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考點(diǎn)分類導(dǎo)練,根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)生詞的含義是考生必須掌握的一項(xiàng)重要閱讀技能, 因此, 詞義猜測(cè)題是高考閱讀理解的必考題型。這類題包括猜測(cè)單詞、短語、句子的意思和判斷指代內(nèi)容。,要求考生根據(jù)語境猜測(cè)生詞、短語或句子的意思, 或者推斷熟詞生義。題干中常含有mean, refer to, be replaced by等。如： [技巧點(diǎn)撥] 解答這類試題最重要的方法是理解含生詞部分的上下文(也就是人們常說的語境)來推測(cè)其意思。以下是可供參考的幾個(gè)小技巧：,1.根據(jù)接近或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系:由and或or等可確定生詞的義域,推知它的大致意義。 2.根據(jù)選擇或相對(duì)關(guān)系:對(duì)比or(要么, 或者)前面和后面的句子或詞語, 來猜測(cè)生詞的含義。 3.根據(jù)同位或解釋關(guān)系:通過生詞后的定語(定語從句或分詞短語等)、表語、同位語、逗號(hào)、括號(hào)、破折號(hào)等的解釋說明來推測(cè)其意思。,4.根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系:由上下句之間的轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系來推測(cè)詞義。 5.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系:根據(jù)前后的因果關(guān)系來推斷其中的某個(gè)生詞或短語的意思。既可由因推果,也可由果推因。,6.根據(jù)列舉的實(shí)例:根據(jù)such as, for example等后列舉的實(shí)例也可推測(cè)出前面某個(gè)詞語的意思。 7.根據(jù)并列同類關(guān)系:一般說來,并列的幾個(gè)事物應(yīng)屬同類事物, 由此可推測(cè)其中一個(gè)的大概意思。,考題中若要求我們猜測(cè)熟悉詞語的意思, 我們必須通過上下文得出其在特定場(chǎng)合下的特殊意思, 那些常規(guī)含義的選項(xiàng)不會(huì)是要選擇的正確答案。,注意：,[經(jīng)典例題] 閱讀下列文段, 從每題所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中, 選出最佳選項(xiàng)。 .Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not bring so much material home in the first place.,61. What does the underlined phrase “that over-consumption” refer to? A. Using too much packaging. B. Recycling too many wastes. C. Making more products than necessary. D. Having more material than is needed.,解析：據(jù)上文推測(cè) 。由上文的we already have more material than we need很易選出D。但我們也可根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法 來猜測(cè)：我們學(xué)過動(dòng)詞consume(消費(fèi), 消耗), 可知consumption應(yīng)為其名詞形式, 前面加上over (超過)的over-consumption應(yīng)為“過度消費(fèi), 過 度消耗”之意, 故選D。,[課堂練習(xí)] 閱讀所選文段, 從每題所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中, 選出最佳選項(xiàng)。 (1) Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight. A recent research has found a new recipe of success.,According to the study, if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly probable that the two pets will get along swimmingly. Two -thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.,31. The underlined word swimmingly in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ___. A. Early B. sweetly C. Quickly D. smoothly,1. D 據(jù)上下文推測(cè)。本文首句以疑問句Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home?開頭, 接著就是與此相關(guān)的調(diào)研結(jié)果或回答; 由表明研究結(jié)果的句子“A recent research has found a new recipe of success”和調(diào)查結(jié)果的句子 “Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog”可知，兩者“相處得好”。故選D。,(2) When something goes wrong, it can be very satisfying to say, “Well, it’s so-and-so’s fault.” or “I know I’m late, but it’s not my fault; the car broke down.” It is probably not your fault, but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation, you are a loser.,You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winner’s key to success.,47. The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ___. A. Avoid B. accept C. improve D. consider,2. C據(jù)上文推測(cè)。由上文, 你沒有能力也不可能“改變the (bad) situation”, 然而“你可以remedy the situation”, 根據(jù)這種轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系可推出, remedy應(yīng)是“改善”之意。,(3) We once had a poster competition in our fifth grade art class. “You could win prizes, ” our teacher told us as she wrote the poster information on the blackboard. We studied the board critically. Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard, rocking the sheets to the right or left while we conjured up our designs.,3.A據(jù)近義推測(cè)。上下句是Some.Other.句式，while we conjured up our designs的對(duì)應(yīng)部分是while deep in thought，可見conjured up是deep in thought的近意表達(dá)，意為“思考，構(gòu)想”，故選A。,47. The underlined phrase in paragraph 3 most probably means ___. A. formed an idea for B. made an outline for C. made some space for D. chose some colors for,3. A據(jù)近義推測(cè)。上下句是Some.Other.句式, while we conjured up our designs的對(duì)應(yīng)部分是while deep in thought, 可見conjured up是deep in thought的近意表達(dá),意為“思考, 構(gòu)想”, 故選A。,(4) Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are friends. Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager.,“I would never have said to my mom, ‘Hey, the new Weezer album (威瑟樂團(tuán)的專輯)is really great. How do you like it? ” says Ballmer. “There was just a complete gap in taste.” Music was not the only gulf. From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.,41. The underlined word “gulf ” in Para.3 most probably means _____. A. Interest B. distance C. Difference D. separation,Today, the generation gap has not disappeared, but it is getting narrow in many families.,4.C據(jù)近義或反義推測(cè)。因 “Music was not the only gulf ”與上段末句是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系, 可見gulf與gap是近義關(guān)系; 這里是回憶過去與現(xiàn)在(文章首段)的對(duì)比, 可見這里的gulf與文章首段首句中的alike和same是反義關(guān)系, 因此, gulf的意思是“差異(difference)”。,(5) Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes. They see the 1960s as a turning point. Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say (有發(fā)言權(quán)). “My parents were on the ‘before’ side of that change, but today’s parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the ‘a(chǎn)fter’ side, ” explains Mr. Ballmer.,44. By saying “today’s parents, the 40-year -olds, were on the ‘a(chǎn)fter’ side.” the author means that today’s parents ____. A. follow the trend of the change B. can set a limit to the change C. fail to take the change seriously D. have little difficulty adjusting to the change,5.A據(jù)上文推斷。結(jié)合上一段可知, today’s parents就是 60年代后的父母，他們與孩子有更多的交流, 更加民主, 他們應(yīng)當(dāng)是“順應(yīng)這種變化趨勢(shì)”的, 故選A。,[課外作業(yè)] (1) We have two daughters：Kristen is seven years old and Kelly is four. Last Sunday evening, we invited some people home for dinner. The guests arrived. I introduced my two daughters to each of them. The adults were nice and kind and said how lucky we were to have such good kids.,Each of the guests made a particular fuss over Kelly, the younger one, admiring her dress, her hair and her smile. They said she was a remarkable girl to be carrying coats upstairs at her age. I thought to myself that we adults usually make a big “to do” over the younger one because she’s the one who seems more easily hurt. We do it with the best of intentions. But we seldom think of how it might affect the other child.,56. The underlined expression “make a big ‘to do’ over” (paragraph 4)means ____. A. show much concern about B. have a special effect on C. list jobs to be done for D. do good things for,1. A據(jù)因果關(guān)系或近義推測(cè)。本句“因?yàn)樗撬坪醺资艿絺Φ哪且粋€(gè)”“所以我們成年人就對(duì)年幼的那個(gè)格外關(guān)注”, 可見答案為A。另外, 由上句中與之近義的made a particular fuss over Kelly, the younger one, admiring her dress, her hair and her smile也可推出。,(2) Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise. Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated. Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow?,60. The underlined word “cultivated” (paragraph 1)roughly means ____. A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed,2. D據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系和下文解釋。由前句“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)不像(unlike)維生素C一樣一口吞下”可知, “領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)必須是慢慢培養(yǎng)的”; 下段的解釋就更為清楚, are made, learn.in their everyday life, 特別是But which do they develop?中的develop, 非常明顯地告訴我們答案是D。,(3) “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves, ” he said. Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity. Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean. “The wind starts out by making little ripples(漣漪), but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves, ” Taylor said. “Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”,65. The underlined phrase “picking up” (paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to ___. A. starting again B. speeding up C. gathering D. improving,3.C據(jù)前提條件與結(jié)果推測(cè)。首先要“聚集(gather)”能量, 然后才能將其發(fā)送出去(sending it off)。也可用代入檢驗(yàn)法排除法: 用其他選項(xiàng)代入原句, 也后面的sending it off在邏輯上也都講不通。此外,還可從前句中的get bigger and bigger得到提示。,(4) If the world were a village of 1, 000 people. One-third of the people in the village are children, and only 60 are over the age of 65. Just under half of the married women in the village have access to modern equipment. About one-third have access to clean, safe drinking water. Of the 670 adults in the village, half can not read nor write.,62. The underlined part “have access to” (in Para. 4)means ____. A. use B. buy C. produce D. try,4. A代入檢驗(yàn)排除法。用“生產(chǎn)”和“試驗(yàn)”代入句中，根據(jù)常識(shí)即可排除選項(xiàng)C和D。由下文 “Of the 670 adults in the village, half can not read nor write.”可知, 還有半數(shù)成年人非常貧窮, “用”不起現(xiàn)代設(shè)備。,(5) When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective.,65. The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off” means that the colours __. A. attracted the customers strongly B. had weak effects on the customers C. tricked the customers into shopping D. caused the customers to lose interest,5. D據(jù)因果關(guān)系推測(cè)。由 “because they made the product look weak and ineffective(因?yàn)檫@些顏色使這種藥看起來沒有效果)”可知, “這些顏色會(huì)使顧客對(duì)這樣的藥失去興趣”。,