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Typical failure analysis and processing of belt conveyor
Lihua ZHAO?,Yin LIN
School of Mechanical Engineering, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin City, Jilin Province Changchun Road 169,132012,China
Abstract:
The paper analyzes two typical failure forms of roller and conveyor at the belt conveyor, and describes the maintenance methods of prevention and elimination failures to ensure the normal operation of belt conveyor.
1. Introduction:
Belt conveyor is a commonly used equipment of continuous transport, it has a high efficiency and large conveying capacity, simpler construction, small amount of maintenance. Can be achieved at different distances, different materials transportation. It iss widely used in mining, coal handling system in thermal power plant and other projects. Belt conveyor will often occur some typical problems in the course, this paper Based on research common typical failure of belt conveyor during use, analysis the cause of failure, proposed some effective methods to solve the problem.
2. Typical faults of conveyor belt:
2.1. Conveyor belt deviation
In the belt conveyor, as the conveyor belt is traction components, transmit power and motion, also is carrying components, support material load. Working more complex, so at work often happen belt deviation. Deviation is the conveyor belt during operation, the center line of belt deviation the center line of conveyor. As the conveyor belt deviation may cause between the belt edge and rack wear, cause belt edge premature damage, Ranging impact the life of conveyors, affect the throughput of materials, Weight is caused by withdrawal material, even happen stop occurrence, direct impact on production. As the conveyor belt is more important, the most expensive parts. Its price about 25%~50% to the conveyor. So analysis the reasons of belt deviation, reduce and eliminate belt deviation, It is an important part of ensure belt to work, extend equipment life. Cause the belt occurs deviation because of the following factors.
2.1.1. In the device itself
a. Rack rigid is poor, large deformation under load, causing the belt deviation.
b. The larger error of roller outer cylindrical, caused deviation when the conveyor belt running.
c. The supporting roller rotation is not flexible, causes the conveyor belt both sides stress to be uneven, causes the conveyor belt deviation.
d. The parallelism error cylindrical axis and roller axis is too big, causes the conveyor belt deviation.
e. Conveyor belt itself is questionable quality, thin and thick uneven, caused a shock lead running conveyor belt deviation.
f. Conveyor belt manufacturing quality have defects, the length of belt both sides edge is inconsistent, cause running conveyor belt deviation.
g. Not parallel with belt connector, connection error is too big, cause belt deviation.
2.1.2. Installation adjustment
a. Drive, change roller axis and conveyor centerline vertical error is too big, make conveyor and horizontal line have a bigr inclination, cause belt deviation.
b. Roller axis and conveyor centerline vertical error is big, will cause belt deviation also.
c. The connection strength between rack and ground is not enough, the rack unstable, causing belt deviation.
d. The feeding plate of discharge trough and improperly located, both sides of the conveyor belt uneven force cause belt deviation.
2.1.3. With maintenance
a. The cleaning performance of sweeper is poor, make the roller cylindrical diameter local increases.
b. Feeding mouth location is wrong, so that the material partial load on the conveyor belt, cause belt deviation.
c. Poor maintenance and improper adjustment, resulting in the conveyor belt deviation.
d. For the steel cord belt, as the manufacture of steel cord is uneven force, so that a deviation occurs in the operation, or a strong difference of belt, large elongation under load, causing the vibration, the belt will deviation.
e. Also, the vibration of running conveyor belt system can cause the deviation.
f. In addition, when conveying some viscous material, make the roller, etc. bonding materials, make the cylindrical diameter of roller part increases, causing belt deviation.
2.2. Measures to prevent the belt deviation
2.2.1. Due to equipment in the manufacture of conveyor belt causes the deviation, primarily through improved design, manufacture precision to prevent and reduce the occurrence of conveyor belt deviation.
2.2.2. For installation adjust improper and daily use causes deviation, mainly the following aspects should be considered:
Conveyor belt in drive roller or on rear rollers deviation, usually by adjusting the position of the roller bearing ways to eliminate, usually by adjusting the position of the roller bearing ways to eliminate.
a. The longitudinal centerline of the roller rotation axis and conveyor is not perpendicular, resulting in the conveyor belt one side loose and the other tight, belt move from the tight side to the loose side, Occurs deviation phenomenon. Should be adjusted bearing position of the tighten deviation side. Make horizontal pull of belt equal, eliminate deviation. When tail roller is spiral tensioning, the reasons of tail deviation may be due to the top tight power of tensioning device both sides screw rod are not equal, resulting in caused by imbalance.
b. Cylinder axis is not horizontal, at both ends bearing of the height difference is cause another reason of head or tail deviation. At this point, at both ends roller bearing should add and subtract shims way to leveling roller axis ,to eliminate conveyor belt deviation.
c. Roller surface adhesion material, equivalent to increasing the roller local rdiameter, will cause the conveyor belt deviation, should strengthen empty segment cleaning of conveyor belt to reduce the adhesive material or dust accumulation on the conveyor belt. In addition, the conveyor belt between the nose and tail parts deviation, called central or local deviation. Such deviation reasons is more complex, it is with the conveyor belt along device exposure to a relationship. Need a detailed analysis for specific issues. Using the following methods can resolve these issues.
A. Load or no-load branch roller axis with the conveyor belt running centerline is not perpendicular, causing tape at the roller deviation. Deviation ends should adjustment to the conveyor belt running direction. At this time often need to adjust the adjacent groups of rollers in order to achieve the purpose of eliminating deviation, adjusting deviation angle should not be too big.
B. Conveyor belt joint with the tape centerline (trumpet) is not perpendicular, to cause the deviation, Should improved installation connection accuracy to eliminate deviation.
C. If material loaded on the conveyor belt is straight; make the material block and weight distribution along bandwidth direction distribution serious inequality, cause deviation, through adjustment blanking tube and skirt plate location method to be eliminated.
D. Recently, it was suggested that the method of application film for transfer partial conveyor belt, because of high manufacturing costs and some technical problems not well solved, makes this method very difficult to promote the use.
3. The typical failure of roller:
3.1. Operation is not flexible
Each belt conveyor have lot number rollers, installation shown in Picture 1, their work status directly affects the conveyor is working. According to the actual work of conveyor, roller in the conveyor system can be classified four kinds according their efect, trough roller, parallel roller, buffer roller and self-aligning roller; according to the loads case can be divided two kinds, no-load roller and bearing roller. Trough roller use bearing branches of materials, play a supporting role and increased throughput role.
Parallel roller is a long-shaped roller, for no-load branch of conveyor, to play a supporting role of no-load branch tape; buffer roller is trough roller too. Flexible support trough roller be installed on conveyor load branch, Installed in the material office. Reduce the impact of material for conveyor belt, protect the tape and support bearing. Generally based on the elastic support were divided into rubber ring and spring plate; the role of self-aligning roller is a certain degree of automatic adjustment of conveyor belt deviation, To avoid excessive wear of belt and materials scattered. In the load and no-load branch are equipped with a number of self-aligning roller. The self-aligning principle shown in Fig. 2..
Manufacture installation quality of roller directly affect the life and running resistance of conveyor belt. roller repair and replacement costs are also an important part of conveyor belt operating expenses. The roller operation quality for conveyor of the running resistance, power consumption, roller and belt life, maintenance workload and cost of transportation has a significant impact. Therefore, analysis method to extend the service life of rollers, also an important contents to ensure stable operation of belt conveyor, practical significance in engineering. Trough roller of belt conveyor systems used on material bearing branch, play supporting role and increased throughput role. Parallel roller is a long-shaped roller, for no-load branch of conveyor, to play a supporting role of no-load branch tape; buffer roller is trough roller too. Flexible support trough roller be installed on conveyor load branch, Installed in the material office. Reduce the impact of material for conveyor belt, protect the tape and support bearing. The role of self-aligning roller is a certain degree of automatic adjustment of conveyor belt deviation, To avoid excessive wear of belt and materials scattered. In the load and no-load branch are equipped with a number of self-aligning roller. If roller appear rotating not flexible or not turning phenomenon. The drag coefficient of roller operation by rolling into a slide, value was ten times to increase. The results will result in increased running resistance of belt conveyors, electric power consumption increases. As the roller rotation is not flexible, the friction between roller and conveyor belt by rolling friction into sliding friction, make the friction increase between the two, shorten the equipment life . Therefore, we must often replace a large number of idlers, conveyor belt, resulting in increased equipment maintenance, operating costs increased.
Many factors for affect the flexibility of running rollers and life span, summarized in the following areas:
a. Manufacturing quality of roller
Roller manufacturing problems mainly in the bearing stiffness is not enough, it is difficult to ensure
precision of roller assembly, thereby constraining the flexibility of running roller.
b. Sealed lubrication and the use of maintenance
Main factors of affect roller rotation not flexible include sealing and bearing lubrication problem. As the work environment of belt is more severe. Generally speaking, the dust are great on used site. The seal form of bearing have a great influence on the running flexibility for rollers. If sealed not well, Dirt is easy into bearing to cause the roller rotation is not flexible, In addition, bearing grease if using the general calcium base grease is easy to change color to dry, can not play a very good lubricant role.
3.2. Solutions
a. In the roller manufacturing processes guarantee the accuracy requirements, For example, pressing bearing bore to achieve three precision, tube at both ends of dimensional tolerances, concentricity and ovality must meet national standards. The products have strict quality inspection to ensure that all
products qualified.
b. Sealed lubrication, in addition to manufacturing quality assurance, go with good lubricating materials, such as use of lithium-based grease, can improve the lubrication of bearings which extend the life of the roller is necessary.
c. Bearing used to ball bearings support, plastic sealing ring labyrinth seal structure, this can ensure roller worked reasonable force, While ensuring dust effect good, resistance small, easy assembly and disassembly, easy to maintain, reduce conveyor operating costs.
4. Conclusion:
Wide range applications of belt conveyors, and the work environment is generally more difficult, to keep equipment running in good working condition, extend equipment life, improve the quality of operation, reduce operating costs has been the goal of engineering and technical personnel. Analyze and resolve the impact normal operation of the main problems, to ensure the good functioning of device, it is an important work of equipment maintenance. This paper analyzes the proposed method. Helpful improve site maintenance staff levels to solve practical problems, for practical project has important significance.
References:
[1] yixiang Lang. Transportation machinery equipment in thermal power plant.[M]Northeast dianli university book; 1998.08.
[2] lihua Zhao. Operation and Maintenance of Coal Handl ing Sys tem in Thermal Power Plant , [J].Colliery Machine;2011,NO. 02.
[3]lihua Zhao. Typical failure analysis and processing of belt conveyor[J].Hoisting and Conveying Machinery;2003,NO 10.
[4] lihua Zhao. The adjustment method of conveyor belt deviation [J]. Colliery Machine. 2001. No.05.
帶式輸送機(jī)的典型故障分析與處理
趙麗華*林茵
中國(guó)吉林省，吉林市長(zhǎng)春路169132012號(hào)，東北電力大學(xué)，機(jī)械工程學(xué)院
摘要：
本文分析了兩種帶式輸送機(jī)失效的典型形式：托輥和輸送帶。并介紹了預(yù)防和消除故障的維護(hù)方法，以確保帶式輸送機(jī)的正常運(yùn)作。
1、介紹：
帶式輸送機(jī)是一種常用的連續(xù)輸送設(shè)備，它具有效率高、輸送量大、結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、維修量小等特點(diǎn)?？梢詫?shí)現(xiàn)不同距離、不同材料的運(yùn)輸。它們廣泛應(yīng)用于礦山、火電廠輸煤系統(tǒng)等項(xiàng)目。帶式輸送機(jī)在運(yùn)作中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一些典型問題，本文在帶式輸送機(jī)使用過程中常見的典型故障的研究基礎(chǔ)上，分析失敗的原因，并提出了一些有效的解決問題的方法。
2、帶式輸送機(jī)的典型故障：
2.1.輸送帶的跑偏：
在帶式輸送機(jī)中，輸送帶作為牽引組件，它不僅傳遞動(dòng)力和運(yùn)動(dòng)，也承載組件，支持負(fù)載。工作比較復(fù)雜，所以在工作中經(jīng)常發(fā)生皮帶跑偏。跑偏是皮帶輸送機(jī)在運(yùn)行過程中，輸送帶中心線的跑偏。由于輸送帶跑偏會(huì)使帶之間的邊緣和齒條磨損，從而導(dǎo)致帶邊緣的過早損壞，其影響包括影響輸送帶的壽命，影響材料的通量，撤出材料的重量，甚至發(fā)生停止運(yùn)作的現(xiàn)象，直接影響到生產(chǎn)。作為輸送機(jī)最重要、最昂貴的零件，它的價(jià)格約占輸送機(jī)的25%～50%，因此皮帶跑偏的原因分析，減少和消除皮帶跑偏是確保帶工作，延長(zhǎng)設(shè)備使用壽命的一個(gè)重要部分。造成皮帶跑偏的因素有：
2.1.1.裝置本身：
a：機(jī)架剛性差，大負(fù)荷下變性，造成皮帶跑偏。
b：滾子外圓柱誤差較大，是輸送帶運(yùn)行時(shí)發(fā)生偏差。
c：托輥轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)不靈活，是輸送帶兩側(cè)應(yīng)力不均勻，導(dǎo)致輸送帶跑偏。
d：輥軸與圓柱軸的平行度誤差太大，導(dǎo)致輸送帶跑偏。
e：輸送帶本身的質(zhì)量問題，薄厚不均勻，造成的沖擊導(dǎo)致運(yùn)行輸送帶跑偏。
f：皮帶輸送機(jī)制造質(zhì)量有缺陷，帶兩側(cè)邊的長(zhǎng)度不一致，導(dǎo)致輸送帶運(yùn)行時(shí)跑偏。
g：不平行的帶連接器，使連接誤差太大，造成皮帶跑偏。
2.1.2.安裝調(diào)整：
a：驅(qū)動(dòng)，換輥軸和輸送中心線的垂直誤差太大，使輸送帶和水平線有一個(gè)傾斜，造成皮帶跑偏。
b：輥軸與輸送帶中心線的垂直誤差大，也會(huì)造成皮帶跑偏。
c：機(jī)架與地面之間的連接強(qiáng)度不夠，架身不穩(wěn)，造成皮帶跑偏。
d：送料盤的放料槽位置不當(dāng)，兩側(cè)的輸送帶受力不均勻造成皮帶跑偏。
2.1.3維修：
a：清洗性能的清洗能力差，使?jié)L子的圓柱直徑變大。
b：進(jìn)料口位置錯(cuò)誤，使材料的部分載荷作用在輸送帶上，導(dǎo)致皮帶跑偏。
c：維修和調(diào)整不當(dāng)，造成輸送帶跑偏。
d：對(duì)于鋼芯輸送帶，如過制造時(shí)鋼芯受力不均勻，則在運(yùn)作中會(huì)發(fā)生跑偏，或者存在一個(gè)大的差異帶，在斷裂伸長(zhǎng)率大載荷的作用下，產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)，輸送帶會(huì)發(fā)生偏差。
e：輸送帶運(yùn)行系統(tǒng)的震動(dòng)也可引起跑偏。
f：此外，當(dāng)輸送一些粘性物質(zhì)如粘合材料時(shí)會(huì)使托輥圓柱滾子的外徑部分增大，造成皮帶跑偏。
2.2防止皮帶跑偏的措施：
2.2.1由設(shè)備在制造輸送帶時(shí)造成的偏差，主要通過改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)方案，制造精度，以減少和防止輸送帶跑偏。
2.2.2安裝調(diào)整不當(dāng)和日常使用造成的偏差，主要應(yīng)從以下幾方面考慮：
輸送帶在驅(qū)動(dòng)輥或后方輥的偏差，通常通過調(diào)整滾子軸承的位置進(jìn)行消除。
a：輥軸的縱向旋轉(zhuǎn)中心線和輸送帶不垂直，從而使輸送帶的一側(cè)松，一側(cè)緊，帶從緊邊運(yùn)動(dòng)到松邊，發(fā)生偏差現(xiàn)象。應(yīng)調(diào)整軸承緊偏差一側(cè)的位置，使皮帶水平拉力相等，消除偏差。當(dāng)尾部輥螺旋張緊，尾偏差的原因可能是頂緊力張緊裝置的兩側(cè)螺桿不相等，從而造成不平衡。
b：氣缸軸線不水平，在兩個(gè)軸承兩端的高度差是造成頭部或尾部偏差的另一個(gè)原因。此時(shí)，兩端的滾子軸承應(yīng)采用加減墊片的方法來平衡托輥，消除皮帶輸送機(jī)的跑偏。
c：托輥表面的粘附材料，相當(dāng)于增加了托輥的本來直徑，這將導(dǎo)致輸送帶跑偏，應(yīng)加強(qiáng)輸送帶空段的清洗，以減少粘附材料或輸送帶上的灰塵堆積。此外，輸送帶之間的鼻子和尾巴部分的偏差，稱為中央或局部偏差。這種偏差的原因是復(fù)雜的，它是與輸送帶呈接觸關(guān)系。需要對(duì)特殊問題進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的分析。使用以下方法可以解決這些問題：
A：負(fù)載或空載的分輥軸與輸送帶的運(yùn)行中心線不垂直，造成膠帶在滾筒上的偏差。偏差的兩端應(yīng)調(diào)整輸送帶的運(yùn)行方向。在這個(gè)時(shí)候，為了消除偏差，往往需要調(diào)整托輥的相鄰組，且調(diào)整角度的偏差不宜過大。
B：輸送帶接頭的中心線不垂直時(shí)，所造成的偏差，應(yīng)改進(jìn)安裝的連接精度來消除誤差。
C：如果材料在輸送帶上的載荷作用是豎直的，將使沿帶寬方向分布的材料塊的重量嚴(yán)重不均勻，產(chǎn)生偏差，通過調(diào)整下料管和主板的定位方法來消除。
D：最近，有人建議，采用應(yīng)用膜的方法轉(zhuǎn)變部分的輸送帶，因?yàn)橹圃斐杀靖吆蜎]有很好的解決一些技術(shù)問題，使這種方法很難得到推廣使用。
3．典型的托輥失效形式：
3.1.操作不靈活：
每個(gè)皮帶輸送機(jī)都有很多托輥，安裝圖如1所示，其工作狀態(tài)直接影響輸送機(jī)的工作情況。根據(jù)輸送機(jī)的實(shí)際工作情況，托輥在輸送機(jī)系統(tǒng)中根據(jù)他們的影響可以分為四類：槽形托輥、平形托輥、緩沖托輥和調(diào)心滾子；根據(jù)負(fù)載情況可分為兩類：空載托輥和支撐托輥。槽形托輥使軸承材料分行，起到支撐作用和提高吞吐量的作用。
平形托輥是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)方形，是輸送機(jī)空載時(shí)的分支，起支撐空載皮帶的作用。緩沖托輥和槽形托輥?zhàn)饔孟嗤坌瓮休侅`活的安裝在負(fù)載段，并安裝在材料室。能減少材料對(duì)皮帶輸送機(jī)的影響，并保護(hù)帶和支撐軸承。根據(jù)彈性支撐一般可以分為橡膠密封圈和彈簧鋼板，調(diào)心滾子的在皮帶跑偏時(shí)有自動(dòng)調(diào)整的作用，為了避免皮帶的過度磨損和材料的分散，在空載和負(fù)載段都配備了一些調(diào)心滾子。自動(dòng)調(diào)心原理如圖2.
滾子軸承 物料 V型帶的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向
圖1：安裝示意圖 圖2：調(diào)心原理
托輥的制造和安裝質(zhì)量直接影響到輸送帶的壽命和運(yùn)行阻力，托輥的維修和更換成本也是皮帶輸送機(jī)運(yùn)行費(fèi)用的重要組成部分。托輥的運(yùn)行質(zhì)量對(duì)輸送機(jī)的運(yùn)行阻力、功耗、托輥和皮帶的使用壽命、維修工作量和運(yùn)輸成本等具有重大的影響。因此，分析延長(zhǎng)托輥使用壽命的方法，也是一個(gè)確保皮帶輸送機(jī)穩(wěn)定工作的重要內(nèi)容，在工程中有實(shí)際意義。皮帶輸送機(jī)中的槽形托輥使軸承材料分行，起到支撐作用和提高吞吐量的作用。平形托輥是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)方形，是輸送機(jī)空載時(shí)的分支，起支撐空載皮帶的作用。緩沖托輥和槽形托輥?zhàn)饔孟嗤坌瓮休侅`活的安裝在負(fù)載段，并安裝在材料室。能減少材料對(duì)皮帶輸送機(jī)的影響，并保護(hù)帶和支撐軸承，調(diào)心滾子的在皮帶跑偏時(shí)有自動(dòng)調(diào)整的作用，為了避免皮帶的過度磨損和材料的分散，在空載和負(fù)載段都配備了一些調(diào)心滾子。如果托輥出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)不靈活或不轉(zhuǎn)的現(xiàn)象時(shí)，托輥將從滾動(dòng)變?yōu)榛瑒?dòng)，其阻力系數(shù)的值將增加十倍，其結(jié)果是導(dǎo)致皮帶輸送機(jī)運(yùn)行阻力的增加，從而電力消費(fèi)也增加。由于托輥轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)不靈活，托輥與皮帶間的滾動(dòng)摩擦變?yōu)榛瑒?dòng)摩擦，使兩者間摩擦力增大，縮短了設(shè)備的使用壽命。因此，我們必須經(jīng)常更換大量的托輥、輸送帶，從而增加了設(shè)備的維修，經(jīng)營(yíng)成本增加。
影響托輥運(yùn)行的靈活性和壽命的諸多因素如下：
a：托輥的制造質(zhì)量
托輥的制造問題主要是在軸承的剛度不夠，很難保證托輥的安裝精度，從而限制了托輥運(yùn)行的靈活性。
b：密封潤(rùn)滑和使用維護(hù)
影響托輥轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)不靈活的主要因素包括密封盒軸承的潤(rùn)滑問題，其工作環(huán)境是更嚴(yán)重的。一般來說，灰塵是最大的危害。密封形式的軸承對(duì)托輥運(yùn)行的靈活性有重大影響，如果密封的不好，灰塵就容易進(jìn)入軸承，使?jié)L子轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)不靈活。此外，軸承的潤(rùn)滑劑如果使用普通的鈣基潤(rùn)滑脂則很容易變色變干，不能起到很好的潤(rùn)滑作用。
3.2.解決方案：
a：在托輥的制造過程中保證精度要求。例如：沖壓軸承孔時(shí)要達(dá)到三個(gè)精密，管兩端的尺寸公差、同性度和橢圓度必須符合國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。產(chǎn)品要有嚴(yán)格的質(zhì)量檢測(cè)，確保產(chǎn)品合格。
b：密封潤(rùn)滑。除了應(yīng)保證制造的質(zhì)量外，還要采用良好的潤(rùn)滑材料，例如：鋰基潤(rùn)滑脂，這樣對(duì)提高軸承的潤(rùn)滑情況以及延長(zhǎng)托輥的壽命是必要的。
c：軸承用滾珠軸承支撐，采用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)的塑料密封圈可以確保托輥工作時(shí)受力合理，同時(shí)可以保證除塵效果好、阻力小、易于拆裝、便于維護(hù)，降低輸送機(jī)的運(yùn)行成本。
4.總結(jié)：
帶式輸送機(jī)的應(yīng)用廣泛，工作環(huán)境一般比較困難。保持良好的工作狀態(tài)，延長(zhǎng)設(shè)備的使用壽命，提高運(yùn)行的質(zhì)量，降低經(jīng)營(yíng)成本，一直都是工程技術(shù)人員的目標(biāo)。設(shè)備保養(yǎng)的重要工作是，分析和解決影響正常運(yùn)作的主要問題，確保設(shè)備的良好運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。本文分析了提出的方法，有助于提高現(xiàn)場(chǎng)維護(hù)人員解決實(shí)際問題的能力，對(duì)實(shí)際工程有重大意義。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
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