概念以及中國(guó)提出的“2025計(jì)劃”,機(jī)械制造業(yè)面臨著有逐步向智能化方向轉(zhuǎn)變,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)全自動(dòng)化、柔性化制造[13-15]。
我國(guó)在現(xiàn)代機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)方面起步較晚,中國(guó)機(jī)械工程學(xué)會(huì)于1983年5月才召開(kāi)了“第一次機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)討論會(huì)”,但經(jīng)過(guò)了多年的努力,我國(guó)在現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法的研究方面已經(jīng)取得了可喜的成績(jī),現(xiàn)在的中國(guó)可以自豪地稱為“世界的工廠”,“MADE IN CHINA”已經(jīng)是世界聞名了。雖然有了很大的進(jìn)步,但是我國(guó)目前的整體機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)水平還是有待于提高的,下面討論我國(guó)現(xiàn)階段使用較多的幾種設(shè)計(jì)方式。
研究協(xié)會(huì)的統(tǒng)計(jì)表明,目前中、小批多品種生產(chǎn)的工件品種已占工件種類總數(shù)的85%左右?,F(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)要求企業(yè)所制造的產(chǎn)品品種經(jīng)常更新?lián)Q代,以適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)的需求與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。然而,一般企業(yè)都仍習(xí)慣于大量采用傳統(tǒng)的專用夾具,一般在具有中等生產(chǎn)能力的工廠,里約擁有數(shù)千甚至近萬(wàn)套專用夾具;另一方面,在多品種生產(chǎn)的企業(yè)中,每隔3~4年就要更新50~80%左右專用夾具,而夾具的實(shí)際磨損量?jī)H為10~20%左右[16-17]。特別是近年來(lái),數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心、成組技術(shù)、柔性制造系統(tǒng)、(FMS)等新加工技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,對(duì)機(jī)床夾具提出了如下新的要求[18-20]:
(1)能迅速而方便地裝備新產(chǎn)品的投產(chǎn),以縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期,降低生產(chǎn)成本;
(2)能裝夾一組具有相似性特征的工件;
(3)能適用于精密加工的高精度機(jī)床夾具;
(4)能適用于各種現(xiàn)代化制造技術(shù)的新型機(jī)床夾具;
(5)采用以液壓站等為動(dòng)力源的高效夾緊裝置,以進(jìn)一步減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。
通過(guò)對(duì)比國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀的研究,我們明顯可知,目前我國(guó)的機(jī)械加工能力遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)趕不上國(guó)外,而夾具則是主要影響因素之一[21]。因此,本文開(kāi)展對(duì)尾座體零件的加工工藝分析及部分工裝設(shè)計(jì)研究顯示得非常重要。
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[12]曾達(dá)幸,胡志濤,侯雨雷等.一種新型并聯(lián)式解耦踝關(guān)節(jié)康復(fù)機(jī)構(gòu)及其優(yōu)[J].機(jī)械工程學(xué)報(bào),2015,51(9):1-9.
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畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 開(kāi) 題 報(bào) 告
2.本課題要研究或解決的問(wèn)題和擬采用的研究手段(途徑):
1、 研究或解決的問(wèn)題
本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)擬解決的問(wèn)題主要有以下幾個(gè)方面:
(1)通過(guò)對(duì)查閱資料,掌握其尾座體零件的重要性。
(2)掌握尾座體零件加工工藝和相應(yīng)夾具的設(shè)計(jì)流程。
(3)學(xué)習(xí)AutoCAD,并繪制尾座體零件的裝配圖和毛坯圖。
(4)編制尾座體零件的機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程;(選擇毛坯種類及制造方法,繪制毛坯圖。擬訂零件的機(jī)械加工工藝過(guò)程,選擇各工序加工設(shè)備及工藝裝備(刀具、夾具、量具、輔具),確定各工序切削用量及工序尺寸,計(jì)算某一代表工序的工時(shí)定額。)填寫工藝文件:工藝過(guò)程卡片、工序卡片。
(5)設(shè)計(jì)加工該零件通孔的專用夾具;繪制夾具裝配圖和主要的夾具零件圖。
(6)撰寫說(shuō)明書,完成相應(yīng)的夾具設(shè)計(jì)和加工工藝設(shè)計(jì)。
2、 擬采用的研究手段
初步擬采用理論分析和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)相結(jié)合的研究方法。針對(duì)尾座體零件主要采取以下方法:
①結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí),首先對(duì)零件進(jìn)行工藝分析,深入明白該零件的用途和作用。
②對(duì)零件毛坯進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。其中包括:毛坯的選擇、毛坯尺寸的確定。
③確定零件的工藝加工方案及工序。其中包括:加工方案的確定、工藝路線的確定、加工設(shè)備與工藝設(shè)備、切削用量和工時(shí)的確定等。
④工裝夾具的確定。其中包括:夾具結(jié)構(gòu)方案、夾具固定方案、裝配圖尺寸的確定。
⑤針對(duì)某個(gè)工序夾具設(shè)計(jì)。其中包括:定位方案、導(dǎo)向裝置、加緊機(jī)構(gòu)、復(fù)制定位裝置、夾具體的設(shè)計(jì)等。
⑤撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書,準(zhǔn)備答辯。
三、 工作進(jìn)度安排
第1-2周:選擇設(shè)計(jì)方向,收集資料,確定設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容,撰寫開(kāi)題報(bào)告。
第3-4周:調(diào)研并學(xué)習(xí)尾座體零件的工藝設(shè)計(jì)和夾具的設(shè)計(jì)方法。
第5-6周:繪制尾座體零件夾具結(jié)構(gòu)圖及工作原理圖。
第7-8周:根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)要求對(duì)相關(guān)參數(shù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算并繪制尾座體零件的夾具裝配圖及部分零件圖。
第9-10周:結(jié)合零件的特點(diǎn),編制零件的加工工藝規(guī)程。
第11-12周:總結(jié)材料,撰寫畢業(yè)論文初稿。
第13周:查漏補(bǔ)缺并根據(jù)老師提出的修改意見(jiàn)完善圖紙及論文。
第14周:畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)定稿、打印,畢業(yè)答辯。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 開(kāi) 題 報(bào) 告
指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn):
杜志超同學(xué)查閱了一定量的文獻(xiàn)資料,結(jié)合自己的設(shè)計(jì)課題,綜述了機(jī)械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,包括工藝設(shè)計(jì)、機(jī)床技術(shù)、夾具技術(shù)等;論述了尾座體零件在機(jī)器中的作用,分析了尾座體零件的結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝特點(diǎn),以此提出了工藝設(shè)計(jì)及夾具設(shè)計(jì)的設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)。說(shuō)明該同學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度端正,對(duì)自己的課題有了較為深入的理解。報(bào)告內(nèi)容完整,層次結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,主要觀點(diǎn)明確,語(yǔ)言表達(dá)通暢,格式規(guī)范;研究方案可行,具備了一定的設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)。
預(yù)計(jì)能達(dá)到預(yù)期的目標(biāo),同意開(kāi)題。
指導(dǎo)教師: 龐俊忠
2016年3月23日
所在系審查意見(jiàn):
同意開(kāi)題
系主任: 暴建崗
2016年3月22日
中 北 大 學(xué) 信 息 商 務(wù) 學(xué) 院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書
學(xué) 院、系:
中北大學(xué)信息商務(wù)學(xué)院 機(jī)械工程系
專 業(yè):
學(xué) 生 姓 名:
學(xué) 號(hào):
設(shè) 計(jì) 題 目:
尾座體零件機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程及夾具
設(shè)計(jì)
起 迄 日 期:
2016年 2月28日~2016 年6月5日
指 導(dǎo) 教 師:
系 主 任:
發(fā)任務(wù)書日期: 2016年 2月25 日
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 任 務(wù) 書
1.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)和要求:
設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù):對(duì)車床尾座體零件進(jìn)行機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)、夾具設(shè)計(jì)及分析計(jì)算。
設(shè)計(jì)要求:熟悉機(jī)械零件的切削加工方法,了解金屬切削加工的國(guó)內(nèi)外最新進(jìn)展;熟悉圖紙,分析尾座體零件的使用要求、精度要求及技術(shù)要求,找出其加工關(guān)鍵部位;制定詳細(xì)的零件機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程;對(duì)某一關(guān)鍵工序,根據(jù)夾具設(shè)計(jì)原理,設(shè)計(jì)一套合理的專用夾具,并計(jì)算其定位誤差;繪制圖紙;對(duì)有關(guān)元件進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度、剛度計(jì)算和校核,編寫計(jì)算說(shuō)明書;翻譯和畢業(yè)題目?jī)?nèi)容相關(guān)的外文資料一篇。
2.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的具體工作內(nèi)容:
設(shè)計(jì)要求:1)詳細(xì)機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程一份;
2)毛坯圖、零件圖;
3)夾具裝配圖1張;
4)夾具零件圖6—8張;
5)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說(shuō)明書一份;
6)外文資料翻譯。
設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù):1)生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng):大批生產(chǎn);
2)零件結(jié)構(gòu)、尺寸及要求,見(jiàn)零件附圖。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 任 務(wù) 書
3.對(duì)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)成果的要求:
1)裝配圖和零件圖;
2)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書;
3)外文資料翻譯。
4.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)工作進(jìn)度計(jì)劃:
起 迄 日 期
工 作 內(nèi) 容
2016年
2月28日 ~3月12 日
3月13日 ~3月 19日
3月20日 ~4月23日
4月24日 ~5月7日
5月8日 ~5月28日
5月29日 ~6月5 日
調(diào)研、文獻(xiàn)檢索、制定設(shè)計(jì)方案 (第1~2周)
撰寫開(kāi)題報(bào)告 (第3周)
方案和總圖設(shè)計(jì) (第4~8周)
零件圖設(shè)計(jì) (第9~10周)
撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書 (第11~13周)
準(zhǔn)備和進(jìn)行畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯 (第14周)
學(xué)生所在系審查意見(jiàn):
同意下發(fā)任務(wù)書
系主任: 暴建崗
2016年2月29日
中北大學(xué)信息商務(wù)學(xué)院
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)英文參考資料
題 目
系 名 機(jī)械工程系
專 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
姓 名
學(xué) 號(hào)
指導(dǎo)教師 職稱 教授
2016年 6 月 2 日
譯文標(biāo)題
車床簡(jiǎn)介
原文標(biāo)題
Lathes
作 者
(Serope kalpakjian)
譯 名
卡爾帕基安
國(guó) 籍
美國(guó)
原文出處
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/
原文:
Lathes
Lathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.
The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod.
The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed.
The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives.
Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle.
The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw.
The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers.
Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up to 3658mm(12 feet) are not uncommon. Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system. Smaller engine lathes-with swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches ) –also are available in bench type, designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench on a bench or cabinet.
Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the work piece, thy are not suitable for quantity production. Often the actual chip-production tine is less than 30% of the total cycle time. In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of the operator’s time is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made. Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing.
2 Numerical Control
One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools ere manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.
Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.
Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:
Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding.
Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tolls and processes.
Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to made straight cuts efficiently and effectively.
However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve, Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.
This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the fur ther development from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape. A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.
A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate tines. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.
This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other problems.
The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To made even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape.
The development of a concept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool an needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.
3 Turning
The engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered.
The engine lathe has been replaced in today’s production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finish on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today.
Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator. In redesigning an experimental part for production, economical tolerances should be used.
Turret Lathes Production machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method, the turret lathe merits a high rating.
In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. In achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turrets lathe, the designer should strive for a minimum of operations.
Automatic Screw Machines Generally, automatic screw machines fall into several categories; single-spindle automatics, multiple-spindle automatics and automatic chucking machines. Originally designed for rapid, automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts, the automatic screw machine has long since exceeded the confines of this narrow field, and today plays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts. Quantities play an important part in the economy of the parts machined on the automatic screw machine. Quantities less than on the automatic screw machine. The cost of the parts machined can be reduced if the minimum economical lot size is calculated and the proper machine is selected for these quantities.
Automatic Tracer Lathes Since surface roughness depends greatly on material turned, tooling , and feeds and speeds employed, minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic tracer lathes are not necessarily the most economical tolerances.
In some cases, tolerances of 0.05mm are held in continuous production using but one cut . groove width can be held to 0.125mm on some parts. Bores and single-point finishes can be held to 0.0125mm. On high-production runs where maximum output is desirable, a minimum tolerance of 0.125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn。
譯文:
車床
車床主要是為了進(jìn)行車外圓、車端面和鏜孔等項(xiàng)工作而設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)床。車削很少在其他種類的機(jī)床上進(jìn)行,而且任何一種其他機(jī)床都不能像車床那樣方便地進(jìn)行車削加工。由于車床還可以用來(lái)鉆孔和鉸孔,車床的多功能性可以使工件在一次安裝中完成幾種加工。因此,在生產(chǎn)中使用的各種車床比任何其他種類的機(jī)床都多。
車床的基本部件有:床身、主軸箱組件、尾座組件、溜板組件、絲杠和光杠。
床身是車床的基礎(chǔ)件。它能常是由經(jīng)過(guò)充分正火或時(shí)效處理的灰鑄鐵或者球墨鐵制成。它是一個(gè)堅(jiān)固的剛性框架,所有其他基本部件都安裝在床身上。通常在床身上有內(nèi)外兩組平行的導(dǎo)軌。有些制造廠對(duì)全部四條導(dǎo)軌都采用導(dǎo)軌尖朝上的三角形導(dǎo)軌(即山形導(dǎo)軌),而有的制造廠則在一組中或者兩組中都采用一個(gè)三角形導(dǎo)軌和一個(gè)矩形導(dǎo)軌。導(dǎo)軌要經(jīng)過(guò)精密加工以保證其直線度精度。為了抵抗磨損和擦傷,大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代機(jī)床的導(dǎo)軌是經(jīng)過(guò)表面淬硬的,但是在操作時(shí)還應(yīng)該小心,以避免損傷導(dǎo)軌。導(dǎo)軌上的任何誤差,常常意味著整個(gè)機(jī)床的精度遭到破壞。
主軸箱安裝在內(nèi)側(cè)導(dǎo)軌的固定位置上,一般在床身的左端。它提供動(dòng)力,并可使工件在各種速度下回轉(zhuǎn)。它基本上由一個(gè)安裝在精密軸承中的空心主軸和一系列變速齒輪(類似于卡車變速箱)所組成。通過(guò)變速齒輪,主軸可以在許多種轉(zhuǎn)速下旋轉(zhuǎn)。大多數(shù)車床有8~12種轉(zhuǎn)速,一般按等比級(jí)數(shù)排列。而且在現(xiàn)代機(jī)床上只需扳動(dòng)2~4個(gè)手柄,就能得到全部轉(zhuǎn)速。一種正在不斷增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)是通過(guò)電氣的或者機(jī)械的裝置進(jìn)行無(wú)級(jí)變速。
由于機(jī)床的精度在很大程度上取決于主軸,因此,主軸的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸較大,通常安裝在預(yù)緊后的重型圓錐滾子軸承或球軸承中。主軸中有一個(gè)貫穿全長(zhǎng)的通孔,長(zhǎng)棒料可以通過(guò)該孔送料。主軸孔的大小是車床的一個(gè)重要尺寸,因此當(dāng)工件必須通過(guò)主軸孔供料時(shí),它確定了能夠加工的棒料毛坯的最大尺寸。
尾座組件主要由三部分組成。底板與床身的內(nèi)側(cè)導(dǎo)軌配合,并可以在導(dǎo)軌上作縱向移動(dòng)。底板上有一個(gè)可以使整個(gè)尾座組件夾緊在任意位置上的裝置。尾座體安裝在底板上,可以沿某種類型的鍵槽在底板上橫向移動(dòng),使尾座能與主軸箱中的主軸對(duì)正。尾座的第三個(gè)組成部分是尾座套筒。它是一個(gè)直徑通常大約在51~76mm(2~3英寸)之間的鋼制空心圓柱體。通過(guò)手輪和螺桿,尾座套筒可以在尾座體中縱向移入和移出幾個(gè)英寸。
車床的規(guī)格用兩個(gè)尺寸表示。第一個(gè)稱為車床的床面上最大加工直徑。這是在車床上能夠旋轉(zhuǎn)的工件的最大直徑。它大約是兩頂尖連線與導(dǎo)軌上最近點(diǎn)之間距離的兩倍。第二個(gè)規(guī)格尺寸是兩頂尖之間的最大距離。車床床面上最大加工直徑表示在車床上能夠車削的最大工件直徑,而兩頂尖之間的最大距離則表示在兩個(gè)頂尖之間能夠安裝的工件的最大長(zhǎng)度。
普通車床是生產(chǎn)中最經(jīng)常使用的車床種類。它們是具有前面所敘的所有那些部件的重載機(jī)床,并且除了小刀架之外,全部刀具的運(yùn)動(dòng)都有機(jī)動(dòng)進(jìn)給。它們的規(guī)格通常是:車床床面上最大加工直徑為305~610mm(12~24英寸);但是,床面上最大加工直徑達(dá)到1270mm(50英寸)和兩頂尖之間距離達(dá)到3658mm的車床也并不少見(jiàn)。這些車床大部分都有切屑盤和一個(gè)安裝在內(nèi)部的冷卻液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。小型的普通車床—車床床面最大加工直徑一般不超過(guò)330mm(13英寸)--被設(shè)計(jì)成臺(tái)式車床,其床身安裝在工作臺(tái)或柜子上。
雖然普通車床有很多用途,是很有用的機(jī)床,但是更換和調(diào)整刀具以及測(cè)量工件花費(fèi)很多時(shí)間,所以它們不適合在大量生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用。通常,它們的實(shí)際加工時(shí)間少于其總加工時(shí)間的30%。此外,需要技術(shù)熟練的工人來(lái)操作普通車床,這種工人的工資高而且很難雇到。然而,操作工人的大部分時(shí)間卻花費(fèi)在簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)調(diào)整和觀察切屑過(guò)程上。因此,為了減少或者完全不雇用這類熟練工人,六角車床、螺紋加工車床和其他類型的半自動(dòng)和自動(dòng)車床已經(jīng)很好地研制出來(lái),并已經(jīng)在生產(chǎn)中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。
2.數(shù)字控制
先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)中的一個(gè)基本的概念是數(shù)字控制(NC)。在數(shù)控技術(shù)出現(xiàn)之前,所有的機(jī)床都是由人工操縱和控制的。在與人工控制的機(jī)床有關(guān)的很多局限性中,操作者的技能大概是最突出的問(wèn)題。采用人工控制是,產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量直接與操作者的技能有關(guān)。數(shù)字控制代表了從人工控制機(jī)床走出來(lái)的第一步。
數(shù)字控制意味著采用預(yù)先錄制的、存儲(chǔ)的符號(hào)指令來(lái)控制機(jī)床和其他制造系統(tǒng)。一個(gè)數(shù)控技師的工作不是去操縱機(jī)床,而是編寫能夠發(fā)出機(jī)床操縱指令的程序。對(duì)于一臺(tái)數(shù)控機(jī)床,其上必須安有一個(gè)被稱為閱讀機(jī)的界面裝置,用來(lái)接受和解譯出編程指令。
發(fā)展數(shù)控技術(shù)是為了克服人類操作者的局限性,而且它確實(shí)完成了這項(xiàng)工作。數(shù)字控制的機(jī)器比人工操縱的機(jī)器精度更高、生產(chǎn)出零件的一致性更好、生產(chǎn)速度更快、而且長(zhǎng)期的工藝裝備成本更低。數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致了制造工藝中其他幾項(xiàng)新發(fā)明的產(chǎn)生:
數(shù)字控制還使得機(jī)床比它們采用有人工操的前輩們的用途更為廣泛。
一臺(tái)數(shù)控機(jī)床可以自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)很多類的零件,每一個(gè)零件都可以有不同的和復(fù)雜的加工過(guò)程。數(shù)控可以使生產(chǎn)廠家承擔(dān)那些對(duì)于采用人工控制的機(jī)床和工藝來(lái)說(shuō),在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是不劃算的產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)任務(wù)。
同許多先進(jìn)技術(shù)一樣,數(shù)控誕生于麻省理工學(xué)院的實(shí)驗(yàn)室中。數(shù)控這個(gè)概念是50年代初在美國(guó)空軍的資助下提出來(lái)的。在其最初的價(jià)段,數(shù)控機(jī)床可以經(jīng)濟(jì)和有效地進(jìn)行直線切割。
然而,曲線軌跡成為機(jī)床加工的一個(gè)問(wèn)題,在編程時(shí)應(yīng)該采用一系列的水平與豎直的臺(tái)階來(lái)生成曲線。構(gòu)成臺(tái)階的每一個(gè)線段越短,曲線就越光滑。臺(tái)階中的每一個(gè)線段都必須經(jīng)過(guò)計(jì)算。
在這個(gè)問(wèn)題促使下,于1959年誕生了自動(dòng)編程工具(APT)語(yǔ)言。這是一個(gè)專門適用于數(shù)控的編程語(yǔ)言,使用類似于英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)句來(lái)定義零件的幾何形狀,描述切削刀具的形狀和規(guī)定必要的運(yùn)動(dòng)。APT語(yǔ)言的研究和發(fā)展是在數(shù)控技術(shù)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展過(guò)程中的一大進(jìn)步。最初的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)下今天應(yīng)用的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)是有很大差別的。在那時(shí)的機(jī)床中,只有硬線邏輯電路。指令程序?qū)懺诖┛准垘希ㄋ髞?lái)被塑料帶所取代),采用帶閱讀機(jī)將寫在紙帶或磁帶上的指令給機(jī)器翻譯出來(lái)。所有這些共同構(gòu)成了機(jī)床數(shù)字控制方面的巨大進(jìn)步。然而,在數(shù)控發(fā)展的這個(gè)階段中還存在著許多問(wèn)題。
一個(gè)主要問(wèn)題是穿孔紙帶的易損壞性。在機(jī)械加工過(guò)程中,載有編程指令信息的紙帶斷裂和被撕壞是常見(jiàn)的事情。在機(jī)床上每加工一個(gè)零件,都需要將載有編程指令的紙帶放入閱讀機(jī)中重新運(yùn)行一次。因此,這個(gè)問(wèn)題變得很嚴(yán)重。如果需要制造100個(gè)某種零件,則應(yīng)該將紙帶分別通過(guò)閱讀機(jī)100次。易損壞的紙帶顯然不能承受嚴(yán)配的車間環(huán)境和這種重復(fù)使用。
這就導(dǎo)致了一種專門的塑料磁帶的研制。在紙帶上通過(guò)采用一系列的小孔來(lái)載有編程指令,而在塑料帶上通過(guò)采用一系列的磁點(diǎn)瞇載有編程指令。塑料帶的強(qiáng)度比紙帶的強(qiáng)度要高很多,這就可以解決常見(jiàn)的撕壞和斷裂問(wèn)題。然而,它仍然存在著兩個(gè)問(wèn)題。
其中最重要的一個(gè)問(wèn)題是,對(duì)輸入到帶中指令進(jìn)行修改是非常困難的,或者是根本不可能的。即使對(duì)指令程序進(jìn)行最微小的調(diào)整,也必須中斷加工,制作一條新帶。而且?guī)ㄟ^(guò)閱讀機(jī)的次數(shù)還必須與需要加工的零件的個(gè)數(shù)相同。幸運(yùn)的是,計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用很快解決了數(shù)控技術(shù)中與穿孔紙帶和塑料帶有關(guān)的問(wèn)題。
在形成了直接數(shù)字控制(DNC)這個(gè)概念之后,可以不再采用紙帶或塑料帶作為編程指令的載體,這樣就解決了與之有關(guān)的問(wèn)題。在直接數(shù)字控制中,幾臺(tái)機(jī)床通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸線路聯(lián)接到一臺(tái)主計(jì)算機(jī)上。操縱這些機(jī)床所需要的程序都存儲(chǔ)在這臺(tái)主計(jì)算機(jī)中。當(dāng)需要時(shí),通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸線路提供給每臺(tái)機(jī)床。直接數(shù)字控制是在穿孔紙帶和塑料帶基礎(chǔ)上的一大進(jìn)步。然而,它敢有著同其他信賴于主計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)一樣的局限性。當(dāng)主計(jì)算機(jī)出現(xiàn)故障時(shí),由其控制的所有機(jī)床都將停止工作。這個(gè)問(wèn)題促使了計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)字控制技術(shù)的產(chǎn)生。
微處理器的發(fā)展為可編程邏輯控制器和微型計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展做好了準(zhǔn)備。這兩種技術(shù)為計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控(CNC)的發(fā)打下了基礎(chǔ)。采用CNC技術(shù)后,每臺(tái)機(jī)床上都有一個(gè)可編程邏輯控制器或者微機(jī)對(duì)其進(jìn)行數(shù)字控制。這可以使得程序被輸入和存儲(chǔ)在每臺(tái)機(jī)床內(nèi)部。它還可以在機(jī)床以外編制程序,并將其下載到每臺(tái)機(jī)床中。計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控解決了主計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)生故障所帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題,但是它產(chǎn)生了另一個(gè)被稱為數(shù)據(jù)管理的問(wèn)題。同一個(gè)程序可能要分別裝入十個(gè)相互之間沒(méi)有通訊聯(lián)系的微機(jī)中。這個(gè)問(wèn)題目前正在解決之中,它是通過(guò)采用局部區(qū)域網(wǎng)絡(luò)將各個(gè)微機(jī)聯(lián)接起來(lái),以得于更好地進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)管理。
3.車削加工
普通車床作為最早的金屬切削機(jī)床的一種,目前仍然有許多有用的和為人要的特性和為人們所需的特性?,F(xiàn)在,這些機(jī)床主要用在規(guī)模較小的工廠中,進(jìn)行小批量的生產(chǎn),而不是進(jìn)行大批量的和產(chǎn)。
在現(xiàn)代的生產(chǎn)車間中,普通車床已經(jīng)被種類繁多的自動(dòng)車床所取代,諸如自動(dòng)仿形車床,六角車床和自動(dòng)螺絲車床?,F(xiàn)在,設(shè)計(jì)人員已經(jīng)熟知先利用單刃刀具去除大量的金屬余量,然后利用成型刀具獲得表面光潔度和精度這種加工方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。這種加工方法的生產(chǎn)速度與現(xiàn)在工廠中使用的最快的加工設(shè)備的速度相等。
普通車床的加偏差主要信賴于操作者的技術(shù)熟練程度。設(shè)計(jì)工程師應(yīng)該認(rèn)真地確定由熟練工人在普通車床上加工的試驗(yàn)件的公差。在把試驗(yàn)伯重新設(shè)計(jì)為生產(chǎn)零件時(shí),應(yīng)該選用經(jīng)濟(jì)的公差。
六角車床 對(duì)生產(chǎn)加工設(shè)備來(lái)說(shuō),目前比過(guò)去更注重評(píng)價(jià)其是否具有精確的和快速的重復(fù)加工能力。應(yīng)用這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)具體的加工方法,六角車床可以獲得較高的質(zhì)量評(píng)定。
在為小批量的零件(100~200件)設(shè)計(jì)加工方法時(shí),采用六角車床是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的。為了在六角車床上獲得盡可能小的公差值,設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該盡量將加工工序的數(shù)目減至最少。
自動(dòng)螺絲車床 自動(dòng)螺絲車床通被分為以下幾種類型:?jiǎn)屋S自動(dòng)、多軸自動(dòng)和自動(dòng)夾緊車床。自動(dòng)螺絲車床最初是被用來(lái)對(duì)螺釘和類似的帶有螺紋的零件進(jìn)行自動(dòng)化和快速加工的。但是,這種車床的用途早就超過(guò)了這個(gè)狹窄的范圍?,F(xiàn)在,它在許多種類的精密零件的大批量生產(chǎn)中起著重要的作用。工件的數(shù)量對(duì)采用自動(dòng)螺絲車床所加工的零件的經(jīng)濟(jì)性有較大的影響。如果工件的數(shù)量少于1000件,在六角車床上進(jìn)行加工比在自動(dòng)螺絲車床上加工要經(jīng)濟(jì)得多。如果計(jì)算出最小經(jīng)濟(jì)批量,并且針對(duì)工件批量正確地選擇機(jī)床,就會(huì)降低零件的加工成本。
自動(dòng)仿形車床 因?yàn)榱慵谋砻娲植诙仍诤艽蟪潭壬先Q于工件材料、刀具、進(jìn)給量和切削速度,采用自動(dòng)仿形車床加工所得到的最小公差一定是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的公差。
在某些情況下,在連續(xù)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中,只進(jìn)行一次切削加工時(shí)的公差可以達(dá)到0.05mm。對(duì)于某些零件,槽寬的公差可以達(dá)到0.125mm。鏜孔和休用單刃刀具進(jìn)行精加工時(shí),公差可達(dá)到0.0125mm。在希望獲得最大主量的大批量生產(chǎn)中,進(jìn)行直徑和長(zhǎng)度的車削時(shí)的最小公差值為0.125mm是經(jīng)濟(jì)的。
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